Editing Strabo

{{Short description|Greek geographer, philosopher and historian (64/63 BC–c.24 AD)}}
{{about|the Greek geographer|other people called "Strabo"|Strabo (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox person
| name               = Strabo
| native_name        = Στράβων
| image              = Strabo.jpg
| image_size         = 220px
| caption            = 16th-century engraving of Strabo
| birth_date         = 64 or 63 BC
| birth_place        = {{longitem|[[Amasya|Amaseia]], [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]]<br/>({{small|modern-day}} [[Amasya]], Turkey)}}
| death_date         = {{circa|lk=no}}&nbsp;AD&nbsp;24<br>(aged c. 87)
| death_place        = [[Roman Empire]]<!--more specific location needed-->
| occupation         = [[Geographer]]
}}

'''Strabo'''<ref group="n">''Strabo'' (meaning "squinty", as in [[strabismus]]) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed. The father of [[Pompey]] was called "[[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeius Strabo]]". A native of Sicily so clear-sighted that he could see things at great distance as if they were nearby was also called "Strabo".</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|r|eɪ|b|oʊ}}; {{langx|el|Στράβων}} ''Strábōn''; 64 or 63 BC{{snd}}{{circa|24 AD|lk=no}}) was an [[ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] [[geographer]] who lived in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] during the transitional period of the [[Roman Republic]] into the [[Roman Empire]]. He is best known for his work ''[[Geographica]]'', which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known during his lifetime.<ref name="StraboGeogVIII" /> Additionally, Strabo authored historical works, but only fragments and quotations of these survive in the writings of other authors.

==Early life==
[[File:Strabon Rerum geographicarum 1620.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Title page from [[Isaac Casaubon]]'s 1620 edition of ''[[Geographica]]'']]

Strabo was born to an affluent family from [[Amasya|Amaseia]] in [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] in around 64{{nbsp}}BC.<ref name="Purcell2014">{{cite book|last=Purcell|first=Nicholas|editor1-first=Simon |editor1-last=Hornblower|editor2-first=Antony |editor2-last=Spawforth|editor3-first= Esther |editor3-last=Eidinow|title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA757|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-870677-9|page=757|chapter=Strabo|chapter-url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198706779.001.0001/acref-9780198706779-e-602}}</ref> His family had been involved in politics since at least the reign of [[Mithridates IV of Pontus|Mithridates V]].<ref name="BianchettiCataudella2015">{{cite book|last1=Bianchetti|first1=Serena |last2=Cataudella|first2=Michele |last3=Gehrke|first3=Hans-Joachim |title=Brill's Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=to8DCwAAQBAJ|date=4 December 2015|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-28471-5}}</ref> Strabo was related to [[Dorylaeus]] on his mother's side. Several other family members, including his paternal grandfather, had served [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates&nbsp;VI]] during the [[Mithridatic Wars]]. As the war drew to a close, Strabo's grandfather had turned several [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontic]] fortresses over to the Romans.<ref name="Mayor2011">{{cite book|first=Adrienne|last=Mayor|title=The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnFZa4LNjQC&pg=PR9|date=March 2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15026-0|pages=9–}}</ref> Strabo wrote that "great promises were made in exchange for these services", and as [[Persian Empire|Persian]] culture endured in Amaseia even after Mithridates and [[Tigranes the Great#Wars against Rome|Tigranes]] were defeated, scholars have speculated about how the family's support for Rome might have affected their position in the local community, and whether they might have been granted [[Roman citizenship]] as a reward.<ref name="BianchettiCataudella2015"/>

==Education==

Strabo studied under several prominent teachers of various specialities throughout his early life. He mentions all or most of his teachers as prominent citizens of their own respective cities, at different stops during his Mediterranean travels. The first chapter of his education took place in [[Nysa on the Maeander|Nysa]] (modern [[Sultanhisar]], Turkey) under the master of rhetoric [[Aristodemus of Nysa the Younger|Aristodemus]], the grandson of the famous [[Posidonius]], whose influence is manifest in Strabo's ''Geography''. Aristodemus had formerly taught the sons of the Roman general who had taken over Pontus. This also highlights the international trend of the era that Greek intellectuals would often instruct the Roman elite. Aristodemus was the head of two schools of rhetoric and grammar, one in Nysa and one in [[Rhodes]].  The school in Nysa possessed a distinct intellectual curiosity in Homeric literature and the interpretation of the ancient Greek epics. Strabo was an admirer of [[Homer]]'s poetry, perhaps as a consequence of his time spent in Nysa with Aristodemus. 

