Editing Straight Time

{{Short description|1978 American crime film}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Straight Time
| image          = Straight time.jpg
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Ulu Grosbard]]
| producer       = {{unbulleted list|[[Stanley Beck]]|[[Tim Zinnemann]]}}
| screenplay     = {{unbulleted list|[[Alvin Sargent]]|[[Edward Bunker]]|[[Jeffrey Boam]]}}
| based_on       = {{based on|''No Beast So Fierce''|Edward Bunker}}
| starring       = <!--Per theatrical poster-->{{Plainlist|
* [[Dustin Hoffman]]
* [[Harry Dean Stanton]]
* [[Gary Busey]]
}}
| music          = [[David Shire]]
| cinematography = [[Owen Roizman]]
| editing        = {{unbulleted list|[[Sam O'Steen]]|Randy Roberts}}
| studio         = [[First Artists]]
| distributor    = [[Warner Bros.]]
| released       = {{Film date|1978|03|17|U.S.|ref1=<ref>{{cite news|title=WB's 'Straight Time' Set To Bow in NYC March 17|work=[[BoxOffice (magazine)|BoxOffice]]|date=March 13, 1978|p=13}}</ref><ref name="champlin" />}}
| runtime        = 114 minutes
| country        = United States 
| language       = English
| budget         = $3.5 million{{sfn|Lenburg|2001|p=123}}–$4 million<ref name=Saito>{{cite web|work=[[Première (magazine)|Premiere.com]]|url=https://moveablefest.com/straight-time-ulu-grosbard-reunion/|title=Flashback: Dustin Hoffman, Ulu Grosbard Reflect on Walking Outside the Lines With “Straight Time”|last=Saito|first=Stephen|date=June 24, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202092640/https://moveablefest.com/straight-time-ulu-grosbard-reunion/|archive-date=December 2, 2020|url-status=live|via=MoveableFest.com}}</ref>
| gross          = $10 million<ref name=BOM>{{cite web |work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126062151/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl343049729/|archive-date=January 26, 2025|url-status=live |title= Straight Time |url= http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=straighttime.htm}}</ref>
}}

'''''Straight Time''''' is a 1978 American [[neo-noir]] [[crime drama]] film{{sfn|Arnett|2020|p=63}} directed by [[Ulu Grosbard]] and starring [[Dustin Hoffman]], [[Theresa Russell]], [[Gary Busey]], [[Harry Dean Stanton]], [[M. Emmet Walsh]], and [[Kathy Bates]]. Its plot follows a lifelong thief in [[Los Angeles]] who struggles to assimilate in society after serving a six-year prison sentence. The film is based on the novel ''No Beast So Fierce'' by [[Edward Bunker]], who also acts in the film.

In addition to starring, Hoffman was originally hired as the film's director, but was replaced by Grosbard after completing a day of shooting. Principal photography took place in California in 1977, with shooting occurring in Los Angeles, Sacramento, and several locations in the [[Inland Empire]].

[[Warner Bros.]] released ''Straight Time'' on March 17, 1978. The film grossed $10 million at the United States box office, and received largely favorable reviews. In 2003, ''The New York Times'' placed the film on its ''Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made'' list.<ref name=NYBest/>

==Plot==
Max Dembo, a lifelong thief in [[Los Angeles]], is released from a six-year stint in prison and forced to report to a boorish and condescending parole officer, Earl Frank. One of the conditions of parole is that Max find a job. At the [[employment agency]], he meets young Jenny Mercer, a newly-hired secretary who helps him land scale-wage work at a can factory. Jenny accepts Max's invitation to dinner, clearly smitten by his worldly and seemingly gentle demeanor.

Earl pays a surprise visit to Max's room, finding a book of matches that Max's friend Willy Darin recently used to cook [[heroin]]. Although Max clearly has no track marks nor other signs of drug abuse, he is handcuffed and dragged back to jail, out of a job and a home. Jenny visits him in jail and gives him her number to call when he gets out.

After urine tests prove he is clean, Max is picked up by a smug Earl, who feels he actually gave Max a break by not pursuing the fact that someone had been using drugs in his place of residence, which would result in three more years in prison. During their car ride to a [[halfway house]], Earl presses Max to name the user. Max, realizing he will never get a break, pummels Earl, takes control of his car, and handcuffs him to a highway divider fence with his pants around his ankles.

