Editing Stolnik

{{Short description|Type of Eastern European court office}}
{{about|a court office|the village in [[Slovenia]]|Stolnik, Slovenia|a related Romanian term|Stolnic}}

'''Stolnik''' ({{Langx|lt|stalininkas}}, {{Langx|pl|stolnik}}, {{Langx|uk|стольник}}, {{langx|ru|сто́льник}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈstolʲnʲɪk|IPA}}) was a court office in [[Lithuania]], [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Russia]], responsible for serving the royal table, then an honorary court title and a district office. It approximately corresponds to English term [[wikt:pantler|"pantler"]].

== Stolnik in Crown of Poland ==
In the [[Crown of Poland]] under the first [[Piast dynasty|Piast]] dukes and kings, this was a court office. 

From the 14th century, it was an honorary court title in the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]], since the 16th century.
* Grand Stolnik of the Crown ({{Langx|pl|Stolnik wielki koronny}})
* Stolnik of the Crown ({{Langx|pl|Stolnik koronny}})
* Court Stolnik of the Crown ({{Langx|pl|Stolnik nadworny koronny}})

According to the 1768 district office hierarchy, the Stolnik's position in the Crown of Poland was superior to that of [[Deputy cup-bearer]] and inferior to that of district judge. 

== Stolnik in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ==
In Lithuania, the Stolnik's position emerged in the late 15th century, comparatively later than Marshal, [[Treasurer (Eastern Europe)|Treasurer]], and [[Cup-bearer]], with the first Grand Stolnik of Lithuania, {{Interlanguage link|Albertas Jonaitis Manvydas|lt}}, being known from 1475.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Gudavičius|first1=Edvardas|last2=Petrauskas|first2=Rimvydas|title=Stalininkas|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/stalininkas/|website=[[Vle.lt]]|language=lt}}</ref> Initially, the Stolnik took care of the Grand Duke's food warehouses, distribution of food, his manor's parks, gardens, ponds, and villages assigned to the estates.<ref name=":0" /> However, in the late 16th century, the position became purely ceremonial and the individual was charged with serving the Grand Duke at the table only during feasts.<ref name=":0" /> It was the sons of [[Lithuanian nobility]] that began their service in the ruler's court who were assigned the role of the Stolnik .<ref name=":0" /> Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the Stolnik came from various families such as [[Alšėniškiai]], [[Kęsgaila family|Kęsgaila]], {{Interlanguage link|Dorohostaiskiai|lt}}, [[Hlebavičiai]], [[Chodkiewicz]], [[Radziwiłł family|Radziwiłł]], [[Sapieha]] and others.<ref name=":0" /> [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]] was the Stolnik of Lithuania from 1755 to 1764, while the last one from 1764 to 1795 was [[Józef Klemens Czartoryski]].<ref name=":0" />

There were two types of Stolnik in Lithuania:

* Grand Stolnik of Lithuania ({{langx|lt|Lietuvos didysis stalininkas}}; {{Langx|pl|Stolnik wielki litewski}})
* Stolnik of Lithuania ({{langx|lt|Lietuvos stalininkas}}; {{Langx|pl|Stolnik litewski}})

According to the 1768 district office hierarchy of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], the Stolnik was superior to ''[[podstoli]]'' and inferior to ''[[wojski]]''.

==Stolnik in Russia==
[[File:Царской стольникъ.jpg|thumb|291x291px|An illustration of a Russian royal stolnik in the book of [[Fyodor Solntsev]], 1869 based on that of [[Adam Olearius]]]]
''Stolniks'' were known as palace servants of the Russian rulers since the 13th century.<ref>[https://slovar.cc/enc/bolshoy/2121783.html Стольник // Большой энциклопедический словарь. 2012]</ref> In the 16th and 17th centuries they were young nobles who brought dishes to the [[tsar]]'s table, looked after his bedroom, and accompanied him in travels. The highest category comprised the ''room'' or ''closer stolniks''. 

''Stolniks'' could simultaneously serve in the [[foreign office]] or in the [[army]]. They were ranked fifth in the hierarchy of Russian bureaucracy, after ''[[boyar]]s'', ''[[okolnichy]]s'', [[duma]] [[Nobility|noble]]s, and [[duma]] ''[[Dyak (clerk)|dyak]]s''.

''Stolniks'' were also attached to episcopal administrations as were other similar offices also found in the grand princely or tsarist administration. For example, ''stolniks'' are found in documents from the archiepiscopal records in [[Veliky Novgorod]].<ref>B. D. (Boris Dmitrevich) Grekov, ''Novgorodskii Dom sviatoi Sofii; opyt izucheniia organizatsii i vnutrennikh otnoshenii krupnoi tserkovnoi votchiny, chast” I'' (St. Petersburg: M. Aleksandrova, 1914. Reprinted in Izbrannye trudy, vol. 4: 7-436).</ref>

==See also==
*[[Offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].
*[[Stavilac]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Court titles]]
[[Category:Polish titles]]
[[Category:Lithuanian titles]]
[[Category:Russian nobility|*]]
[[Category:Court titles in the Middle Ages]]
[[Category:Food services occupations]]
[[Category:Ceremonial occupations]]
[[Category:Slavic titles]]

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