He was influenced by [[Hecataeus of Miletus|Hecataeus]] and [[Aristotle]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Strabo|title=Strabo &#124; Greek geographer and historian|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> 

At around the age of 21, Strabo moved to Rome, in 44&nbsp;BC, and stayed there, studying and writing, until at least 31&nbsp;BC.  He studied philosophy with the [[Peripatetic school|Peripatetic]] [[Xenarchus]], a highly respected tutor in Augustus's court. Despite Xenarchus's Aristotelian leanings, Strabo later gives evidence to have formed his own [[Stoicism|Stoic]] inclinations.Largely due to his future teacher Athenodorus, tutor of [[Augustus]].In Rome, he also learned grammar under the rich and famous scholar [[Tyrannion of Amisus]]. Thus completing his traditional Greek aristocratic education in rhetoric, grammar, and philosophy. Tyrannion was known to have befriended [[Cicero]] and taught his nephew, Quintus. Although Tyrannion was also a Peripatetic, he was more relevantly a respected authority on geography, a fact of some significance considering Strabo's future contributions to the field.

The final noteworthy mentor to Strabo was [[Athenodorus Cananites]], a philosopher who had spent his life since 44&nbsp;BC in Rome forging relationships with the Roman elite. Athenodorus passed onto Strabo his philosophy, his knowledge and his contacts. Unlike the Aristotelian Xenarchus and Tyrannion who preceded him in teaching Strabo, Athenodorus was a [[Stoicism|Stoic]] and almost certainly the source of Strabo's diversion from the philosophy of his former mentors. Moreover, from his own first-hand experience, Athenodorus provided Strabo with information about regions of the empire which Strabo would not otherwise have known about.
The first of Strabo's major works, ''Historical Sketches'' (''Historica hypomnemata''), written while he was in Rome ({{Circa|20&nbsp;BC}}), is nearly completely lost. Meant to cover the history of the known world from the conquest of Greece by the Romans, Strabo quotes it himself and other classical authors mention that it existed, although the only surviving document is a fragment of papyrus now in the possession of the [[University of Milan]] (renumbered [Papyrus]&nbsp;46).

==Career==
[[File:Nuremberg chronicles f 094r 1.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Strabo as depicted in the [[Nuremberg Chronicle]]]]
Strabo's life was characterized by extensive travels. He journeyed to [[Egypt]] and [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]], as far west as coastal [[Tuscany]] and as far south as [[Ethiopia]] in addition to his travels in [[Asia Minor]] and the time he spent in [[Rome]]. Travel throughout the Mediterranean and Near East, especially for scholarly purposes, was popular during this era and was facilitated by the [[Pax Romana|relative peace]] enjoyed throughout the reign of [[Augustus]] (27&nbsp;BC – AD&nbsp;14).  In 29&nbsp;BC, on his way to [[Corinth]] (where Augustus was at the time), he visited the island of [[Gyaros]] in the Aegean Sea. Around 25&nbsp;BC, he sailed up the [[Nile]] until he reached [[Philae]],<ref group="n">Accompanied by prefect of Egypt Aelius Gallus, who had been sent on a military mission to Arabia.</ref> after which point there is little record of his travels until AD 17.

[[File:Statue of Strabo in Amasia.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Statue of Strabo in his hometown (modern-day [[Amasya]], Turkey)]]

It is not known precisely when Strabo's ''Geography'' was written, though comments within the work itself place the finished version within the reign of Emperor [[Tiberius]]. Some place its first drafts around 7&nbsp;BC,<ref name="StraboGeogI">{{cite book|author=Strabo|translator=Horace Leonard Jones|url=https://archive.org/stream/L049StraboGeographyI/L049-Strabo%20Geography%20I#page/n23 |title=Geography|publisher= William Heinemann|location= London|date= 1917|page= xxv–xxvi|volume=I}}</ref> others around AD&nbsp;17<ref>Sarah Pothecary, ''[http://www.strabo.ca/when.html When was the Geography written?]''</ref> or AD&nbsp;18.<ref name="StraboGeogI"/> The latest passage to which a date can be assigned is his reference to the death in AD&nbsp;23 of [[Juba&nbsp;II]], king of Maurousia ([[Mauretania]]), who is said to have died "just recently".<ref name="StraboGeogVIII">{{cite book|author=Strabo|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.57232/2015.57232.Geography-Of-Strabo-Vol-8#page/n99/search/Menelaus|title=Geography|date=1949|publisher=William Heinemann|volume=VIII Book XVII|location=London|page=95|translator=Horace Leonard Jones|section=34}}</ref> He probably worked on the ''Geography'' for many years and revised it steadily, but not always consistently. It is an encyclopaedic chronicle and consists of political, economic, social, cultural, and geographic descriptions covering almost all of Europe and the Mediterranean: Britain and Ireland, the Iberian Peninsula, Gaul, Germania, the Alps, Italy, Greece, Northern Black Sea region, Anatolia, Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa. The ''Geography'' is the only extant work providing information about both Greek and Roman peoples and countries during the reign of Augustus.<ref name="LCL">{{Cite book |title=Strabo, Geography, Volume I: Books 1–2 |date=n.d. |isbn=9780674990555 |access-date=8 September 2018 |url= https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL049/1917/volume.xml }}</ref>

