Editing Streamliner

{{short description|Vehicle incorporating streamlining in a shape providing reduced air resistance}}
{{For|the short films|Hal Roach's Streamliners}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
[[File:6229 Duchess of Hamilton at the National Railway Museum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Preserved British [[steam locomotive]] of the former [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway|London, Midland and Scottish (LMS)]] Railway, [[LMS Princess Coronation Class 6229 Duchess of Hamilton|Princess Coronation Class No.{{sp}}6229 ''Duchess of Hamilton'']], an example of a streamliner]]

A '''streamliner''' is a vehicle incorporating [[wikt:streamline|streamlining]] in a shape providing reduced [[air resistance]]. The term is applied to [[high-speed railway]] [[trainset]]s of the 1930s to 1950s, and to their successor "[[High-speed rail|bullet train]]s". Less commonly, the term is applied to fully [[Bicycle fairing|faired]] upright and [[recumbent bicycle]]s. As part of the [[Streamline Moderne]] trend, the term was applied to passenger cars, trucks, and other types of light-, medium-, or heavy-duty vehicles, but now vehicle streamlining is so prevalent that it is not an outstanding characteristic. In [[Land speed record|land speed racing]], it is a term applied to the long, slender, custom built, high-speed vehicles with enclosed wheels.

== Trains ==

=== Before World War II ===

==== Europe ====
<!-- Timeline of development by country -->
[[File:Schienenzeppelin Steilrampe.jpg|thumb|right|The Schienenzeppelin on the [[Erkrath|Erkrath-Hochdahl]] steep ramp in 1931]]
[[File:Mallard at Keighley 331767.jpg|thumb|[[LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard|LNER Class A4 4468 ''Mallard'']] traveling through [[Keighley]] in [[West Yorkshire]] in 1988]] 
[[File:NS_Loc_%27Potvis%27.jpg|thumb|Nederlandse Spoorwegen class 3700/3800 steam locomotive 3804, circa 1936]]
[[File:2-3-2В.jpg|thumb|right|Pre-WWII Soviet type 2-3-2V]]

<!-- GERMANY -->
* '''Germany, 1930:''' The first high-speed streamliner in Germany was the ''[[Schienenzeppelin]]'', an experimental propeller-driven single car, built in 1930. On 21 June 1931, the car set a speed record of {{cvt|230.2|km/h|mph|1}} on a run between [[Berlin]] and [[Hamburg]]. In 1932 the propeller was removed and a hydraulic system installed. The Schienenzeppelin made {{cvt|180|km/h|mph|0}} in 1933.
** '''1932:''' The Schienenzeppelin led to the construction of the [[Diesel locomotive#Diesel-electric|diesel-electric]] [[DRG Class SVT 877]] "Flying Hamburger". This two-car train set had 98 seats and a top speed of {{cvt|160|km/h|mph|0}}. In regular service with the [[Deutsche Reichsbahn]], starting on 15 May 1933, this train ran the {{convert|286|km|mi|abbr=off}} between Hamburg and Berlin in 138 minutes with an average speed of {{cvt|124.4|km/h|mph|1}}.
** '''1934/1935:''' The SVT 877 was the prototype for the [[DRG Class SVT 137]], first built in for use in the [[FDt]] express train service. In test drives, the SVT 137 "Bauart Leipzig" set a world speed record of {{cvt|205|km/h|mph|0}} in 1936. The fastest regular service with the SVT 137 was between [[Hannover]] and [[Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia|Hamm]] with an average speed of {{cvt|132.2|km/h|mph|1}}. This service lasted until 22 August 1939.
** '''1935:''' [[Henschel & Son]], a major manufacturer of steam locomotives, introduced the 4-6-4 [[DRG Class 05]] high speed streamliner locomotives for use on the ''Deutsche Reichsbahn'' Frankfurt am Main to Berlin route.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wN8DAAAAMBAJ&q=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA541|page=541|title=Locomotive with Streamline Shell is Designed for Speed|magazine=Popular Mechanics|date=October 1935|volume=64|issue=4|access-date=25 November 2014|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517155433/https://books.google.com/books?id=wN8DAAAAMBAJ&q=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA541|url-status=live}}</ref> Three examples were built in 1935–36. Built for top speeds of over {{cvt|85|mph|km/h|0}}, the DRG Class 05 locomotives soon proved much faster in test runs. The DRG 05-002 made seven runs in 1935–36 during which it attained top speeds of more than {{cvt|177|km/h}} with trains up to {{cvt|254|t|ST|}} weight.
** '''11 May 1936:''' The DRG 05-002 set the [[Railway speed record#Steam|world speed record for steam locomotives]] after reaching {{cvt|200.4|km/h}} on the [[Berlin–Hamburg Railway|Berlin–Hamburg line]] while hauling a {{convert|197|t|ST|adj=on}} train. The locomotive's engine power was more than {{cvt|2535|kW|ihp|lk=on}}.
** '''30 May 1936:''' The DRG 05-002 set an unbroken start-stop speed record for steam locomotives. During the return run from a {{convert|190|km/h|adj=on}} test on the Berlin-Hamburg route it did the ~{{convert|113|km|mi|abbr=off}} from Wittenberg to a signal stop before Berlin-Spandau in 48 min 32 s, meaning {{cvt|139.4|km/h}} average between start and stop. The DRG 05-002 was for a time the official holder of the world top speed record for steam locomotives.

