Editing Stone skipping

{{Short description|Skill of throwing a stone across water}}
{{Redirect|Skimming stones|the music album|Skipping Stone{{!}}''Skipping Stone''}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Stone skimming -Patagonia-9Mar2010.jpg|thumb|A stone skimming across the water]]
[[File:Rock skipping in slow motion2.webm|thumb|Stone skipping in slow motion]]
'''Stone skipping''' and '''stone skimming''' are the arts of [[throwing]] a flat [[Rock (geology)|stone]] across water in such a way (usually [[Sidearm (baseball)|sidearm]]) that it bounces off the surface. "Skipping" counts the number of bounces; "skimming" measures the distance traveled.

==History==

[[File:TWC Haast heli• Stewart Nimmo • MRD 9321.jpg|thumb|People skipping stones in Haast, New Zealand]]
The 2nd-century CE Greek scholar [[Julius Pollux]] calls the game ἐποστρακισμός.<ref>Wilhelm Dindorf (ed.): Julii Pollucis Onomasticon. Leipzig 1824, [https://archive.org/stream/onomasticon01polluoft#page/n589/mode/2up archive.org, p. 191 (section 9,119)]</ref> The 3rd-century CE Latin writer [[Marcus Minucius Felix]] described children skipping shells on the beach.<ref>Marcus Minucius Felix: Octavius (cap. 3). [http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/books/octaviul.htm Latin], [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/ANF-04/anf04-34.htm English]</ref> In England, a 1583 text calls it "Ducks and Drakes".<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2010/11/02/3054976.htm Skipping stone secrets launch maximum spin]. ABC Science (2010-11-02). Retrieved 2022-10-02.</ref> An early explanation of the physics of stone-skipping was provided by [[Lazzaro Spallanzani]] in the 18th century.<ref name="LSEB" /><ref name="WaPoLay">{{Cite news|last=Pascal|first=Molly|department=Perspective|title=Kerplunks, pitty-pats and skronkers: The world of competitive rock-skipping|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/kerplunks-pitty-pats-and-skronkers-the-world-of-competitive-rock-skipping/2019/09/12/f6a3e710-d4c6-11e9-9610-fb56c5522e1c_story.html|access-date=2020-09-25|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

===Records===
The world record for the number of skips, according to the ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'', is 88, by [[Kurt Steiner (stone skipper)|Kurt "Mountain Man" Steiner]]. The cast was achieved on September 6, 2013, at Red Bridge in the [[Allegheny National Forest|Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1/most-skips-of-a-skimming-stone|title=Most skips of a skimming stone}}</ref> The previous record was 65 skips, by Max Steiner (no relation), set at Riverfront Park, [[Franklin, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/lifestyle/the-mackinac-island-stone-skipping-competition/ | title=The Mackinac Island Stone Skipping Competition | last=Bures | first=Frank | date=2017-05-24 | website=Minnesota Monthly | access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/water-activities/stone-skipping-kurt-steiner/ | title=Stone Skipping Is a Lost Art. Kurt Steiner Wants the World to Find It. | last=Williams | first=Sean | date=2022-09-20 | website=Outside | access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref> Before him, the record was 51 skips, set by Russell Byars on July 19, 2007, skipping at the same location.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07273/821782-85.stm | work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | title=A stone's throw and then some to a Guinness record | first=Jonathan D. | last=Silver | date=2007-09-30}}</ref> Kurt Steiner also held the world record between 2002 and 2007 with a throw of 40 skips, achieved in competition in Franklin, PA.

The Guinness World Record for the furthest distance skimmed using natural stone stands at 121.8m for men, established by Dougie Isaacs (Scotland), and 52.5m for women, thrown by Nina Luginbuhl (Switzerland). These records were made on 28 May 2018 at Abernant Lake, [[Llanwrtyd Wells|Llanwrtyd Wells, Powys, Wales.]]

