Editing Stephen Luce

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{{Infobox military person
| name          = Stephen Bleecker Luce 
| image         = LUCE, STEPHEN B., ADM., U.S.N. CIVIL WAR ADMIRAL. ORIGINAL PICTURE TAKEN IN RHODE ISLAND LOC hec.07978 (2) (cropped).jpg
| caption       =
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1827|3|25}}
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1917|7|28|1827|3|25}}
| placeofburial_label = Place of burial
| placeofburial = St. Mary's Episcopal Church, [[Portsmouth, Rhode Island]], U.S.
| birth_place   = [[Albany, New York]], U.S.
| death_place   = [[Newport, Rhode Island]], U.S.
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| nickname      =
|allegiance={{flagu|United States|1865}}
|branch={{Naval|United States|navy-1864}}
| serviceyears  = 1841–1889
| rank          = [[File:USN Rear Admiral rank insignia.jpg|border|23px]] [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear admiral]]
| unit          =
| commands      = {{USS|Nantucket|1862|6}}<br/>Training Squadron Newport<br/>North Atlantic Squadron<br/>[[Naval War College]]
| battles       = [[Mexican–American War]]<br/>[[American Civil War]]
| awards        =
| relations     =
| laterwork     =
| signature     = Signature of Stephen Bleecker Luce.png
}}
'''Stephen Bleecker Luce''' (March 25, 1827 – July 28, 1917) was an [[admiral]] in the [[United States Navy]]. Regarded as one of the Navy's outstanding officers in many fields, including strategy, seamanship, education, and professional development, he founded and served as the first president of the [[Naval War College]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]]. He also co-founded and later served as president of the [[United States Naval Institute]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland]].

==Early years and personal life==
Born in [[Albany, New York]], to Dr. Vinal Luce and Charlotte Bleecker, Luce entered the Navy on October 19, 1841, at the age of 14. He was instructed at the Naval School in Philadelphia until 1845, when the [[United States Naval Academy]] opened in [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]]. He graduated from the Academy in 1848 and was warranted as a passed [[midshipman]] to date from August 10, 1847. He was promoted to [[lieutenant (United States)|lieutenant]] on September 15, 1855. 

In 1854, Luce married Elizabeth Henley, a grand-niece of [[Martha Washington|Martha Dandridge Custis Washington]], wife of [[George Washington]]. Their children included daughter Caroline (1857–1933), who became the wife of [[Montgomery M. Macomb]], later a [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] in the [[United States Army]].<ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=James Terry|author-link=James Terry White |title=The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography |publisher=J. T. White |volume=20 |date=1967 |location=New York |pages=212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiLYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22stephen+bleecker+luce%22}}</ref>

=== American Civil War ===
Luce served with the [[Atlantic Ocean]] / [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] blockade squadron during the [[American Civil War]] (1861-1865), and commanded the [[ironclad]] monitor {{USS|Nantucket|1862|2}} at the siege of [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. He was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1862. He was assigned to the U.S. Naval Academy, which was moved to [[Newport, Rhode Island]], from January 1862 to October 1863. In 1862, while serving as head of the Department of Seamanship, he prepared one of the first [[seamanship]] textbooks. During the war, he also commanded the naval vessels [[USS Sonoma (1862)|USS ''Sonoma'']], [[USS Canandaigua (1862)|USS ''Canadaigua'']], and [[USS Pontiac (1864)|USS ''Pontiac'']].<ref name="DANFS">{{cite DANFS |title=Luce |url= https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/research-guides/z-files/zb-files/zb-files-l/luce-stephen-b.html |accessdate=6 June 2024}}</ref>

He was promoted to full [[commander (United States)|commander]] in 1866.

