Editing Sterling Memorial Library

{{Short description|Main library building of the Yale University Library}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name             = Sterling Memorial Library
| image            = Yale University Library - Sterling Memorial Library (54105136782).jpg
| image_alt        = (2024)
| image_size       = 
| caption          = Facade and tower of Sterling Memorial Library
| map_type         = Connecticut
| map_alt          = 
| map_caption      = 
| altitude         = 
| building_type    = Library
| architectural_style = [[Collegiate Gothic]]
| structural_system = 
| cost             = $8 million<ref name="Schiff"/>
| owner            = [[Yale University]]
| address          = 120 High Street
| location_town    = [[New Haven]], [[Connecticut]]
| location_country = [[United States]]
| coordinates      = {{coord|41.3113|-72.9291|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date = 
| start_date       = 
| completion_date  = 1930<ref name="Schiff"/>
| opened_date      = April 1931<ref name="Schiff"/>
| height           = {{convert|150|ft|m}}
| other_dimensions = 
| floor_count      = 16
| floor_area       = {{convert|441,651|sqft|m2}}
| grounds_area     = 
| architect        = [[James Gamble Rogers]]
| structural_engineer = 
| main_contractor  = 
| awards           = 
| designations     = 
| rooms            = 
| website          = [https://web.library.yale.edu/building/sterling-library web.library.yale.edu/building/sterling-library]
| embedded         = 
| references       = 
}}

'''Sterling Memorial Library''' ('''SML''') is the main [[library|library building]] of the [[Yale University Library]] system in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], United States. Opened in 1931, the library was designed by [[James Gamble Rogers]] as the centerpiece of Yale's [[Gothic Revival]] campus. The library's tower has sixteen levels of bookstacks containing over 4 million volumes. Several special collections—including the university's Manuscripts & Archives—are also housed in the building. It connects via tunnel to the underground [[Bass Library]], which holds an additional 150,000 volumes.

The library is named for [[John W. Sterling]], a lawyer representing [[Standard Oil]], whose huge bequest to Yale required that an "enduring, useful and architecturally beautiful edifice" be built. Sterling Library is elaborately ornamented, featuring extensive sculpture and painting as well as hundreds of panes of [[stained glass]] created by [[G. Owen Bonawit]]. In addition to the book tower, Rogers' design featured five large reading rooms and two courtyards, one of which is now a music library.

While the library's nave and main reading rooms can be visited on guided tours, its collections are restricted to cardholders.

==History==
[[File:Johnwilliamsterling.jpg|200px|thumb|John W. Sterling, the library's namesake]]
For the ninety years prior to the construction of Sterling Memorial Library, Yale's library collections had been held in the College Library, a chapel-like [[Gothic Revival]] building on Yale's [[Old Campus]] now known as Dwight Hall.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tolles |first=Bryant F. Jr. |title=Architecture & Academe: College Buildings in New England Before 1860 |location=Lebanon, NH |publisher=University Press of New England |year=2011 |isbn= 9781584658917 |pages=37–39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NlJCGeoDB8AC&pg=PA37 |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> Built to house a collection of 40,000 books in the 1840s, and later expanded to Linsly Hall and Chittenden Hall, the old library could not hold Yale's swelling book collection, which had grown to over one million volumes.<ref name="Schiff">{{cite journal |last=Schiff |first=Judith Ann |title=The "Heart of the University" Turns 75 |date=Sep–Oct 2005 |journal=Yale Alumni Magazine |url=https://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2005_09/old_yale.html |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref>

In 1918, Yale received a $17-million [[bequest]] from [[John W. Sterling]], founder of the New York law firm [[Shearman & Sterling]], providing that Yale construct "at least one enduring, useful and architecturally beautiful edifice."<ref name="Schiff" /><ref name="Science">{{cite journal |title=The Sterling Bequest to Yale University |journal=Science |volume=48 |number=1230 |date=26 July 1918 |page=87 |url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-1642065 |access-date=4 April 2014|doi=10.1126/science.48.1230.87 |bibcode=1918Sci....48...87. }}</ref> The largest bequest in the history of any American university, it initiated a major period of construction on Yale's campus.<ref name="Science" /> Because of the library collection's growth, the university decided to make the centerpiece of Sterling's gift a new library with a capacity for 3.5 million volumes.<ref name="Science" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Yale Central Complex, New Haven Historic Resources Inventory |year=1984 |publisher=City of New Haven |url=http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/pdfs/HistoricInventory/NH%20HRI%201%20Yale%20Central%20Complex.pdf |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>

The building's original architect, [[Bertram Goodhue]], intended the library to resemble his [[Nebraska State Capitol|State Capitol Building]] in [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], with the library's books in a prominent tower.<ref name="Bloomer">{{cite book |last=Bloomer |first=Kent C. |author-link=Kent Bloomer |title=The Nature of Ornament: Rhythm and Metamorphosis in Architecture |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2000 |isbn=9780393730364 |pages=187–185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7afIwq-xPYC&pg=PA178 |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> When Goodhue died in 1924, the project passed to [[James Gamble Rogers]], the university's consulting architect. Rogers' work on a "General Plan" for the Yale campus allowed him to incorporate the main library project into his neo-Gothic scheme for Yale's expansion.