There are several stone skimming championships held. The record for most World Championship wins also sits with Dougie Isaacs (Scotland), with 8 Men's World Stone Skimming Championship wins (2005, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016) and the Women's World Stone Skimming Championship wins record sits with Lucy Wood (England) with 5 wins (2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018).

==Championships==
The "Big Four" American stone skipping contests include (in order of establishment and participant rankings): 
# The Mackinac Island championship, held on July 4 in northern Michigan (entry by invite only; must win prior Mackinac Open or Pennsylvania Qualifier to enter); 
# The Pennsylvania championship, held usually the 3rd Saturday of August in [[Franklin, PA]], about one hour southeast of Erie (winners invited to the subsequent Michigan contest);
# The Vermont championship (about one month after Pennsylvania) on the shore of Lake Paran, North of Bennington; and
# The Great Southern championship in Arkansas (Labor Day weekend).

Former world champion Coleman-McGhee founded the North American Stone Skipping Association (NASSA) in 1989 in [[Driftwood, Texas]]. NASSA-sanctioned world championships were held from 1989 through 1992{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} in Wimberley, Texas. The next official NASSA World Championship is expected to be held at Platja d'en Ros beach in [[Cadaqués]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}.

A stone skimming championship takes place every year in [[Easdale|Easdale, Scotland]], where relative distance counts as opposed to the number of skips, as tends to be the case outside of the US.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4280078.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - Scotland - Scots dominate in stone skimming|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=25 September 2005 }}</ref> The event was run for more than 20 years by Donald Melville, who is seen as having done more for the sport than anyone.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/scotland/article/record-books-just-a-stone-s-throw-away-d3xzrll2l|title=The Times - Record books just a stone's throw away|date=18 October 2023 }}</ref> Since 1997, competitors from all over the world have taken part in the World Stone Skimming Championships (WSSC) in a disused water-filled quarry on [[Easdale Island]] using sea-worn Easdale slate of maximum 3" diameter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=Active%20Sport%20Events&vxClipId=1380_SMG1204&vxBitrate=300|title=World Stone Skimming Championships 2007|publisher=www.scotlandontv.tv|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023174706/http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=Active%20Sport%20Events&vxClipId=1380_SMG1204&vxBitrate=300|archive-date=2008-10-23}}</ref> Each participant gets three throws and the stone must bounce/skip at least twice to count (i.e. 3 water touches minimum).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stoneskimming.com|title=World Stone Skimming Championships, Easdale Island|publisher=www.stoneskimming.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213191524/http://www.stoneskimming.com/|archive-date=2017-12-13}}</ref> The event featured in the 2019 BBC Scotland documentary ''Sink or Skim''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melt the Fly – Sink or Skim |url=https://www.meltthefly.com/projects/sink-or-skim |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=www.meltthefly.com}}</ref> The WSSC for 2020-2022 were cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] before resuming competition in September 2023.

Other domestic distance-based championships in the UK are currently the Welsh and British, but they were cancelled in 2020 and 2021 for reasons including the COVID-19 pandemic. The British is next due to be held in 2023. Japan holds competitions where both skimming and skipping principles, as well as a throw's overall aesthetic quality, are taken into account to determine the winners. At present, there is also a competition at Ermatingen in Switzerland and occasionally in the Netherlands (both skimming/distance-based).