<!-- AUSTRIA/POLAND -->
* '''Austria/Poland, 1933:''' In the 1930s, streamlined [[Luxtorpeda]] diesel units that Austrian and later Polish manufacturers constructed were reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|140|km/h|mph|0}} in Poland.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} 
**'''1937:''' The first Polish streamlined steam locomotive [[PKP class Pm36|Pm36-1]] ({{cvt|140|km/h|disp=or}}) pulled the [[Nord Express]] between Poland and France ([[Paris]]). This locomotive was awarded golden medal in the [[Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne|World Expo in Paris]] in 1937.<ref>{{cite book|first=Bogdan|last=Pokropiński|title=Parowozy normalnotorowe produkcji polskiej|trans-title=Normal gauge steam locomotives of Polish manufacture|place= Warsaw|publisher=Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności|year=2007|isbn=978-83-206-1617-0|language=pl|pages=112–114}}</ref>

<!-- UNITED KINGDOM -->
* '''United Kingdom, 1934:''' Development of streamlined passenger services began in the UK. The [[Great Western Railway]] introduced relatively low-speed streamlined [[railcar]]s (known as "[[GWR railcars|flying bananas]]").
**'''1935''' The [[London and North Eastern Railway]] (LNER) introduced the "Silver Jubilee" service using streamlined [[LNER Class A4|A4 class]] steam locomotives and full length trains rather than railcars.
**'''1937:''' The [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]] (LMS) introduced its "Coronation Scot" service using the [[LMS Coronation Class|Princess Coronation Class]] streamlined locomotives,  achieving a speed of {{cvt|114|mph|km/h}} near [[Crewe railway station|Crewe]] on its inaugural run. 
** '''1938:''' The LNER locomotive ''[[LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard|Mallard]]'', which had been built for "Silver Jubilee" service, set on a test run a still unsurpassed official record for the highest top speed attained by a steam locomotive {{cvt|126|mph|km/h|0}}.