Roger's campus plan called for the library to sit on a new main courtyard, now called Cross Campus. Originally, he planned to balance the courtyard with a 5,000-seat chapel facing opposite the library. With the end of compulsory undergraduate chapel services in 1926 and the lack of a financier, the chapel was never built.<ref name=Grubiak>{{cite journal |last=Grubiak |first=Margaret M. |title=Reassessing Yale's Cathedral Orgy: The Ecclesiastical Metaphor and the Sterling Memorial Library |doi=10.1086/599848 |date=2009 |journal=Winterthur Portfolio |publisher=The Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum |volume=43 |issue=2/3 |pages=159–184 |s2cid=163974556 |url=https://www84.homepage.villanova.edu/margaret.grubiak/GrubiakWinterthurPortfolio2009.pdf |access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> Expanding on Goodhue's tower concept, Rogers proposed the library take the form of a cathedral, which, in his own words, would be "as near to modern Gothic as we dared to make it."<ref name="Mills Brown">{{cite book |last=Mills Brown |first=Elizabeth |title=New Haven: A Guide to Architecture and Urban Design |year=1976 |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300019933 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9no2loQlCeEC&pg=PA128 |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> He modeled the library's entrance hall to resemble a vaulted [[nave]] and commissioned extensive [[stained glass]] and stone [[Ornament (art)|ornament]] to decorate the building's exterior and interior.<ref name="SML History">{{cite web |title=The History of Sterling Memorial Library |publisher=Yale University Library |url=https://web.library.yale.edu/building/sterling-library/history |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>

The library's {{convert|122500|sqft|m2|adj=on}} footprint would take up more than half a city block. Twenty buildings were cleared for its construction, many of them private homes.<ref name="Keogh">{{cite journal |last=Keogh |first=Andrew |title=Notes by the Library, Based on an Address on Alumni Day 1928 |journal=Yale University Library Gazette |date=1928 |volume=3 |pages=27–34}}</ref> Although excavation began in the fall of 1927, the construction site was not fully secured until July 1928, when the final [[holdout (architecture)|holdout homeowner]] agreed to sell.<ref name="Taylor" /><ref name="Husted" /><ref name=Martz>{{cite journal |last=Martz |first=Rebecca |title=Sterling Histories |journal=Yale University Library Gazette |date=October 2006 |volume=81 |issue=1/2 |pages=6–7 |jstor=40859517}}</ref>

While the new library was planned and constructed, Yale began soliciting gifts from its alumni for the new library. By 1931, the collection had grown to nearly 2 million volumes, many of them rare books and manuscripts.<ref name="Schiff"/><ref name="Taylor" /> Among the most important of these acquisitions was a [[Gutenberg Bible]] donated by [[Anna Harkness]].<ref name=Taylor>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Merrily E.  |title=The Yale University Library 1701–1978: its History, Collections, and Present Organization |year=1978 |publisher=Yale University Library}}</ref> The bible became the centerpiece of the new library's Rare Book Room, which allowed students and researchers to browse the most valuable books in the university's collection for the first time, a function later subsumed in part by the [[Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library]].<ref name="Schiff"/>