=== Men's World Skimming Championship winners by year ===

{| class="wikitable"
|2024
|Simon Power
|[[Ireland]]
|-
|2023
|Finn Dower
|[[Belgium]] and [[Scotland]]
|-
|2022
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''(Canceled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]])''
|-
|2021
|-
|2020
|-
|2019
| rowspan="2" |Péter Szép
| rowspan="2" |[[Hungary]]
|-
|2018
|-
|2017
|Keisuke Hashimoto
|[[Japan]]
|-
|2016
| rowspan="4" |Dougie Isaacs
| rowspan="4" |[[Scotland]]
|-
|2015
|-
|2014
|-
|2013
|-
|2012
|Ron Long
|[[Wales]]
|-
|2011
| rowspan="2" |Dougie Isaacs
| rowspan="2" |[[Scotland]]
|-
|2010
|-
|2009
|David Gee
|[[England]]
|-
|2008
|Eric Robertson
| rowspan="2" |[[Scotland]]
|-
|2007
|Dougie Isaacs
|-
|2006
|Tony Kynn
|[[Australia]]
|-
|2005
|Dougie Isaacs
| rowspan="3" |[[Scotland]]
|-
|2004
|Andrew McKinna
|-
|2003
|Ian Brown
|-
|2002
|Alastair Judkins
|[[New Zealand]]
|-
|2001
|Iain MacGregor
|[[Australia]]
|-
|2000
|Scott Finnie
|[[Scotland]]
|-
|1999
| rowspan="2" |Ian Shellcock
| rowspan="2" |[[England]]
|-
|1998
|-
|1997
|Ian Sherriff
|[[New Zealand]]
|-
|1993
|'''Joint Champions:'''<br>David Rhys-Jones,<br>Matthew Burnham,<br>Jonathan Ford
|
|}

=== Women's World Skimming Championship winners by year ===

{| class="wikitable"
|2024
|Cari Jones
|[[Wales]]
|-
|2023
|Linsay McGeachy
|[[Scotland]]
|-
|2022
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''(Canceled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]])''
|-
|2021
|-
|2020
|-
|2019
|Christina Bowen-Bravery
|[[United Kingdom|UK]]
|-
|2018
|Lucy Wood
|[[England]]
|-
|2017
|Nina Luginbuhl
|[[Switzerland]]
|-
|2016
| rowspan="2" |Lucy Wood
| rowspan="2" |[[England]]
|-
|2015
|-
|2014
|Helen Mannion
|[[Scotland]]
|-
|2013
| rowspan="2" |Lucy Wood
| rowspan="2" |[[England]]
|-
|2012
|-
|2011
|Joanne Giannandrea
|[[Scotland]]
|-
|2010
|Manuela Kniebusch
|[[Germany]]
|-
|2009
|Tessa Pirie
|[[Scotland]]
|-
|2008
|Jillian Hunter
|[[Northern Ireland]]
|-
|1997
|Cara Crosby
|[[United States]]
|}

==Underlying physics==
[[File:Skipping stones.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Diagram of a stone skipping]]
Although stone skipping occurs at the air-water interface, [[surface tension]] has very little to do with the physics of stone-skipping.<ref name=LSEB>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Spallanzani, Lazaro |volume=25 |pages=592–593 |noprescript=1}}</ref>  Instead, the stones are a [[flying wing]] akin to a [[Planing (boat)|planing boat]] or [[Frisbee]], generating [[lift (aerodynamics)|lift]] from a body [[angle of attack|angled upwards]] and a high horizontal [[speed]].<ref name=WaPoLay />

The same physical effects apply to a stone when traveling in air or water.  However, the force only compares to [[Gravity of Earth|gravity]] when immersed in water, because the latter [[fluid]] has higher [[density]].  The result is a characteristic [[Deflection (physics)|bouncing]] or skipping motion, in which a series of extremely brief collisions with the water appear to support the stone.<ref name="STLay">{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer-->|title=The science and art of stone skipping|url=https://www.surfertoday.com/skimboarding/the-science-and-art-of-stone-skipping|access-date=2020-09-25|website=SurferToday|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=LiftRegimes>{{cite journal |first1=I.&nbsp;J. |last1=Hewitt |first2=N.&nbsp;J. |last2=Balmforth |first3=J.&nbsp;N. |last3=McElwaine  |name-list-style=amp | title=Continual Skipping on Water | journal=J.&nbsp;Fluid&nbsp;Mech. | volume=669  | pages=328–353 | year=2011 | doi=10.1017/S0022112010005057|bibcode=2011JFM...669..328H |s2cid=6102984 }}</ref>