<!-- CZECHOSLOVAKIA -->
* '''Czechoslovakia, 1934:''' [[Czechoslovak State Railways]] ordered two motor railcars with maximum speed {{cvt|130|km/h|mph|0}}. They were constructed by [[Tatra (company)|Tatra]] company, which was producing the first streamlined mass-produced automobile [[Tatra 77]] at that time. The railcar project was led by Tatra chief designer [[Hans Ledwinka]] and received streamlined design by [[Paul Jaray]]. The railcars were unique thanks to the patented transmission system invented by [[Josef Sousedík]]—at lower speeds, it worked like [[petrol-electric transmission]] and at around {{cvt|82|km/h|mph|0}} it automatically switched to direct mechanical transmission without any gear. Thanks to this the railcars had good acceleration, low fuel consumption and were easy to drive. Both [[ČSD Class M 290.0]] were delivered in 1936, one of them reached {{cvt|148|km/h|mph|0}} during a test run. They were run on the Czechoslovak prominent route [[Bratislava]]-[[Prague]] under "[[Slovenská strela]]" ([[Slovak language|Slovak]] for "Slovak Arrow") brand.

<!-- ITALY -->
* '''Italy, 1934:''' State-owned railway company [[Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane|Ferrovie dello Stato]] (FS) developed the [[FS Class ETR 200]], a three-unit electric streamliner. The first of those trains entered revenue service in 1937.
** '''6 December 1937:''' An ETR 200 made a top speed of {{cvt|201|km/h|mph|0}} between Campoleone and Cisterna on the run Rome-Naples. 
** '''1939:''' The ETR 212 made {{cvt|203|km/h|mph|0}}. The {{cvt|219|km|mi}} journeys from Bologna to Milan were made in 77 minutes, meaning an average of {{cvt|171|km/h|mph|0}}.

<!-- NETHERLANDS -->
* '''Netherlands, 1934:''' [[Nederlandse Spoorwegen]] (NS) introduced in the [[:nl:Mat '34|Materieel 34]] (DE3), a three unit {{convert|140|km/h|mph|0|adj=on}} streamlined diesel-electric trainset. An electric version, [[:nl:Mat '36|Materieel 36]], went into service in 1936.
** '''1930s:''' The NS developed in the 1930s a streamlined version of the class [[NS 3700|3700/3800]] steam locomotive, nicknamed "potvis" (sperm whale).<ref>{{cite web|title=Nederlands: Stoomlocomotief nr. 3804 (serie 3700/3800) van de NS met stroomlijnbekleding (bijnaam 'Potvis'); circa 1936. Collectie van het Utrechts Archief|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_Loc_%27Potvis%27.jpg|access-date=8 November 2018|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517155415/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_Loc_%27Potvis%27.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref>
** '''1940:''' The "Dieselvijf" (DE5), a {{convert|160|km/h|mph|0|adj=on}} top speed five unit diesel-electric trainset based on DE3, completed the Dutch streamliner fleet. In test runs, a DE5 ran {{cvt|175|km/h|mph|0}}
** '''1940:''' The electric {{ill|Materieel 40|nl|Mat '40}} was built.

<!-- SOVIET UNION -->
* '''Soviet Union, 1937:''' On the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the [[October Revolution]], the Soviet [[Kolomna Locomotive Works]] produced two examples of the wind-tunnel designed SŽD series {{ill|2-3-2K|ru|2-3-2К}} (4-6-4 Whyte Notation) streamliner locomotive for Moscow-Leningrad service. In testing, it was shown capable of speeds greater than {{cvt|150|km/h}}—{{cvt|170|km/h}} in test ride—and it entered service in 1938.<ref name=rakow>{{cite magazine|first=Vitaliy|last=Rakov|magazine=Tekhnika Molodyozhi|issue=9/1974|title=Posledniy rekord skorosti parovozov|trans-title=Last steam engine speed record|lang=ru}}</ref> Production of the series was canceled with the onset of World War II.
** '''1938:''' One example of SŽD series {{ill|2-3-2V|ru|2-3-2В}} (4-6-4 Whyte Notation) express train locomotive, with bullet-like fairing, was produced by [[Luhanskteplovoz|Voroshilovgrad Locomotive Works]]. In 1957 it reached a speed of {{cvt|175|km/h}} in test ride, what was the last steam locomotive record in the USSR.<ref name=rakow/>