At the time of its construction, the choice of cathedral architecture attracted criticism. Like much of Yale's revivalist construction of the same era, the new library was criticized as expensive and retrograde.<ref name=Grubiak /><ref name=Goldberger2006>{{cite web |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Goldberger |title=Yale and the Promise of the Modern |location=New Haven, CT |date=9 December 2006 |url=https://www.paulgoldberger.com/lectures/yale-and-the-promise-of-the-modern/ |access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> [[William Harlan Hale]], writing in ''[[The Nation]]'', scorned it as a "cathedral orgy," criticized the library's bastardized cathedral aesthetics and the university's timid anti-modernism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hale |first=William Harlan |author-link=William Harlan Hale |title=Yale's Cathedral Orgy |journal=Nation |date=29 April 1929 |pages=471–472}}</ref> Many students of architecture leveled similar criticisms.<ref name="Goldberger1985">{{cite book |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |chapter=The Sterling Library: A Reassessment |title=On the Rise: Architecture and Design in a Post Modern Age |date=1985 |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=[https://archive.org/details/onrisearchitectugold/page/269 269–271] |isbn=9780140076325 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/onrisearchitectugold/page/269 }}</ref> Others asserted that the project was either sanctimonious or sacrilegious for merging academic purpose and religious architecture.<ref name=Grubiak /> Later critics have praised the building's ambition, beauty, and pragmatism.<ref name="Goldberger2006"/><ref name="Pinnell">{{cite book |first=Patrick L. |last= Pinnell |title=The Campus Guide: Yale University |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |year=1999 |page=67 |isbn=1568981678}}</ref><ref name=Betsky>{{cite book |last=Betsky |first=Aaron |title=James Gamble Rogers and the Architecture of Pragmatism |date=1994 |publisher=Architectural History Foundation |isbn=9780262023818}}</ref>

==Building==
The library is situated on Yale's Cross Campus, the central quadrangle of the university. Surrounding buildings, including [[Berkeley College (Yale University)|Berkeley College]], [[Trumbull College]], and [[Sterling Law Building]] were designed by Rogers and built in the same period and [[Gothic Revival]] style as the library.

===Nave===
[[File:Sterling nave.jpg|thumb|The nave, looking towards the circulation desk]]
The entrance hall of the library is known as the "nave" because it imitates the [[nave|main approach of a cathedral]]. At its western terminus is a [[chancel]] containing an ornate circulation desk and [[altarpiece]] mural painted by [[Eugene Savage]].<ref name="Husted" /> Constructed of [[Indiana limestone]] and [[List of sandstones|Ohio sandstone]] blocks, the nave is a self-supporting stone structure with none of the steel reinforcement used elsewhere in the library.<ref>{{cite news |last=Crosbie |first=Michael J. |title=Stunning Renovation Brings New Radiance To Yale Library |newspaper=Hartford Courant |date=22 April 2015 |url=http://www.courant.com/opinion/op-ed/hc-op-crosbie-sterling-restoration-20150422-story.html |access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref>  It is elaborately decorated with stone and wood carving, ironwork, stained glass windows, and ceiling [[boss (architecture)|bosses]].<ref name="Decoration" /> The main hall is flanked by two [[Aisle#Church architecture|aisles]], which originally held [[library catalog|card catalogs]] for the library bookstacks. Though the original catalog drawers remain in the aisles, the cards have been removed and the aisles converted to seating areas and a [[computer lab]]. At its western end it is intersected by a [[transept]], which leads to the library's main reading room on one end and its wing on the other. For many years, [[tobacco smoking|smoking]] was allowed in the nave, which left a layer of soot on its upper levels.<ref name=Branch201305>{{cite web |last=Alden Branch |first=Mark |title=Sterling's Nave to Close for a Year |date=14 May 2013 |website=Yale Alumni Magazine |url=https://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/blog_posts/1458 |access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>  Beginning in 2013, the nave underwent a $20-million, yearlong renovation to clean its surfaces, restore its architectural details, overhaul building systems, and reconfigure visitor circulation and services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sterling Memorial Library Nave Restoration |publisher=Yale University Library |url=http://guides.library.yale.edu/content.php?pid=412929&sid=3373658 |access-date=4 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427120654/http://guides.library.yale.edu/content.php?pid=412929&sid=3373658 |archive-date=27 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shelton |first=Jim |title=Yale's Sterling Memorial Library is getting a $20 million makeover |date=6 September 2013 |newspaper=New Haven Register |url=http://www.nhregister.com/general-news/20130907/yales-sterling-memorial-library-is-getting-a-20-million-makeover |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Renewing an architectural 'temple of the mind' — for a new generation |website=Yale News |publisher=Yale University |url=https://news.yale.edu/2013/05/30/renewing-architectural-temple-mind-new-generation |access-date=6 April 2014|date=2013-05-30 }}</ref>

===Tower===
Fifteen levels of library materials, primarily books, are housed in the building's tower, commonly referred to as the "Stacks".<ref name="SML History" /> Originally intended to house 3.5 million volumes, it is a seven-story structure, with eight [[mezzanine]] levels interleaved between the main stories.<ref name="Snead">{{cite journal |last=Snead |first=William S. |title=The Bookstack Tower |journal=The University Library Gazette |volume=5 |issue=4 |date=April 1931 |pages=77–80 |url=http://digital.library.yale.edu/cdm/ref/collection/rebooks/id/85652 |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>  Although encased in a Gothic exterior, the tower's structural system is a welded [[steel frame]], which permits a vertical rise that traditional Gothic techniques would not.<ref name="Husted">{{cite journal |last=Husted |first=Ellery S. |title=The Sterling Memorial Library |journal=The University Library Gazette |volume=5 |issue=4 |date=April 1931 |pages=57–65 |url=http://digital.library.yale.edu/cdm/ref/collection/rebooks/id/85652 |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> The [[battlements|crenelated]] roof of the tower is elaborately decorated, complete with a castle-like housing for [[air handler|air handling equipment]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Castle in the air |journal=Yale Alumni Magazine |date=May–June 2012 |url=https://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/3425 |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref>