On the presumption that "recently" means within a year, Strabo stopped writing that year or the next (AD&nbsp;24), at which time he is thought to have died. 

==Work==
===''Geographica''===
{{too long|section|date=March 2025}}
{{Main|Geographica}}
[[File:C+B-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG|thumb|upright=1.6|Map of the world according to Strabo]]

Strabo is best known for his work ''Geographica'' ("Geography"), which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known during his lifetime.<ref name="StraboGeogVIII"/>

[[File:Map of Europe according to Strabo.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Map of Europe according to Strabo]]

Although the ''Geographica'' was rarely used by contemporary writers, a multitude of copies survived throughout the [[Byzantine Empire]]. It first appeared in Western Europe in Rome as a Latin translation issued around 1469. The [[Editio princeps|first printed edition]] was published in 1516 in [[Venice]].<ref>Geographie, Band 1, Strabo, S.17, Strabo, Karl Kärcher, Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich Tafel, Christian Nathanael Osiander, Gustav Schwab, Verlag Metzler, 1831.</ref> [[Isaac Casaubon]], classical scholar and editor of Greek texts, provided the first critical edition in 1587.

Although Strabo cited the classical Greek astronomers [[Eratosthenes]] and [[Hipparchus]], acknowledging their astronomical and mathematical efforts covering geography, he claimed that a descriptive approach was more practical, such that his works were designed for statesmen who were more anthropologically than numerically concerned with the character of countries and regions.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Daniela|editor-last=Dueck|title=The Routledge Companion to Strabo|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|year=2017|isbn=978-1-31744-586-9|page=2}}</ref>

As such, ''Geographica'' provides a valuable source of information on the ancient world of his day, especially when this information is corroborated by other sources. He travelled extensively, as he says: "Westward I have journeyed to the parts of Etruria opposite Sardinia; towards the south from the [[Euxine]] [Black Sea] to the borders of Ethiopia; and perhaps not one of those who have written geographies has visited more places than I have between those limits."<ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book II Chapter 5 (§§ 1‑17) |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/2E1*.html#5.11 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

It is not known when he wrote ''Geographica'', but he spent much time in the famous library in [[Alexandria]] taking notes from "the works of his predecessors". A first edition was published in 7&nbsp;BC and a final edition no later than 23&nbsp;AD, in what may have been the last year of Strabo's life. It took some time for ''Geographica'' to be recognized by scholars and to become a standard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enotes.com/topics/strabo/critical-essays|title=Strabo Critical Essays - eNotes.com|website=eNotes}}</ref> 

Alexandria itself features extensively in the last book of ''Geographica'', which describes it as a thriving port city with a highly developed local economy.<ref>Strabo, Geography 17.1.6, 7, 8, 13; translated by Brent Shaw. Attained from: E.A. Pollard, C. Rosenberg, and R.L. Tignor, et al. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, Concise, Volume One: Beginnings through the Fifteenth Century (W.W. Norton, 2015) Pg. 228</ref> Strabo notes the city's many beautiful public parks, and its network of streets wide enough for chariots and horsemen. "Two of these are exceeding broad, over a [[plethron]] in breadth, and cut one another at right angles ... All the buildings are connected one with another, and these also with what are beyond it."<ref name="Davis1912">{{cite book|last=Davis|first=William Stearns |author-link=William Stearns Davis|title=Reading in Ancient History |url=https://archive.org/stream/readingsinancie01davigoog#page/n346/search/alexandria|volume=I: Greece and the East|year=1912|publisher=Allyn and Bacon|location=Boston|pages=325–329}}</ref>

Lawrence Kim observes that Strabo is<ref name="Kim2010">{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Lawrence |title=Homer between History and Fiction in Imperial Greek Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7Bg3zRom6QC&pg=PA83|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49024-5|page=83}}</ref> "... pro-Roman throughout the Geography. But while he acknowledges and even praises Roman ascendancy in the political and military sphere, he also makes a significant effort to establish Greek primacy over Rome in other contexts."