This deed makes straight life impossible. Max returns to a life of crime, robbing a Chinese-owned grocery store, and planning bigger heists with some willing old accomplices. After robbing a bank together, Max and his friend Jerry Schue decide to up the ante and clean out a [[Beverly Hills, California|Beverly Hills]] jewelry store. The job is botched when Max takes too long trying to steal everything in sight, something Jerry had criticized him for when they pulled the bank job. Willy, acting as [[crime scene getaway|getaway driver]], panics and takes off, leaving Max and Jerry to flee on foot as police converge on the store.

While the men attempt to get away via residential backyards, Jerry is shot and killed, while Max shoots a police officer. Max escapes with the loot, settles the score with Willy by murdering him, and flees Los Angeles with a loyal Jenny by his side. While driving through the [[Antelope Valley]], Jenny hears a news bulletin on the radio detailing the extent of Max's crime and the various deaths that occurred. She becomes upset, and forces Max to stop the car so she can vomit.

A short time later, the couple arrive at a lone service station and diner near [[Palmdale, California|Palmdale]]. The two have drinks there, but Max has second thoughts regarding their prospects on the lam, and implies that Jenny should return to Los Angeles by bus. He decides to leave Jenny at the diner for her own good, resigning himself to a criminal life. Outside, Jenny asks Max why she cannot come along. He responds, "Because I wanna get caught," and drives away. The movie ends with a montage of his booking photos dating back to his teen years (Max's prisoner number, A-20284, is the same as Edward Bunker's prisoner number in real life).

==Cast==
{{Cast list|
* [[Dustin Hoffman]] as Max Dembo
* [[Theresa Russell]] as Jenny Mercer
* [[Gary Busey]] as Willy Darin
* [[Harry Dean Stanton]] as Jerry Schue
* [[M. Emmet Walsh]] as Earl Frank
* [[Rita Taggart]] as Carol Schue
* [[Kathy Bates]] as Selma Darin
* [[Sandy Baron]] as Manny
* [[Jake Busey]] as Henry Darin
* Tina Menard as Hotel Manager
}}

==Production==
===Development===
[[File:Edward Bunker.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The screenplay was adapted from the novel ''No Beast So Fierce'' by [[Edward Bunker]] (pictured)]]
The screenplay was written by [[Alvin Sargent]], [[Edward Bunker]] and [[Jeffrey Boam]], based on Bunker's novel ''No Beast So Fierce''.<ref name=afi/> [[Michael Mann (director)|Michael Mann]] served as an uncredited cowriter on the project.<ref name=afi/> Actor Dustin Hoffman originally wanted to direct the project himself.{{sfn|Zucker|2013|p=317}} According to Grosbard, he was called to take over directorial duties by Hoffman: "He'd already spent a substantial amount of the budget—and it was a small budget. He had stopped preproduction because he was waiting for the latest draft of the script...&nbsp; I saw a direction, I saw a point of view, I saw something that interested me."{{sfn|Zucker|2013|p=317}}

===Casting===
Hoffman plays the lead role in the film, with supporting performances from Theresa Russell, as well as Gary Busey, Harry Dean Stanton, and Kathy Bates.{{sfn|Zucker|2013|pages=317–321}} Russell was around 17 years old when she was cast in the film.{{sfn|Zucker|2013|p=321}} Grosbard cast Russell in the film because he felt she was "very right for the part" and had a personal background similar to that of her character.{{sfn|Zucker|2013|p=321}} Additionally, Grosbard commented that she had a "good rapport" with Hoffman.{{sfn|Zucker|2013|p=321}} In preparation for his role as a criminal, Stanton spent time sitting isolated in a [[gas chamber]].<ref name=Saito/>

===Filming===
Filming of ''Straight Time'' took place primarily in [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]], including [[Sylmar, Los Angeles|Sylmar]] and [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], with additional photography occurring in the [[Inland Empire]] in and near [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]].<ref name=afi/><ref name=Johnson>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-bernardino-county-sun/169214433/|work=[[The San Bernardino Sun]]|date=April 23, 1977|p=5|title=Dustin does 'Straight Time'|via=Newspapers.com|last=Johnson|first=Jimmy}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on February 9, 1977, at [[Folsom State Prison]] in [[Folsom, California|Folsom]], California, near [[Sacramento]].<ref name=afi/>