The tower's shelves are estimated to stretch {{convert|80|mi|km}}, contained within {{convert|6.5|mi|km}} of aisles.<ref name="Snead2">{{cite journal |last=Snead |first=William S. |title=The Yale Bookstack |journal=Yale University Library Gazette |volume=3 |date=1928 |pages=21–26}}</ref> In addition to the library collections, the tower houses reading rooms, study carrels, library offices, and special collections, including the [[Yale Babylonian Collection|Babylonian Collection]].<ref name="Snead" /> Access to the Stacks is restricted to affiliates of the university and library patrons.

===Reading rooms===
[[File:Starr Reading Room east.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Starr Reading Room]]
Four reading rooms sit near the nave on the first floor of the library:

* Starr Reading Room, the main reading room of the library, is at the south end of the library, next to [[Trumbull College]]. It is a [[reference work|reference room]] designed in the style of a [[Refectory#Refectories and monastic culture|monastic refectory]].<ref name="Bloomer" /><ref name=Goldberger1985/> Under a [[barrel vault|barrel-vault]]ed ceiling, the room is lined with [[tracery|traceried windows]] and [[oak]] bookshelves decorated with a botanical [[frieze]].<ref name="Husted" /> A 1998 restoration was funded by [[The Starr Foundation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Langdon |first=Philip |title=Renovating a Classic Campus |date=November 1998 |journal=Yale Alumni Magazine |url=https://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/98_11/renovation.html |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
* The Periodical Reading Room, lined with oak shelves like those of the main reading room, is reached through from a vestibule on the north side of the nave. The room can hold 1,800 periodicals and features windows decorated with signs of the zodiac to symbolize periodicity.<ref name="Husted" />
* Linonia and Brothers Reading Room, a [[Tudor architecture|Tudor-style]] browsing room at the building's northeast corner. It is named for Yale's two 18th-century literary societies, [[Linonia]] and [[Brothers in Unity]], and holds about 20,000 books.<ref name="Husted" /> Intended to be a "[[gentlemen's club]]" for leisure reading, it was not opened to women until the 1960s.<ref name="Schiff" />
* Franke Family Reading Room, a periodical browsing room, is in the library's southeast corner. Originally a room for frequently-used materials known as the Reserve Book Room, its collections were moved to [[Cross Campus Library]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite news |title=Linonia & Brothers To Remain Intact |date=1 April 1971 |newspaper=Yale Daily News |url=http://digital.library.yale.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/yale-ydn/id/194932/rec/25 |access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref>

The tower holds smaller reading rooms for the library's [[area studies]] holdings, including African, East Asian, Latin American, Near East, Slavic and East European, Southeast Asian, and Judaica collections. There are also dedicated reading rooms for several fields of study, including [[American Studies]], [[History]], and [[Philosophy]].

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="120px">
File:Linonia_and_Brothers_Reading_Room_north.JPG|Linonia and Brothers Reading Room
File:Sterling_Memorial_Library_Newspaper_Reading_Room.JPG|Periodical Reading Room
File:Slavic_Reading_Room.JPG|Slavic Reading Room
</gallery>

===Wing===
[[File:Sterling Library cloister Highsmith.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Cloister leading from library's nave to its wing]]
Sterling's northern wing, accessed from the nave via a [[cloister|cloister hallway]], contains the library's offices as well as three major rooms: a lecture hall, the Memorabilia Room, and the Rare Book Room. The Memorabilia Room hosts temporary exhibitions of Yale's archival collections and university history, and serves as an antechamber to the 120-seat lecture hall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lecture Hall and Memorabilia Room |publisher=Yale University |website=Yale University Library |url=https://web.library.yale.edu/place/lecture-hall-and-memorabilia-room |access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref>

The Rare Book Room, designed after English [[Jacobean architecture]], was built to allow library patrons to browse Yale's collection of rare books and manuscripts.<ref name="Husted"/> A vaulted, octagonal chapel behind the room was specially constructed to house a copy of the [[Gutenberg Bible]].<ref name=Bloomer /><ref name="Husted"/> The completion of the Beinecke Library in 1963 provided a more secure, climate-controlled repository for rare books, and the room and chapel now serve as a browsing room for the library's Manuscripts & Archives department.