==== United States ====
<!-- McKeen -->
[[File:Motor car used on the Southern Pacific lines in Oregon "On the Line of a Thousand Wonders" (8113579654).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|A [[Hand-colouring of photographs|colorized]] postcard showing a McKeen motor car serving the Southern Pacific Railroad in Oregon circa 1910]]
The earliest known streamlined rail equipment in the United States were [[McKeen Motor Car Company|McKeen]] rail motorcars that the company built for the [[Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific]] and the [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]] Railroads  between 1905 and 1917. Most McKeen cars sported a pointed "wind splitter" front, a rounded rear  and round porthole style windows in a style that was as much nautically as aerodynamically inspired. The McKeen cars were unsuccessful because the internal combustion drive technology for that application was unreliable at the time. Further, the lightweight frames dictated by the cars' limited power tended to break. Streamlined rail motorcars would appear again in the early 1930s after the [[Diesel-electric transmission|internal combustion-electric]] propulsion technology that  [[General Electric]] developed and that the [[Electro-Motive Diesel#History|Electro-Motive Company (EMC)]] promoted became the accepted technology for use in rail motorcars in the 1920s.

<!-- J. G. Brill Company -->
[[Streetcar]] builders sought to build electric cars with improved speed for interurban lines through the 1920s. In 1931, the [[J. G. Brill Company]] introduced the [[Bullet (interurban)|Bullet]], a lightweight, wind-tunnel designed car with a rounded front that could run either singly or in multiple-unit sets, capable of speeds over {{cvt|90|mph|km/h|0}}. Although [[Great Depression|Depression]]-era economics cut into sales, the design was highly successful in service, lasting into the 1980s.

<!-- Pullman Company -->
In 1925, the recently-formed [[Pullman Company#Corporate history|Pullman Car & Manufacturing Corporation]] experimented with lightweight self-propelled railcars in co-operation with the [[Ford Motor Company]] concurrent with Ford's development of its [[Ford Trimotor|Trimotor]] aircraft. In 1931, Pullman enlisted the services of the Trimotor design contributor [[William Bushnell Stout]] to apply airplane fuselage design concepts to railcars. The result was the ''Railplane'' (not the ''[[Bennie Railplane]]''), a streamlined self-propelled railcar with a tapered cross-section, lightweight tubular aluminum [[space frame]] and [[duralumin]] skin. In testing with the [[Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad]] in 1932, it reportedly reached {{cvt|90|mph|km/h|0}}. The Union Pacific had been seeking improvements to self-propelled railcars based on European design ideas. The performance of the ''Railplane'' encouraged the railroad to increase its efforts in partnership with Pullman-Standard.<ref name="Solomon">{{cite book|last=Solomon |first=Brian |date=2015 |title= Streamliners: Locomotives and Trains in the Age of Speed and Style |pages=32–33|publisher=Voyageur Press |isbn=978-0760347478}}</ref>

<!-- Budd Company -->
In 1931, the [[Budd Company]] reached an agreement with the French tire company [[Michelin]] to produce [[Budd-Michelin rubber-tired rail cars|pneumatic-tired rail motorcars]] in the US, as an improvement on the heavy, underpowered and shimmy-prone "[[Doodlebug (rail car)|doodlebugs]]" that ran on American tracks. In that endeavor, Budd would produce lightweight rail equipment utilizing [[unibody]] construction and the high strength alloy [[stainless steel]], enabled by [[shot welding]], a breakthrough in electrical welding technique. The venture produced [[articulated]] power-trailer car sets with streamlined styling, which left the Budd Company just a (much) more powerful engine away from producing a history-making streamlined trainset.