In [[Europe]], Strabo was the first to connect the [[Danube]] (which he called Danouios) and the Istros – with the change of names occurring at "the cataracts," the modern [[Iron Gates]] on the Romanian/Serbian border.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsqJDwAAQBAJ&q=Serbs+in+Strabo&pg=PA163|title = Ancient Geography: The Discovery of the World in Classical Greece and Rome|isbn = 9780857725660|last1 = Roller|first1 = Duane W.|date = 27 August 2015| publisher=Bloomsbury }}</ref>

In [[India]], a country he never visited, Strabo described small flying reptiles that were long with snake-like bodies and bat-like wings (this description matches the Indian flying lizard ''[[Draco dussumieri]]''), winged scorpions, and other mythical creatures along with those that were actually factual.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson9/chapter01.html|title = Chapter 1 – Account of India by the Greek Writer Strabo}}</ref> Other historians, such as [[Herodotus]], [[Aristotle]], and [[Josephus|Flavius Josephus]], mentioned similar creatures.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

===Geology===
[[Charles Lyell]], in his ''[[Principles of Geology]]'', wrote of Strabo:<ref>{{cite book|last=Lyell|first=Charles|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesgeolo01unkngoog|title=Principles of Geology|date=1832|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/principlesgeolo01unkngoog/page/n42 20]–21|author-link=Charles Lyell}}</ref>

{{blockquote|
Strabo…enters largely, in the Second Book of his ''[[Geographica|Geography]]'', into the opinions of [[Eratosthenes]] and other Greeks on one of the most difficult problems in geology, ''viz''., by what causes marine shells came to be plentifully buried in the earth at such great elevations and distances from the sea.

He notices, amongst others, the explanation of [[Xanthus (historian)|Xanthus]] the Lydian, who said that the seas had once been more extensive, and that they had afterwards been partially dried up, as in his own time many lakes, rivers, and wells in Asia had failed during a season of drought. Treating this conjecture with merited disregard, Strabo passes on to the hypothesis of [[Strato of Lampsacus|Strato]], the natural philosopher, who had observed that the quantity of mud brought down by rivers into the Euxine [Black Sea] was so great, that its bed must be gradually raised, while the rivers still continued to pour in an undiminished quantity of water. He therefore conceived that, originally, when the Euxine was an inland sea, its level had by this means become so much elevated that it burst its barrier near Byzantium, and formed a communication with the [[Propontis]] [Sea of Marmara], and this partial drainage had already, he supposed, converted the left side into marshy ground, and that, at last, the whole would be choked up with soil. So, it was argued, the Mediterranean had once opened a passage for itself by the [[Columns of Hercules]] into the Atlantic, and perhaps the abundance of sea-shells in Africa, near the Temple of [[Jupiter (mythology)#Syncretic or geographical epithets|Jupiter]] [[Amun|Ammon]], might also be the deposit of some former inland sea, which had at length forced a passage and escaped.

But Strabo rejects this theory as insufficient to account for all the phenomena, and he proposes one of his own, the profoundness of which modern geologists are only beginning to appreciate. 'It is not,' he says, 'because the lands covered by seas were originally at different altitudes, that the waters have risen, or subsided, or receded from some parts and inundated others. But the reason is, that the same land is sometimes raised up and sometimes depressed, and the sea also is simultaneously raised and depressed so that it either overflows or returns into its own place again. We must, therefore, ascribe the cause to the ground, either to that ground which is under the sea, or to that which becomes flooded by it, but rather to that which lies beneath the sea, for this is more moveable, and, on account of its humidity, can be altered with great celerity. It is proper,' he observes in continuation, '''to derive our explanations from things which are obvious, and in some measure of daily occurrences, such as deluges, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and sudden swellings of the land beneath the sea;'' for the last raise up the sea also, and when the same lands subside again, they occasion the sea to be let down. And it is not merely the small, but the large islands also, and not merely the islands, but the continents, which can be lifted up together with the sea; and both large and small tracts may subside, for habitations and cities, like Bure, Bizona, and many others, have been engulfed by earthquakes.'