===Courtyard===
The library originally had two courtyards designed and landscaped by [[Beatrix Farrand]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Farrand |first=Beatrix |author-link=Beatrix Farrand |title=The Collected Writings of Beatrix Ferrand: American Landscape Gardener, 1872–1959 |chapter=Yale University: The Library Courtyard and its Fountain |date=2009 |publisher=University Press of New England |pages=142–144}}</ref> In 1997, the western courtyard was enclosed and renovated to become the Irving S. Gilmore Music Library.<ref name="Martz" /> Sterling's remaining courtyard, named the Selin Courtyard, features motifs from the history of printing.<ref name="Husted" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Ota |first=Chika |title=SML Selin Courtyard |publisher=Yale University Office of the Printer |date=16 May 2013 |url=https://printer.yale.edu/blog/2013/05/16/sml-selin-courtyard |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref>

==Decoration==
The library is one of the most elaborate buildings on the Yale campus. Rogers commissioned artisans, including stained glass artist [[G. Owen Bonawit]] and blacksmith [[Samuel Yellin]], who worked with Rogers on many of his buildings, sculptor [[Rene Paul Chambellan]], and painter [[Eugene Savage]]. The building's exterior is decorated with stone gargoyles, reliefs, and inscriptions.<ref name="Decoration" /> The nave is the most ornately decorated library interior, although ornamental features, particularly stained-glass windows, can be found in nearly every room in the building.

===Entrance relief===
[[File:Sterling Library bas relief panorama.jpg|thumb|350px|Relief above the front entrance doors on High Street]]
A relief above the library's main entrance symbolizes the scholarly achievements of ancient civilizations. It is the work of architectural sculptor [[Rene Paul Chambellan]], who executed a design produced by [[Lee Lawrie]].<ref name="ELIS" />{{rp|282}} The scene depicts [[Cro-Magnon]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]], [[Assyria]]n, [[Israelites|Hebrew]], [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Ancient Greece|Greek]], [[Maya civilization|Mayan]], and [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] scholars in [[Relief#Bas-relief or low relief|low relief]], with inscriptions from major works in each writing system.<ref name="Decoration" /> At center is a medieval scholar, and directly above the doors are symbolic representations of major civilizations, which include a [[Phoenicia#Phoenician ships|Phoenician ship]], a [[lamassu|Babylonian lamassu]] and the [[Capitoline Wolf|Capitoline wolf]] of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]].<ref name="Decoration" />

===''Alma Mater'' mural===
[[File:Yale Alma Mater Mural Highsmith.jpg|150px|thumb|The ''Alma Mater'' mural]]
At the western end of the nave is a [[fresco]] painted by Eugene Savage, a professor in the [[Yale School of Art|Yale School of Art and Architecture]]. Savage titled it "The Imagination that Directs the University's Spiritual and Intellectual Efforts," but it is commonly known as the ''[[Alma Mater]]'' mural for its depiction of a personified "University."<ref>{{cite web |title=Eugene Francis Savage |publisher=National Academy Museum |url=http://www.nationalacademy.org/collections/artists/detail/150/ |access-date=6 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408212126/http://www.nationalacademy.org/collections/artists/detail/150/ |archive-date=8 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Public Art">{{cite web |title=Public art at Yale - Alma Mater |publisher=Yale University |url=http://www.yale.edu/publicart/almamater.html |access-date=6 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408233825/http://www.yale.edu/publicart/almamater.html |archive-date=8 April 2014 }}</ref> Savage, an expert in [[Italian Renaissance painting#Early Renaissance painting|Early Renaissance]] techniques, painted the mural in his characteristic style, an [[Art Deco]] interpretation of traditional Renaissance composition.<ref>{{cite book |title=Paintings and Sculpture in the Collection of the National Academy of Design: 1826–1925  |editor1-last=Wageman |editor1-first=Virginia |editor2-last=Freshman |editor2-first=Paul |year=2004 |edition=1st |publisher=Hudson Hills |pages=492–493 |isbn=9781555950293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHH45aYubp4C&pg=PA492 |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> Surrounding "Alma Mater" are personifications of [[discipline (academic)|academic disciplines]].<ref name="Public Art" />