During each collision, the stone's horizontal velocity is approximately constant and its vertical motion can be approximated as a [[Anharmonic oscillator|non-Hookean spring]].  The stone is only partially immersed, and lift from the immersed back suspends the stone and [[torque]]s it towards [[Poinsot's ellipsoid#Special case|tumbling]].  That torque is stabilized by the [[gyroscope]] effect: the stone-skipper imparts a perpendicular initial [[angular momentum]] much larger than the collisional impulse, so that the latter induces only a small [[precession]] in the [[axis of rotation]].<ref name=Theory>{{cite journal|title=The physics of stone skipping|first=Lydéric|last=Bocquet|journal=American Journal of Physics|volume=71|number=2|year=2003|doi=10.1119/1.1519232|pages=150–155|arxiv=physics/0210015 |bibcode=2003AmJPh..71..150B |s2cid=11432407 }}</ref>

Stones improperly oriented at the moment of collision will not rebound: the largest observed angle of attack preceding a rebound occurred at an angle of approximately 45°.  Conversely, a stone making angle 20° with the water's surface may rebound even at relatively low velocities, as well as minimizing the time and energy spent in the following collision.<ref>{{harvnb|Rosellini|Hersen|Clanet|Bocquet|2005|ps=;}} also summarized in {{cite journal|first1=Fabien|last1=Hersen|first2=Christophe|last2=Clanet|first3=Lydéric|last3=Bocquet|name-list-style=amp |title=Secrets of successful stone-skipping |journal=Nature |volume=427 |issue=6969 |pages=29 |date=January 2004 |pmid=14702075 |doi=10.1038/427029a|bibcode=2004Natur.427...29C |s2cid=4373833 |doi-access=free }}  <p>Both texts state that rebounds are impossible beyond 45°.  The plots of viable impact angles and initial velocities include a rebound around 53°, but do not explain the discrepancy.</p></ref>

In principle, a stone can skip arbitrarily-long distances, given a sufficiently high initial speed and rotation.<ref name=LiftRegimes /><ref name=Theory />  Each collision saps an approximately constant [[kinetic energy]] from the stone (a dynamical equation equivalent to [[Coulomb friction#Kinetic friction|Coulomb friction]]), as well as imparting an approximately constant [[angular impulse]].<ref name=Theory /><ref name=Experiment>{{cite journal|journal=J.&nbsp;Fluid&nbsp;Mech.|year=2005|volume=543|pages=137–146|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0022112005006373|location=United Kingdom|title=Skipping Stones|first1=Lionel|last1=Rosellini|first2=Fabien|last2=Hersen|first3=Christophe|last3=Clanet|first4=Lydéric|last4=Bocquet|bibcode=2005JFM...543..137R |s2cid=209359309 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>  Experiments suggest that initial angular momentum's stabilizing effect limits most stones: even "long-lived" throws still have high translational velocities when they finally sink.<ref name=Experiment />