=== Post-Civil War ===
After the Civil War, Luce organized the Navy's apprentice training program to prepare naval seamen and petty officers for fleet duty.  From 1869 to 1872, he commanded the sloop-of-war [[USS Juniata (1862)|USS ''Juniata'']] which was assigned to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] Fleet. He was promoted to [[captain (military)|captain]] in December 1872 and served as the captain of the yard at the [[Boston Navy Yard]] (at [[Charlestown, Massachusetts]], across the [[Charles River]] from [[Boston]]), until 1875. He commanded the [[USS Hartford (1858)|''USS Hartford'']] from November 1875 to August 1877. From August to December 1877, Luce was the Navy's inspector of training ships, then from January 1878 to February 1881, he commanded the training ship [[USS Minnesota (1855)|USS ''Minnesota'']].

From July to September 1884, Luce commanded the North Atlantic Squadron with the ''USS Tennessee'' as his flagship. From June 1886 to February 1889, Luce again commanded the North Atlantic Squadron with the ''USS Richmond'' this time as his flagship.

Luce helped start the [[United States Naval Institute]] in October 1873; he would serve as the Institute's president from 1887 to 1898.

==== Newport ====
In 1881, Luce was promoted to [[Commodore (United States)|commodore]], and commanded the U.S. Navy Training Squadron in Newport from April 1881 to June 1884.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luce, Stephen B.|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/research-guides/z-files/zb-files/zb-files-l/luce-stephen-b.html|access-date=2020-06-25|website=NHHC|language=en-US}}</ref>

While in command of the Training Squadron, Luce developed and implemented the apprentice training program—the first formal program for training American enlisted sailors. Luce's plan was to have bright and healthy young men, 14 to 17 years old, serve a three-year apprenticeship with the Training Squadron during which they received an academic education and hands-on seamanship training.

The "boys" were typically enlisted around 14 or 15 and typically served until 21, when they could extend their service in the Navy. Previously, the Navy had taken recruits with no prior experience; all training of enlisted sailors was "on the job". Many recruits lacked the discipline and skills necessary to be useful. The program ended when the United States entered the [[First World War]] in April 1917 and began to train sailors far more rapidly as the Navy expanded.

Based on Luce's urgings and exhaustive reports, the [[Naval War College]] at [[Newport, Rhode Island]], was established on October 6, 1884. Luce served as its first president. In 1885, he was promoted to [[rear admiral (United States)|rear admiral]], and the next year handed off the presidency to Captain [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]].

=== Retirement ===
The wooden-hulled, steam-powered [[sloop-of-war]] ''[[USS Richmond (1860)|Richmond]]'', was Luce's last assignment at sea. Having reached the mandatory retirement age of 62, he retired from the Navy on March 25, 1889. 

Luce returned to the War College in 1901 and served for nearly a further decade as a faculty member. He retired in November 1910 at the age of 83.<ref name="DANFS" />

==Affiliations==
Luce belonged to several military societies. In 1894, Luce joined the [[Aztec Club of 1847]], a military society of U.S. Army and Navy officers who had served during the [[Mexican-American War]] of 1846-1848, and served as its vice president from 1909 until 1910 and as its president from 1910 to 1911.

He joined the Pennsylvania Commandery of the [[Military Order of Foreign Wars]] (MOFW) in 1896 and became the founding commander of the Rhode Island Commandery of the MOFW in 1900. He was also a member of the [[Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States]] (insignia number 13,113) and the [[Naval Order of the United States]].

In 1901, he was elected to the board of directors of the [[Redwood Library]] in Newport.<ref>''New York Times''. August 25, 1901.</ref>

An active member of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Protestant Episcopal Church]], Luce served as a vestryman of two Newport churches: All Saints Memorial Chapel and St. John's Episcopal Church, where he also served as a warden.

==Death and burial==
Luce died on July 28, 1917<ref name="DANFS"/> and was buried in the churchyard of St. Mary's Episcopal Church in [[Portsmouth, Rhode Island]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/0207.htm |title=USS ''Luce'' (DL-7/DLG-7/DDG-38) |work=navsource.org |access-date=2 September 2010}}</ref><ref>Note – Much of the above information can be found in Luce's obituary in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on July 29, 1917. Another excellent source is ''Dictionary of Admirals of the U.S. Navy.'' Vol. 1, 1862–1900. pp.&nbsp;100–101.</ref>

==Publications==
In 1863, [[David Van Nostrand]] published Luce's textbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=cjJFAAAAYAAJ ''Seamanship''], intended for use at the Naval Academy. A later edition appeared in 1905.