===Stained glass===
680 unique stained glass panels by [[G. Owen Bonawit]] adorn the nave, reading rooms, offices, and tower of the library.<ref name="Martz" /><ref name="Walker">{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Gay |title=Brilliance All Around: The Stained Glass of Sterling and Its Maker |date=27 January 2006 |url=http://www.library.yale.edu/75th/walker_brilliance.pdf |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> Eighty decorate the nave, depicting scenes from the history of Yale and New Haven.<ref name="Schiff" /><ref name="Decoration">{{cite journal |title=The Decoration of Sterling Memorial Library |journal=The University Library Gazette |volume=5 |issue=4 |date=April 1931 |pages=81–123 |url=http://digital.library.yale.edu/utils/getdownloaditem/collection/rebooks/id/85652/filename/113729.pdf/mapsto/pdf |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> Most reading rooms have stained glass panels that represent themes from their subject matter.<ref name="Decoration" /> Bonawit's firm also designed over 2,000 small outline images to inset in windows without stained glass panes.<ref name="Walker" /> Although Sterling contains the most in number, Bonawit's panels can be found in many of Yale's Gothic Revival buildings of the same period, including the [[Sterling Law Building]], the Hall of Graduate Studies, and the [[Residential colleges of Yale University|residential colleges]].<ref name="Walker" />

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="120px">
File:Yale-library-stained-glass.jpg
File:SML-Stained-Glass-3.jpg
File:Unknown Work 2, G. Owen Bonawit.jpg
File:SML-Stained-Glass-6.jpg
File:SML-Stained-Glass-7.jpg
File:Port-Royal des Champs G. Owen Bonawit.JPG
</gallery>

===Other notable ornament===
[[File:SML-Drunk-Porn-Sculpture.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A corbel sculpted by Rene Paul Chambellan]]
In the nave,  ten [[Relief#High relief|high relief]] stone panels by Chambellan depict the history of the Yale University Library up to 1865.<ref name="Decoration" /> Bosses on the nave's ceiling depict writing implements. [[Samuel Yellin]], the blacksmith who shaped most of the ironwork for Yale's Gothic buildings, created handwrought elevator doors for the Stacks depicting [[Trade (occupation)|major trades]], as well as ironwork and gates for the building.<ref name="SML History" /> Other decorative stonework by Chambellan—gargoyles, [[corbels]], and reliefs—can be found throughout the building. While most of his works depict scholarship and university life, several are humorous interpretations of the lives of students and librarians.<ref>{{cite news |last=Peiffer |first=Siobhan |title=Yale's carvings set sense of humor in stone |date=Summer 1997 |newspaper=Yale Herald |url=http://www.yaleherald.com/archive/frosh/1997/frosh97/carve.html |access-date=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017081451/http://www.yaleherald.com/archive/frosh/1997/frosh97/carve.html |archive-date=17 October 2014 }}</ref>

Several tributes in the library commemorate pioneering graduates of the university. A portrait of [[Edward Bouchet]], one of Yale's earliest African American graduates, hangs in the nave's transept.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schiff |first=Judith Ann |title=Pioneers |journal=Yale Alumni Magazine |date=Jan–Feb 2006 |url=https://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_01/old_yale.html |access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Alden Branch |first=Mark |title=Who was the first African American student at Yale? |journal=Yale Alumni Magazine |date=May–June 2014 |url=https://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/3874 |access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> Near the Franke Family Reading Room is a statue of [[Yung Wing]], the first Chinese graduate of Yale.<ref>{{cite news |title=Statue honors accomplishments of Yale's first Chinese student |newspaper=Yale Bulletin & Calendar |date=14 January 2005 |volume=33 |issue=15 |url=http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v33.n15/story25.html |access-date=3 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228002440/http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v33.n15/story25.html |archive-date=28 February 2013 }}</ref> In 2016 a portrait of the first seven women to receive Ph.D.s from Yale, which those seven women all did in 1894, was placed in the library.<ref name="yaledailynews.com">{{cite web|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2016/04/06/first-female-ph-d-s-memorialized/|title=First female Ph.D.s memorialized|date=6 April 2016 }}</ref> The women include [[Mary Augusta Scott]], Elizabeth Deering Hanscom, [[Margaretta Palmer]], Charlotte Fitch Roberts, Cornelia H.B. Rogers, Sara Bulkley Rogers, and Laura Johnson Wylie.<ref name="yaledailynews.com"/> The portrait is the first painting hanging in the library to have women as subjects.<ref name="yaledailynews.com"/> [[Brenda Zlamany]] was the artist.<ref name="yaledailynews.com"/>