==Names==
* English: "skipping stones" or "skipping rocks" (North America); "lobsta cutting" (Cape Cod, North America); "stone skimming" or "ducks and drakes" (Britain); Skliffing<ref>[https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/skliff "SKLIFF 4. To make (a flat stone) skip over water]  Dictionary of the Scots Language"</ref> or "skiting"<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4280078.stm "Scots dominate in stone skimming"] - BBC News, 25 September 2005</ref> (Scotland) and "stone skiffing" (Ireland)<ref>The Secrets of Stone Skipping, Coleman-McGhee, 1996, {{ISBN|1-883856-01-9}}</ref>
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: "frog jumps" (''Bengbaji''); "kingfisher" (''Machhranga'')
* [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: "frogs" (жабки)
* [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]]: "skipping (little) stones" (片石(仔)) [''pin3 sek6 (zai2)'']
* [[Catalan language|Catalan]]: "making step-stone bridges" (''fer passeres''); "making furrows" (''fer rigalets''); "skipping stones" (''llençar passanelles'')
* [[Czech language|Czech]]: "to make/throw froggies" (''dělat (házet) žabky/žabičky'' – countrywide and generally intelligible); "to make ducks/drakes/ducklings" (''dělat kačky/kačeny/kačery/kačenky/káčata/káčírky'' - in East Bohemia and parts of [[Moravia]]); "little fishes" (''rybičky/rybky''); "saucers" (''mističky''); "plates/dishes" (''talíře''); "wagtails" (''podlisky/podlíšky/lyšky''); "divers" (''potápky''); "pot-lids" (''pokličky/pukličky''); "flaps" (''plisky/plesky''); "plops" (''žbluňky''); "darts" (''šipky''); "bubbles" (''bubliny''); "[[Jew]]s" (''židy''); "figures" (''páni/panáky''); "gammers"/"wagtails" (''babky''); "dolls"/"girls"/"dragonflies" (''panenky''); "to ferry [[Virgin Mary]]" (''převážet panenku Mariu'')<ref>''Český jazykový atlas 1'' (Czech Language Atlas 1), Academia, Prague, 2004, pp. 110–113, ''(dělat) žabky''</ref>
* [[Danish language|Danish]]: "slipping" (''smut'' or ''at smutte''); "to make slips" (''at slå smut'')
* [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: "bouncing" (''ketsen'')
* [[Estonian language|Estonian]]: "throwing a [[burbot]]" (''lutsu viskama'')
* [[Finnish language|Finnish]]: "throwing breads/sandwiches" (''heittää leipiä/voileipiä'')
* [[French language|French]]: "making ricochets" (''faire des ricochets'')
* [[German language|German]]: "stone skipping" (''Steinehüpfen''); colloquially i.a. "flitting" (''flitschen'', old synonym of ''schwirren'', "whirring"), its diminutive ''flitscheln'', and "bouncing" (''ditschen'', a variant of ''titschen''); older synonyms rarely used are i.a. "leading the bride" (''die Braut führen''), "throwing frogs" (''Frösche werfen''), "shooting/throwing maids/virgins" (''Jungfern schießen/werfen''), "skiffing" (''schiffeln'', ''schippern''), "springing" (''schnellern'', from ''schnellen'', "springing" or "darting"), and "pebbling" (''steineln'')
* [[Greek language|Greek]]: "little frogs" (''βατραχάκια'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slang.gr/search/user/8273 |title=Ορισμοί του χρήστη: σφυρίζων - slang.gr |access-date=2013-07-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803051001/http://www.slang.gr/search/user/8273 |archive-date=2013-08-03 }}</ref>
* [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: "making it to waddle", lit. "making it walk like a duck" (''kacsáztatás'')
* [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''rimbalzello''
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: "cutting water" (「水切り」[''mizu kiri''])
* [[Korean language|Korean]]: ''mulsujebi'' (물수제비), meaning water ({{korean|hangul=물|rr=mul}}) and [[Korean cuisine|Korean soup]] ''[[sujebi]]''.
* [[Latvian language|Latvian]]: "throwing (stone) froggies" (''mest (akmens) vardītes'')
* [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]: "making frogs" (''daryti varlytes'')
* [[Macedonian Language|Macedonian]]: "frogs" (жабчиња)
* [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]: ''da shui piao'' (打水漂)
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: ''bhakrya kadhne''
* [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: "making the rabbit leap" (''tuulai kharailgakh''); "making the dog lick" (''nokhoi doloolgokh'') 
* [[Nigerian language|Nigerian]]: "the way a dragonfly skips across the water" (''lami lami'')
* [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]: "fish bounce" (''fiskesprett'')
* [[Polish language|Polish]]: "letting the ducks out" (''puszczanie kaczek'')
* [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] "water shearing" ("capar a água");<ref>{{cite book|first=José|last=Leite de Vasconcellos|date=1882|title=Tradições populares de Portugal|location=Porto|url=https://archive.org/details/tradicoespopular00vasc/page/71/mode/2up|publisher= Livraria portuense de Clavel & ca. |page=76}}</ref> "making tiny hats" ("fazer chapeletas")<ref>{{cite book|first=Antonio|last=Vieyra|date=1860|title=	A Dictionary of the English and Portuguese Languages: In Two Parts, English and Portuguese, and Portuguese and English, Volume 1|location=london|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=yQktAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PP146&hl=en_GB&q=chapeletae|publisher=Luke Hansard|page=142}}</ref>
* [[Romanian language|Romanian]] "making frogs" ("a face broaşte")
* [[Russian language|Russian]]: "pancakes" (блинчики [''Blinchiki'']); "frogs" (лягушки [''Lyagushki''])
* [[Serbo-Croatian]]: "(to throw) little frogs" ([''bacati''] ''žabice'') 
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: "making white-caps" (''hacer cabrillas''); "making little frogs" (''hacer ranitas''); making ducklings (''hacer patitos'')
* [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: "throwing a sandwich" (''kasta smörgås'' or ''kasta macka'')
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: "frog jumps" (''kappa gantulu'')
* [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: "skimming stone" (''taş sektirme'')
* [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: "letting the frogs out" (''zapuskaty zhabky'')
* [[Persian language|Farsi]]/Persian: "Syrian bashing" (''سوری زدن'')
*[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: "ricochet" (ném thia lia); "tossing stone" (liếc đá, lia đá)