<!-- Great Depression -->
The [[Great Depression]] caused a catastrophic loss of business for the rail industry as a whole and for manufacturers of motorized railcars whose primary markets, branch line services, were among the first to be cut. The interests of lightweight equipment manufacturers and rail operators therefore focused on the development of a new generation of lightweight, high speed, [[Diesel-electric locomotive|internal combustion-electric]] powered streamlined trainsets that were primarily designed for mainline service.<ref name="Solomon"/>
[[File:UP M-10000a.jpg|thumb|A Union Pacific ''M-10000'' (1934)]]

<!-- Burlington 1 -->
The [[Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad]] (Burlington) and the Union Pacific sought to increase the efficiency of their passenger services by looking to the lightweight, petroleum-powered technology that [[Budd Company|Budd]] and Pullman-Standard were developing. The Union Pacific named its project the ''[[M-10000]]'' (designated first as ''The Streamliner'' and later as the ''City of Salina'' when in revenue service from 1935 to 1941). The Burlington initially named its first train the ''[[Pioneer Zephyr|Burlington Zephyr]]''. The two railroads' trains each entered service as three-car articulated sets (including the power car). The [[Cleveland Diesel Engine Division|Winton Engine Corporation]], a subsidiary of [[General Motors|General Motors (GM)]], manufactured the engines for both locomotives. The [[Prime mover (locomotive)|prime mover]] for the ''Burlington Zephyr'''s diesel-electric propulsion was a new 600 hp diesel engine. The Union Pacific's ''M-10000'' had a {{convert|600|hp|kW|adj=on}} spark-ignition engine that ran on "petroleum distillate", a fuel similar to kerosene. The two trainsets were star attractions at the 1934 [[World's Fair]] ("[[Century of Progress|A Century of Progress]]") in [[Chicago, Illinois]]. During its set's demonstration period, the Union Pacific named the ''M-10000'' as the ''Streamliner'', providing the first use of the term with respect to trains. The ''Streamliner''{{'}}s publicity tour in February–May 1934 attracted over a million visitors and gained attention in national media as the herald of a new era in rail transportation.

<!-- Burlington 2 -->
[[File:Pioneer Zephyr.JPG|thumb|left|A Budd Company photograph of the ''Burlington Zephyr'' (1935)]]
On 26 May 1934, the Burlington's ''Zephyr'' made a record-breaking "Dawn to Dusk" run from [[Denver, Colorado]], to Chicago for its grand entry as a Century of Progress exhibit. The ''Zephyr'' covered the distance in 13 hours, reaching a top speed of {{cvt|112.5|mph|km/h|1}} and running an average speed of {{cvt|77.6|mph|km/h|1}}. The fuel for the run cost US$14.64 at 4¢ per U.S. gallon (equivalent to ${{inflation|US|14.64|1934}} and ${{inflation|US|0.4|1934}} per gallon respectively in {{inflation year|US}} after inflation). The Burlington's event was covered live on radio and drew large, cheering crowds as the "silver streak" zipped by. Adding to the sensation of the ''Zephyr'' were the striking appearance of its fluted stainless steel bodywork and its raked, rounded, aerodynamic front end that symbolized its modernity. The train's design echoed in steam locomotive styling throughout the following years.