In December 1891, ''[[The North American Review]]'' published Luce's paper [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25102290 "The Benefits of War"].

Luce also edited ''The Patriotic and Naval Songster'' (1883).<ref>''[[New International Encyclopedia]]''</ref>

==Dates of rank==
Reference – ''U.S. Navy Register'', 1899. p.&nbsp;70.
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Midshipman – October 19, 1841
*Passed Midshipman – August 10, 1847{{efn|Some sources state 10 August 1848.}}
*Lieutenant – September 16, 1855{{efn|Some sources state 15 September 1855.}}
*Lieutenant Commander – July 16, 1862
*Commander – July 25, 1866
*Captain – December 28, 1872
*Commodore – November 25, 1881
*Rear Admiral – October 5, 1885
*Retired list – March 25, 1889
*Retired on active duty – February 13, 1901
*Final retirement – November 1910
{{div col end}}

==Awards==

*[[Civil War Campaign Medal]]
*[[Spanish Campaign Medal]]

==Legacy==
Three warships have been named {{USS|Luce}} in his honor.

The Naval Academy and the [[Naval War College]] have buildings named [[Luce Hall]] in his honor.

The auditorium at the erstwhile [[Naval Training Center San Diego|Naval Training Center]], constructed in 1941 in [[San Diego, California]], was named for Luce.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sandiego.gov/ntc/overview/gallery/luce.shtml |title=Luce Auditorium/Future Civic Arts & Culture Center |work=sandiego.gov |access-date=2 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106211433/http://www.sandiego.gov/ntc/overview/gallery/luce.shtml |archive-date=6 November 2010 }}</ref> The library at the [[State University of New York Maritime College]] in the borough of [[The Bronx, New York|The Bronx]], [[New York City]], is the Stephen B. Luce Library.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sunymaritime.edu/stephenblucelibrary/LuceHistory.htm |title=Stephen B. Luce Library |work=sunymaritime.edu |access-date=2 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611180209/http://www.sunymaritime.edu/stephenblucelibrary//LuceHistory.htm |archive-date=11 June 2010 }}</ref>

There is a memorial stained-glass window at the St. John's Episcopal Church in Newport in Luce's honor.

There is a descriptive historical plaque in honor of Luce at the corner of Kay Street and Rhode Island Avenue in Newport.

{{s-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{succession box|title=Commander-in-Chief, [[North Atlantic Squadron]]|before=[[George H. Cooper]]|after=[[James Edward Jouett|James E. Jouett]]|years=26 June 1884 – 20 September 1884}}
{{succession box|title=[[President of the Naval War College]]|before=none|after=[[Alfred Thayer Mahan]]|years=1884–1886}}
{{succession box|title=Commander-in-Chief, [[North Atlantic Squadron]]|before=[[James Edward Jouett|James E. Jouett]]|after=[[Bancroft Gherardi]]|years=18 June 1886 – 28 January 1889}}
{{s-end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/l33/luce-i.htm}}

==Further reading==
* [[John Grenville|John A. S. Grenville]] and George Berkeley Young, ''Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy, 1873–1917'' (1966) pp 1–38, on "The Admiral and politics: Stephan B. Luce and the foundation of the modern American Navy".

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Stephen B. Luce|Stephen Luce}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luce, Stephen B.}}
[[Category:1827 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Aztec Club of 1847]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Naval War College]]
[[Category:Union Navy officers]]
[[Category:United States Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Albany, New York]]
[[Category:People of New York (state) in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:United States Naval Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Naval War College faculty]]
[[Category:American military writers]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of the Mexican–American War]]