In addition to portraying the lead character, Hoffman had originally been hired to direct the film, and, according to producer [[Jerry Ziesmer]], completed one day in this role.<ref name=afi/> Ziesmer recalled that the first day of shooting at Folsom State Prison consisted primarily of a basic establishing shot, and that Hoffman requested constant camera resets, resulting in not a single frame being captured by day's end.<ref name=afi/> With the studio concerned about Hoffman's ability to complete the project in a timely manner, Hoffman stepped down as director, after which Grosbard was hired.<ref name=afi/><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/t-magazine/culture/dustin-hoffman-ready-for-anything.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |last=Foden | first=Giles | title=The Tao of Hoffman| work= [[The New York Times]] | date=March 2, 2012| archive-url=https://archive.today/20231021094504/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/t-magazine/culture/dustin-hoffman-ready-for-anything.html|archive-date=October 21, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://arts.nationalpost.com/2013/01/18/actor-turned-director-dustin-hoffman-on-the-awesome-experience-of-making-quartet/ | archive-url=http://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130203004940/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2013/01/18/actor-turned-director-dustin-hoffman-on-the-awesome-experience-of-making-quartet/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 3, 2013 | last=Knight | first=Chris | title=Actor-turned-director Dustin Hoffman on the 'awesome' experience of making Quartet | work=[[The National Post]] | date=January 18, 2013 | access-date=January 18, 2013 }}</ref>

Grosbard and Hoffman approached the filming using improvisational methods, and often worked evenings writing scenes to be shot the following day. {{sfn|Zucker|2013|p=317}}

===Post-production===
The film became the subject of litigation between Hoffman and the [[First Artists Production Company]] over creative control. Before Hoffman had finished editing the film, First Artists exercised a clause to take over the project, since the shoot had gone 23 days over schedule and approximately $1&nbsp;million over budget. Hoffman's lawsuit alleged that his right to the final cut had been violated, and that the take-over clause did not mean he forfeited all creative control. First Artists' countersuit claimed that Hoffman's "derogatory statements" damaged the film's reception and box-office performance.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kilday|first=Gregg|date=October 18, 1978|title=Dustin Hoffman Vs. First Artists|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|page=Part IV, p. 17}}</ref> The outcome of the litigation has not been disclosed.<ref name=afi>{{cite web |url=http://catalog.afi.com/Film/57025-STRAIGHT-TIME?sid=ea5a346a-bd7e-48d6-a57a-06a2f39e90c8&sr=3.4545062&cp=1&pos=0#1 |title=Straight Time |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110202844/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/57025-STRAIGHT-TIME?sid=7a74a8b3-bfbc-4edc-a4a7-040a8ae9bda7&sr=9.98856&cp=1&pos=0|archive-date=January 10, 2021 }}</ref>

==Release==
[[Warner Bros.]] theatrically released ''Straight Time'' in the United States on March 17, 1978.<ref name=afi/>

===Home media===
[[Warner Bros. Discovery Home Entertainment|Warner Bros. Home Entertainment]] issued the film on [[DVD]] on June 4, 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/review/28426|work=[[DVD Talk]]|title=Straight Time|date=May 22, 2007|last=Erickson|first=Glenn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527181623/https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/review/28426|archive-date=May 27, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Warner Archive Collection]] issued the film on [[Blu-ray]] on September 21, 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thedigitalbits.com/item/straight-time-wac-2022-bd|work=The Digital Bits|title=Straight Time (Blu-ray Review)|date=June 28, 2022|last=Seuling|first=Dennis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250330204624/https://thedigitalbits.com/item/straight-time-wac-2022-bd|archive-date=March 30, 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Straight Time'' earned $9,900,000 at the United States [[box office]],<ref name=BOM/> but was a flop for Warner Bros. as it failed to earn a significant profit for the studio.{{sfn|Lenburg|2001|p=123}}