<!-- Burlington 3 -->
After its Worlds Fair display and a nationwide demonstration tour, the ''Zephyr'' entered revenue service between Kansas City, Missouri, and Lincoln, Nebraska, on 11 November 1934. A total of nine ''Zephyr'' trainsets were built for the Burlington between 1934 and 1939. Each ran as named trains on various Burlington midwestern routes. The Burlington later renamed the ''Burlington Zephyr'' as the ''[[Pioneer Zephyr]]'' in honor of that  train's status as the first of the fleet. In April 1935, two ''[[Twin Cities Zephyr]]s'' that bore the same three-car configuration entered service on the railroad's Chicago and [[Minneapolis-St. Paul]] route. Larger trainsets with more powerful Winton engines were built for the Burlington and put into service over longer routes. Twin-engine power units and eventually booster power units met the trainsets' additional power requirements. The Burlington's four-car ''[[Mark Twain Zephyr]]'' entered revenue service in October 1935 on the railroad's Saint Louis–[[Burlington, Iowa]], route. Two partially-articulated six-car trainsets entered service in May 1936 on the Burlington's ''[[Denver Zephyr]]'' route, which connected Chicago and Denver. The Burlington then replaced those sets with a pair of partially-articulated ten-car trainsets in November 1936. The Burlington moved the ''Denver Zephyr''{{'}}s six-cat sets to the ''Twin Cities Zephyr'', transferring that train's original streamlined cars to other Burlington routes.<ref>{{cite web|author=Train Lover|date=8 August 2012|url=https://streamlinermemories.info/?p=126|title=1936 Denver Zephyrs|work=Streamliner Memories|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312130227/https://streamlinermemories.info/?p=126|archive-date=12 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- Burlington 4 -->
The last of the classic ''Zephyrs'' was built for the Burlington's Kansas City–Saint Louis ''[[General Pershing Zephyr]]'' route. That trainset, which contained GM's newest {{convert|1000|hp|kW|adj=on}} engine and conventional coupling, entered service in June 1939. The Burlington's original ''Zephyr'' trainsets remained in service in the postwar era. The railroad retired the last of its six-car sets in 1968 after using it as the ''[[Nebraska Zephyr]]''.

<!-- Union Pacific 1 -->
On 31 January 1935, the Union Pacific's three-car ''M-10000'' went into service between [[Kansas City, Missouri]],  and [[Salina, Kansas]], as ''The Streamliner''. The train subsequently became the ''City of Salina'' under the railroad's naming convention for its expanding fleet of diesel-powered streamliners. The Union Pacific operated the ''M-10000'' as a three-car set until the railroad was retired the set in 1941.  The trainset's 1942 scrapping provided Duralumin that was recycled for use in war-time military aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://utahrails.net/up/up-diesel-story-1934-1982.php |title=Union Pacific Diesel Story, 1934-1982 |first=Don |last=Strack |website=UtahRails.net |access-date=3 June 2016 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604073249/http://utahrails.net/up/up-diesel-story-1934-1982.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:City of Portland postcard Union Pacific Railroad.JPG|thumb|A 1939 [[Hand-colouring of photographs|colorized]] postcard depicting the Union Pacific's streamlined M-10001 ''City of Portland'']]The Union Pacific also commissioned the construction of five modified trainsets that had evolved from the initial ''M-10000'' design. Those streamlined trains inaugurated the railroad's high-speed service out of Chicago while bearing the names ''[[City of Portland (train)|City of Portland]]'' (June 1935), ''[[City of Los Angeles (train)|City of Los Angeles]]'' (May 1936), ''[[City of San Francisco (train)|City of San Francisco]]'' (June 1936) and ''[[City of Denver (train)|City of Denver]]'' (June 1936). The ''[[M-10001]]'' set had a single power unit that contained a {{convert|1200|hp|kW|adj=on}} Winton diesel engine. The power unit pulled six tapered low-profile cars that had the form of the original three-car ''M-10000'' trainset. The ''[[M-10002]]''{{'}}s set consisted of a {{convert|1200|+|900|hp|kW|adj=on}} cab/booster locomotive pulling nine cars of the same form. [[M-10003 to M-10006|Automotive-styled cab/booster locomotive sets]] with {{convert|1200|hp|kW|adj=on}} engines powered the Union Pacific's ''City of San Francisco'' and ''City of Denver'' sets. The two ''City of Denver'' sets started service two cars shorter than the ''M-10002'' and ''[[M-10004]]'' sets, with roomier and heavier straight-sided cars.