==Collections==

===Catalog===
[[File:Sterling_Memorial_Library_card_catalog.jpeg|thumb|Card catalogs stood in echelons in the nave in this 2010 image. A [[Online public access catalog|computer catalog]] now serves that information, and, since 2014, tables and chairs for student use fill that space.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Reformation comes to Sterling Library|url=https://yalealumnimagazine.com/blog_posts/1876-the-reformation-comes-to-sterling-library|author=Branch, Mark Alden|date=September 2, 2014|work=Yale Alumni Magazine|access-date=June 30, 2016}}</ref>]]
The large majority of materials in Sterling are housed in the bookstacks, which are contained in the building's tower. The bookstacks use two classification systems: the Yale Library system and the Library of Congress system. Adopted in the 1890s, the non-standard Yale system became cumbersome and inefficient for cataloging. Though replaced in 1970 by the Library of Congress system, many of the 5.7 million volumes held by the library at that time remain filed in the Yale system.<ref name="Gordon">{{cite news |last=Gordon |first=Gideon |title=Library Changing Catalog System |date=5 November 1970 |newspaper=Yale Daily News |url=http://digital.library.yale.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/yale-ydn/id/194619/rec/73 |access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref> The card catalogs in the nave once contained as many as 9.5 million cards, sorted in 8,700 trays.<ref name="Taylor" />

===Manuscripts & Archives===
Manuscripts & Archives is the primary archival repository of the university, housing Yale memorabilia, university archives, historical manuscripts, and personal papers donated to the university.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Manuscripts & Archives |website=Yale University Library |publisher=Yale University |url=https://web.library.yale.edu/mssa/about |access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref> Though the archive uses the former Rare Book Room as its primary reading room, most of the collection is held off-site. Significant materials within Manuscripts & Archives include the papers of [[Charles Lindbergh]], [[Eero Saarinen]], [[Eli Whitney]], [[John Maley]] and the audio library of [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Manuscript Collections |publisher=Yale University Manuscripts & Archives |url=http://images.library.yale.edu/madid/browse.aspx?q=collections |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shelton |first=Jim |title=At Yale, bin Laden's audiotape collection yields new insights, scholar says |newspaper=New Haven Register |date=29 March 2014 |url=http://www.nhregister.com/general-news/20140329/at-yale-bin-ladens-audiotape-collection-yields-new-insights-scholar-says |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> The archives hosts a notable collection of diplomatic papers, including those of [[Dean Acheson]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Henry Stimson]], and [[Cyrus Vance]].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Yale to Receive Kissinger Papers and Establish the Johnson Center for the Study of American Diplomacy |newspaper=YaleNews |publisher=Yale University |date=14 June 2011 |url=https://news.yale.edu/2011/06/14/yale-receive-kissinger-papers-and-establish-johnson-center-study-american-diplomacy |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Kissinger donates his papers to Yale |date=15 June 2014 |work=Fox News |publisher=Fox Corporation |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/kissinger-donates-his-papers-to-yale/ |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref>

===Music Library===
[[File:Yale music library.JPG|150px|thumb|Irving S. Gilmore Music Library main staircase]]
Audio, visual, and paper materials related to music are retained in the Irving S. Gilmore Music Library, a facility converted from one of Sterling's courtyards. The collection was established in the mid-19th century under [[Gustave J. Stoeckel]], and was expanded by the acquisition of [[Lowell Mason]]'s papers and library in 1873.<ref name="ELIS">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1982 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science |volume=33 |editor1-last=Kent |editor1-first=Allen |editor2-last=Daily |editor2-first=Jay E. |edition=1st |pages=267–365}}</ref> Its collections include one of the largest catalogs of recordings and scores in the United States, including the papers of [[Charles Ives]], [[Carl Ruggles]], [[Quincy Porter]], [[Horatio Parker]], [[Virgil Thomson]], [[Clarence Watters]], [[Richard Donovan (composer)|Richard Donovan]], and [[J. Rosamond Johnson]].<ref name="Taylor" /> The collection was moved to Sprague Hall of the [[Yale School of Music]] in 1955, then to Sterling after the Gilmore Library was completed in 1997.<ref name="Taylor" /><ref name="Martz" />

===Film Archive===
The seventh floor of Sterling Memorial Library holds the [[Yale Film Archive]], which holds collections of more than 7,000 film elements, including hundreds of unique 35mm and 16mm prints and original negatives, as well as more than 50,000 items in its circulating video collection. The archive, which grew from a small collection of 16mm prints acquired for use in teaching film in 1968, was formally established in 1982 and moved to Sterling in 2021. Its collections include original material by filmmakers including [[Mary Ellen Bute]], [[Frank Mouris]], [[Warrington Hudlin]], and [[Willie Ruff]]. The Film Archive collects, preserves, and screens films in its collection, and is an Associate of the [[International Federation of Film Archives]].