In another place, this learned geographer [Strabo], in alluding to the tradition that Sicily had been separated by a convulsion from Italy, remarks, that at present the land near the sea in those parts was rarely shaken by earthquakes, since there were now open orifices whereby fire and ignited matters and waters escaped; but formerly, when the volcanoes of [[Mount Etna|Etna]], the [[Lipari Islands]], [[Ischia]], and others, were closed up, the imprisoned fire and wind might have produced far more vehement movements. The doctrine, therefore, that volcanoes are safety valves, and that the subterranean convulsions are probably most violent when first the volcanic energy shifts itself to a new quarter, is not modern.
}}

=== Fossil formation ===
Strabo commented on fossil formation mentioning [[Nummulite]] (quoted from [[Celâl Şengör]]):<ref name="StraboGeogVIII"/><blockquote>One extraordinary thing which I saw at the pyramids must not be omitted. Heaps of stones from the quarries lie in front of the pyramids. Among these are found pieces which in shape and size resemble lentils. Some contain substances like grains half peeled. These, it is said, are the remnants of the workmen's food converted into stone; which is not probable. For at home in our country (Amaseia), there is a long hill in a plain, which abounds with pebbles of a porous stone, resembling lentils. The pebbles of the sea-shore and of rivers suggest somewhat of the same difficulty [respecting their origin]; some explanation may indeed be found in the motion [to which these are subject] in flowing waters, but the investigation of the above fact presents more difficulty. I have said elsewhere, that in sight of the pyramids, on the other side in Arabia, and near the stone quarries from which they are built, is a very rocky mountain, called the Trojan mountain; beneath it there are caves, and near the caves and the river a village called Troy, an ancient settlement of the captive Trojans who had accompanied Menelaus and settled there.</blockquote>

=== Volcanism ===
Strabo commented on [[volcanism]] ([[effusive eruption]]) which he observed at [[Katakekaumene]] (modern [[Kula (volcano)|Kula]], Western Turkey).  Strabo's observations predated [[Pliny the Younger]] who witnessed the eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] on 24 August AD&nbsp;79 in [[Pompeii]]:<ref name="StraboGeogVI">{{cite book|author=Strabo|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.2918/2918#page/n191/search/Dionysus+|title=Geography|date=1950|publisher=William Heinemann|volume=VI Book XIII|location=London|page=183|translator=Horace Leonard Jones|section=11}}</ref><blockquote>…There are no trees here, but only the vineyards where they produce the Katakekaumene wines which are by no means inferior from any of the wines famous for their quality. The soil is covered with ashes, and black in colour as if the mountainous and rocky country was made up of fires. Some assume that these ashes were the result of thunderbolts and subterranean explosions, and do not doubt that the legendary story of [[Typhon]] takes place in this region. Ksanthos adds that the king of this region was a man called Arimus. However, it is not reasonable to accept that the whole country was burned down at a time as a result of such an event rather than as a result of a fire bursting from underground whose source has now died out. Three pits are called "Physas" and separated by forty stadia from each other. Above these pits, there are hills formed by the hot masses burst out from the ground as estimated by a logical reasoning. Such type of soil is very convenient for [[viniculture]], just like the Katanasoil which is covered with ashes and where the best wines are still produced abundantly. Some writers concluded by looking at these places that there is a good reason for calling Dionysus by the name ("Phrygenes").</blockquote>

==Editions==
*{{cite book |editor-first=Augustus |editor-last=Meineke |editor-link=Augustus Meineke |title=Strabonis Geographica |location=Lipsiae |publisher=B.G. Teubneri |date=1877}}
*{{cite book |last=Strabo |title=Strabonis Geographica. Recens. G. Kramer. Ed. minor |year=1852 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BXICAAAAQAAJ |editor-first=Gustav|editor-last=Kramer}}
*{{cite book |title=Strabons Geographika : mit Übersetzung und Kommentar |year=2002–2011 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |location=Göttingen |editor-first=Stefan|editor-last=Radt}}
*Jones, H. L., transl. (1917). ''The Geography of Strabo''. London: Heinemann.<ref>Jones, H. L., transl. (1917). ''The Geography of Strabo''. London: Heinemann. In eight volumes: [[iarchive:geographyofstrab00stra/page/n7|Vol 1]]; [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.57226/page/n3|Vol 2]]; [[iarchive:in.gov.ignca.2915/page/n3|Vol 3]]; [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.57228/page/n5|Vol 4]]; [[iarchive:geographyofstrab05strauoft/page/n6|Vol 5]]; [[iarchive:geographyofstrab06strauoft/page/n8|Vol 6]]; [[iarchive:geographyofstrab07strauoft/page/n10|Vol 7]]; [[iarchive:geographyvolumev00stra/page/n7|Vol 8]].</ref>
*''Strabo's Geography'' in three volumes as translated by H.C. Hamilton and W. Falconer, ed. by H.G. Bohn, 1854–1857