<!-- Union Pacific 2 -->
The Union Pacific's initial streamliner service to the west coast consisted of five runs monthly for each route. The railroad maintained its daily overnight service on the Chicago–Denver run by assigning three locomotive sets for two trains. The railroad then augmented that stable with locomotive equipment taken from other runs. Despite the breakthrough schedule times of the long-distance M-1000x "City" trains, the records of the Union Pacific's fleet reflected the limitations of the locomotives' technology when meeting the demands of long-distance and higher capacity service. The ''M-10001'' ran for only 32 months as the ''City of Portland'' before it was replaced, re-entered service on the Portland–Seattle run and retired in June 1939.

<!-- Union Pacific 3 -->
[[File:City of Denver 1940 Union Pacific.JPG|thumb|A Union Pacific ''City of Denver'' (M-10005 or M-10006), 1940]]
Similarly, the ''M-10002'' spent 19 months as the Union Pacific's ''City of Los Angeles'', 39 months as the ''City of Portland'' and ten months out of service starting in July 1941. The locomotive then served on the  Portland–Seattle run until the railroad took it out of service again in March 1943. After running for 18 months as the ''City of San Francisco [[M-10004]]'', the locomotive spent six months being refurbished and then served from July 1938 as a second unit on the ''City of Los Angeles''. The Union Pacific retired the locomotive in March 1939. The Union Pacific converted the ''M-10001'' and ''M-10004'' power units to additional boosters for the ''City of Denver'' trains. The train's cars then became spare equipment. The two ''City of Denver'' trainsets (''M–10005'' and ''M–10006), after cannibalizing power from the ''M-10001'' and ''M-10004'', remained in service until 1953.

<!-- Pennsylvania Railroad -->
Class [[Pennsylvania Railroad class GG1|GG1]] electric locomotives brought streamlined styling to the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]]'s fleet of electric locomotives in late 1934. Meanwhile, the [[Boston and Maine]]'s ''[[Flying Yankee]]'', identical to the original ''Zephyr,'' entered service between Boston and [[Portland, Maine]], on 1 April 1935.

<!-- GMN -->
The [[Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad]] ''[[Rebel (train)|Rebel]]'' trainsets were similar to the ''Zephyr'' in form, but were not articulated. Designed by [[Otto Kuhler]], the [[ALCO]] powered diesel-electrics that the [[American Car and Foundry Company]] constructed were placed into service on 10 July 1935.
[[File:Hiawatha streamlined steam locomotive 1951.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Milwaukee Road class A|Milwaukee Road's class A]] #1 pauses near Milwaukee in 1951.]]

<!-- ALCO -->
While streamlining on steam locomotives was more about marketing than performance, newly designed locomotives with state-of-the-art steam technology were able to travel at high speeds. The [[Milwaukee Road class A]] [[4-4-2 (locomotive)|Atlantics]], built in 1935 to compete with the ''Twin Cities Zephyr'', were the first "steamliners" equipped to back up their styled claim to extra speed. In a 15 May 1935 run by locomotive {{abbr|No.|Number}}{{sp}}2 and a dynamometer car, the railroad documented a top speed of {{cvt|112.5|mph}}. This was the fastest authenticated speed reached by a steam locomotive at the time, making #2 the rail speed record holder for steam and the first steam locomotive to top {{cvt|110|mph}}. That record lasted until a German [[DRG Class 05]] locomotive exceeded it the following year.

<!-- Pullman Company cont. -->
The ''[[Illinois Central 121]]'' trainset was the first of the ''[[Green Diamond]]'' streamliners running between Chicago and St Louis. It was a five-unit (including power car) articulated trainset for day service. The Pullman-built set had the same power format and {{convert|1200|hp|kW|adj=on}} Winton diesel engine as ''M-10001,'' with some style aspects that resembled the later M1000x trainsets. The Illinois Central ran the 121 trainset on the ''Green Diamond'' from May 1936 to 1947. After an overhaul, the railroad placed the set on the Jackson Mississippi–New Orleans run until it retired and scrapped the set in 1950. The visual styling of the new trainsets made the existing fleets of locomotives and railcars suddenly look obsolete. Rail lines soon responded by adding streamlined shrouding and varying degrees of mechanical improvement to older locomotives and re-styling heavyweight cars.