===Special collections===
The library houses several special collections:
* The [[Yale Babylonian Collection]], the largest collection of Babylonian [[cuneiform|cuneiform writing]] in North America;<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vitelli |first=Karen D. |title=The Antiquities Market: News and Commentary on the Illicit Traffic in Antiquities |journal=Journal of Field Archaeology |date=1970 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=124 |publisher=Boston University |doi=10.1179/009346980791505563 }}</ref>
* The library of the [[American Oriental Society]], the oldest American [[learned society]] for [[area studies]], whose catalog has been housed at Yale since 1855;<ref>{{cite book |title=Catalogue of the Library of the American Oriental Society |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Library |year=1930 |editor-last=Strout |editor-first=Elizabeth |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000491247 |access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>
* The Map Collection, a collection of over 200,000 print maps as well as [[Geographic Information Systems]] data;<ref>{{cite web |title=The Yale Print Map Collection |website=Yale University Library |publisher=Yale University |url=http://www.library.yale.edu/MapColl/print_index.html |access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>
* Arts of the Book, a variety of materials related to [[printing]], [[bookbinding]], [[woodblock printing|woodblock]], and [[graphic design]].
* The "[[Near East]] Collection holds one of the most comprehensive assemblies of Arabic and Islamic studies materials in the US."<ref name="Kesting 2022 f949">{{cite web | last=Kesting | first=Piney | title=The Legacy of Arabic in America | website=AramcoWorld | date=March 28, 2022 | url=https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/January-2018/The-Legacy-of-Arabic-in-America | access-date=August 8, 2023}}</ref>

===Major editorial projects===
* [[The Papers of Benjamin Franklin]], a project founded in 1954 to collect and publish all the papers of [[Benjamin Franklin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Project |website=Papers of Benjamin Franklin |publisher=Yale University |url=https://franklinpapers.yale.edu/about-project |access-date=30 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809012740/http://www.yale.edu/franklinpapers/project.html |archive-date=9 August 2014 }}</ref> The library received a major donation of Franklin's papers when Sterling opened in 1935, and the collection formed the basis of Yale professor [[Edmund Morgan (historian)|Edmund Morgan's]] best-selling biography of Franklin.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McElroy |first=James |title=Finding Franklin |journal=Yale Alumni Magazine |date=November 2002 |url=https://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/02_11/franklin.html |access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grimes |first=William |title=Edmund S. Morgan, Historian Who Shed Light on Puritans, Dies at 97 |date=9 July 2013 |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/09/us/edmund-s-morgan-historian-who-shed-light-on-puritans-dies-at-97.html |access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>
*The [[Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies]], a collection of about 4,500 video-recorded testimonies from witness and survivors of the [[Holocaust]], deposited in the library in 1981.<ref name="Rudof">{{cite web |url=https://www.library.yale.edu/testimonies/publications/Local_to_Global.pdf |title=A Yale University and New Haven Community Project: From Local to Global |last=Rudof |first=Joanne Weiner |date=October 2007 |publisher=Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref>
* Boswell Editions, an edited collection of the papers and publications of Scottish lawyer [[James Boswell]], the major biographer of the famous 18th century English literary figure [[Samuel Johnson]].<ref name="Taylor"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://boswelleditions.yale.edu/ |access-date=28 July 2014 |title=Yale Boswell Editions |publisher=Yale University}}</ref>
* Wing STC Revision Project, an effort begun in 1933 by Yale librarian [[Donald Wing]] to compile a [[Donald Wing#The Short-Title Catalogue (STC)|Short-Title Catalogue]], a bibliographic reference for books printed in England and its colonies between 1641 and 1700.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crist |first=T. J |year=1993 |chapter=Wing, Donald Goddard |editor-last=Wedgeworth |editor-first=Robert |title=ALA World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services |edition=3rd |pages=868–869 |location=Chicago |publisher=American Library Association}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Sterling Memorial Library}}
* Walker, Gay. ''Bonawit, Stained Glass, and Yale: G. Owen Bonawit's Work at Yale University & Elsewhere'', Wildwood Press, 2002.
* Walker, Gay. ''Stained Glass in Yale’s Sterling Memorial Library: A Guide to the Decorative Glass of G. Owen Bonawit,'' Wildwood Press, 2006.

{{Yale University Library |state=expanded}}
{{Yale |state=autocollapse}}

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[[Category:Yale University Library]]
[[Category:Yale University buildings]]
[[Category:Towers in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Library buildings completed in 1931]]
[[Category:Collegiate Gothic architecture in the United States]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Connecticut]]
[[Category:1931 establishments in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Research libraries in the United States]]