==In popular culture==
The lead character of the 2001 film ''[[Amélie]]'' skips stones along the [[Canal Saint-Martin]] in Paris as a plot point,<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2001/aug/15/artsfeatures2 ''The Guardian'' review, 15 August 2001]</ref> and picks up good skipping stones when she spots them.

== See also ==
*[[Animal locomotion on the water surface]]
*[[Bouncing bomb]]
*[[Ricochet]]
*[[Rock balancing]] (another hobby or pastime using stones)
*[[Skip bombing]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Coleman, Jerry. ''The Secrets of Stone Skipping'', Stone Age Sports Publications, January 1996 {{ISBN|9781883856014}}
*Lorenz, Ralph. ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York, September 2006 {{ISBN|0-387-30779-6}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Stone skipping}}
{{wiktionary|ducks and drakes}}
* [https://patents.google.com/patent/US4553758 John Zehr's Patent, "Skipping stones and method of use thereof", US Patent 4553758]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713114228/http://www.johnskippykolar.com/ John "Skippy" Kolar Skipumentary]
* [http://www.yeeha.net/nassa/a1.html NASSA homepage]
* [http://www.stoneskimming.com/ Easdale's Stone Skimming World Championships]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4280078.stm World Championships on the BBC]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070814190626/http://www.skimwales.com/ Wales Open Stone Skimming Championships]}}
* [http://www.stoneskipping.com/ Mackinac Island Stone Skipping & Gerplunking Club]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145527/http://stoneskippinghalloffame.com/ The Stone Skipping Hall of Fame (virtual)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120915102224/http://www.stoneskimmingbrouwersdam.nl/ European Championships Stone Skimming]
* [http://www.franklinpa.gov/festivals_events/rock_in_river_festival Rock in River Festival, Pennsylvania Stone Skipping Championship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603072123/http://www.franklinpa.gov/festivals_events/rock_in_river_festival |date=3 June 2019 }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220521225230/https://stoneskimmingvlaardingen.nl/ European Championship Stone Skimming]}}

{{Water sports|state=expanded}}
{{Rivers, streams and springs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stone Skipping}}
[[Category:Games of physical skill]]
[[Category:Stones]]
[[Category:Water sports]]