==See also==
* [[De situ orbis from Albi|''De situ orbis'' from Albi]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group="n"}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
*{{cite web |title=Biography of Strabo |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0004%3Aid%3Dstrabo |publisher=Tufts}}
*{{cite book |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=1998 |pages=296–297 |edition=15th |chapter=Strabo}}
*{{cite book |last=Diller |first=A. |title=The Textual Tradition of Strabo's Geography |year=1975 |location=Amsterdam}}
*{{cite book |last=Dueck |first=Daniela |title=Strabo of Amasia: Greek Man of Letters in Augustan Rome |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York}}
*{{cite book |title=Strabo's Cultural Geography: The Making of a Kolossourgia |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |editor=Dueck, D. |editor2=H. Lindsay |editor3=S. Pothecary}}
*{{cite book |last=Lindberg |first=David C. |title=The Beginnings of Western Science The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory A.D. 1450 |year=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |edition=2nd}}
*{{cite book |last=Roller |first=Duane |title=The Geography of Strabo: An English Translation, with Introduction and Notes |year=2014 |location=Cambridge}}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* Bowersock, Glen W. 2005. "La patria di Strabone." In ''Strabone e l'Asia Minore.'' Edited by Anna Maria Biraschi and Giovanni Salmieri, 15–23. Studi di Storia e di Storiografia. Göttingen, Germany: Edizione Scientifiche Italiane.
* Braund, David. 2006. "Greek Geography and Roman Empire: The Transformation of Tradition in Strabo's Euxine." In ''Strabo's Cultural Geography: The Making of a Kolossourgia.'' Edited by Daniela Dueck, Hugh Lindsay, and Sarah Pothecary, 216–234. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
* Clarke, Katherine. 1997. "In Search of the Author of Strabo's Geography." ''Journal of Roman Studies'' 87:92–110.
* Diller, Aubrey. 1975. ''The Textual Tradition of Strabo's Geography.'' Amsterdam: Hakkert.
* Irby, Georgia L. 2012. "Mapping the World: Greek Initiatives from Homer to Eratosthenes." In ''Ancient Perspectives: Maps and their Place in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.'' Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert, 81–107. Kenneth Nebenzahl Jr. Lectures in the History of Cartography. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
* Kim, Lawrence. 2007. "The Portrait of Homer in Strabo's Geography." ''Classical Philology'' 102.4: 363–388.
* Kuin, Inger N.I. 2017. "Rewriting Family History: Strabo and the Mithridatic Wars." ''Phoenix'' 71.1-2: 102–118.
* Pfuntner, Laura. 2017. "Death and Birth in the Urban Landscape: Strabo on Troy and Rome." ''Classical Antiquity'' 36.1: 33–51.
* Pothecary, Sarah. 1999. "Strabo the Geographer: His Name and its Meaning." ''Mnemosyne'', 4th ser. 52.6: 691–704
* Richards, G. C. 1941. "Strabo: The Anatolian who Failed of Roman Recognition." ''Greece and Rome'' 10.29: 79–90.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Strabo
  |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
* {{Commons category-inline|Strabo}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Wikisourcelang-inline|el|Στράβων}}
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html ''Geography''] (Loeb Classical Library, H.&nbsp;L.&nbsp;Jones translation)
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=+at+Strabo Works by Strabo at Perseus Digital Library]
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0004:alphabetic+letter=S:entry+group=8:entry=strabo Biography of Strabo]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=42968}}
* [http://awmc.unc.edu/awmc/applications/strabo/ Map of the Toponyms in the Geography of Strabo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131034002/http://awmc.unc.edu/awmc/applications/strabo/ |date=2023-01-31 }}
* {{Internet Archive author}}

{{Greek astronomy}}
{{Amasya District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:60s BC births]]
[[Category:24 deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century BC historians]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek geographers]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman geographers]]
<!--[[Category:Roman-era Greeks]] is parent of:-->
[[Category:Greek-language historians from the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Ancient Pontic Greeks]]
[[Category:People from Amasya]]
[[Category:Roman Pontus]]
[[Category:Historians from Roman Anatolia]]
[[Category:1st-century geographers]]
[[Category:1st-century BC geographers]]
[[Category:1st-century historians]]