===Critical response===
[[Vincent Canby]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised ''Straight Time'' as "a leanly constructed, vividly staged film" that "makes no attempt to explain Max. It simply says that this is the way he is. It requires us to fill in the gaps, and it's the measure of the film that we want to."<ref name=canby/> He also praised the performances, particularly those of Hoffman and Russell.<ref name=canby>{{cite web|work=[[The New York Times]]|title='Straight Time' a Film of Grim Wit|date=March 18, 1978|last=Canby|first=Vincent|author-link=Vincent Canby|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/18/archives/straight-time-a-film-of-grim-wit.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210103231837/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/18/archives/straight-time-a-film-of-grim-wit.html|archive-date=January 3, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Gene Siskel]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave the film four stars out of four, and called it "a superior thriller, a riveting portrait of an ex-con", adding, "Most criminals in American movies are drooling, trigger-happy psychotics. In 'Straight Time,' the criminals are people, and, somehow, that's more disturbing ... Credit ultimately must go to Hoffman, who continues to avoid playing the million-dollar cardboard roles that so many of his peers are drawn to."<ref>{{cite news|author=Siskel, Gene |author-link=Gene Siskel|date=March 22, 1978|title=Hoffman plays it straight again; this time it's a superior thriller|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|p=7}}</ref> At the end of the year, he named it the best film of 1978.<ref>{{cite news|author=Siskel, Gene|author-link=Gene Siskel|date =January 9, 1979|title=Movies '78: Film Clips and the year's Top 10 in review|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|p=3}}</ref>

[[David Ansen]] of ''[[Newsweek]]'' wrote, "Though made up of familiar elements - an ex-con, bank robberies, lovers on the run - it is an unusual movie out of today's Hollywood and a very fine one. Small in scale, grittily realistic, charged with a fierce intelligence about how people live on the other side of the law, the film makes few concessions to an audience's expectations, but it has an edgy, lingering intensity."<ref>Ansen, David (April 3, 1978). "Crime Junkie". ''[[Newsweek]]''. 91.</ref>

[[Charles Champlin]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called it "riveting to watch from start to finish", adding, "Hoffman's Max has less dimension than some of his earlier characterizations. You wish his fight [to go straight] had gone on a little longer. But his cool, hard disillusion, his unsentimental realism and his fatalistic attitude toward a life that never got going makes its own impact."<ref name="champlin">Champlin, Charles (March 18, 1978). "'Straight Time' Released on Bond". ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Part II, p. 10-11.</ref>

Arthur D. Murphy of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' panned the film as "most unlikable" because Hoffman "cannot overcome the essentially distasteful and increasingly unsympathetic elements in the character. Ulu Grosbard's sluggish direction doesn't help."<ref>Murphy, Arthur D. (March 22, 1978). "Film Reviews: Straight Time". ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''. 24.</ref>

Gary Arnold of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote that there were "authentic, gripping moments in the film", but "in some unavoidable way [Hoffman] just doesn't look threatening and ruthless. You're tempted to console him rather than run from him. The cunning and aggression that one might accept immediately if actors like [[Robert De Niro]] or [[Harvey Keitel]] were cast as Max are only theoretically apparent in Hoffman."<ref>Arnold, Gary (March 22, 1978). "Get It Straight, Dustin Hoffman". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. D9.</ref>

{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|82|8.3|11|consensus=|access-date=March 30, 2025|ref=y}} {{Metacritic film prose|64|9|ref=yes|access-date=March 30, 2025}}

In 2003, ''The New York Times'' placed the film on its ''The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made'' list.<ref name=NYBest>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612032429/https://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html|title=The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=June 12, 2008|date=April 29, 2003|url-status=dead|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Arnett|first=Robert|year=2020|title=Neo-Noir as Post-Classical Hollywood Cinema|isbn= 978-3-030-43668-1|location=Cham, Switzerland|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}
*{{cite book|last=Lenburg|first=Jeff|title=Dustin Hoffman: Hollywood's Antihero|year=2001|publisher=[[iUniverse]]|location=Lincoln, Nebraska|isbn=978-0-595-18270-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Zucker|first=Carole|year=2013|orig-year=1995|title=Figures of Light: Actors and Directors Illuminate the Art of Film Acting|publisher=Plenum Press|location=New York City, New York|isbn=978-1-489-96118-1}}

==External links==
* {{AFI film|57025}}
* {{IMDb title|0078326}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|straight_time}}

{{Ulu Grosbard}}
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1970s heist films]]
[[Category:American crime drama films]]
[[Category:American heist films]]
[[Category:American neo-noir films]]
[[Category:English-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films about criminals]]
[[Category:Films about heroin]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ulu Grosbard]]
[[Category:Films produced by Tim Zinnemann]]
[[Category:Films scored by David Shire]]
[[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Jeffrey Boam]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Alvin Sargent]]
[[Category:First Artists films]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:1970s English-language films]]
[[Category:1970s American films]]