<!-- NYC, BO (streamliner treatment) -->
[[File:NYC Hudson2.jpg|thumb|right|A J-3a ''Super Hudson'' on display at the [[1939 World's Fair]]]]
The first American steam locomotive to receive that treatment was one of the [[New York Central Railroad]]'s (NYC's) J-1 [[NYC Hudson|Hudson]] class locomotives built in 1930, which was re-introduced with streamlined shrouding and named the ''Commodore Vanderbilt'' in December 1934.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yN8DAAAAMBAJ&q=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA211 |title=Streamline Steam Engine Attains High Speed |page=122 |magazine=Popular Mechanics |date=February 1935 |volume=63 |issue=2 |access-date=25 November 2014 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417201124/https://books.google.com/books?id=yN8DAAAAMBAJ&q=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA211 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Vanderbilt'' styling was a one-off design by Carl Kantola. The NYC's next venture in streamlined styling was [[Henry Dreyfuss]]' 1936 full-length exterior and interior design of the railroad's ''[[Mercury (train)|Mercury]]'' trainsets. [[Raymond Loewy]] also designed in 1936 [[art-deco]] shrouding with a bullet-front scheme for the Pennsylvania Railroad's [[Pennsylvania Railroad class K4|class K4]] locomotives. In 1937, Otto Kuhler used a variation of the bullet-front design on a 4-6-2 locomotive constructed for the [[Baltimore & Ohio]]'s streamlined ''[[Royal Blue (train)|Royal Blue]]''. Henry Dreyfuss used a similar variation for the [[New York Central Hudson#Streamlining|J-3a ''Super Hudsons'']] that pulled the ''[[20th Century Limited]]'' and other NYC express trains.

<!-- Milwaukee Road -->
In 1937, the [[Milwaukee Road]] introduced the [[Milwaukee Road class F7|class F7]] Hudsons on the ''[[Twin Cities Hiawatha]]'' run. The Hudsons could cruise above {{cvt|110|mph|km/h|0}} and were said to exceed {{cvt|120|mph|km/h|0}} on occasion.{{sfn|Scribbins|1970|p=63}} Otto Kuhler designed the Milwaukee Road's speedsters with "shovel nose" styling. Some of the class 7's details were evocative of those of the ''Zephyrs''.
[[File:Rock Island Rocket circa 1937.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|A Rock Island Rocket (1937)]]

<!-- EMC 1 -->
Also in 1937, the Electro-Motive Corporation (EMC)—later incorporated into GM's [[Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Division (EMD)]]—started production of streamlined diesel-electric passenger locomotives, incorporating the lightweight carbody construction and raked, rounded front end introduced with the ''Zephyr'' and the high-mounted, behind-the-nose cab of the M-1000x locomotives. One of the first, EMC's [[EMC TA|TA]], was a {{convert|1200|hp|kW|adj=on}} version produced for the [[Rock Island Rockets]], a series of six lightweight, semi-articulated three and four-car trainsets. EMC/EMD manufactured streamlined [[EMD E-unit|E-unit]] diesel-electric locomotives from 1937 to 1963. These incorporated two features of the earlier [[EMC 1800 hp B-B]] development design locomotives, the twin-engine format and multiple-unit control systems that facilitated cab/booster locomotive sets.

<!-- EMC 2 -->
[[File:Atlantic Coast Line 501.jpg|thumb|left|The preserved [[Atlantic Coast Line Railroad|Atlantic Coast Line]] ''Champion'' EMC E3 on display in the [[North Carolina Transportation Museum]] in [[Spencer, North Carolina|Spencer, NC]], in 2008]]
The E-units brought sufficient power for full-sized trains such as the [[B&O Railroad|B&O]] ''[[Capitol Limited (B&O train)|Capitol Limited]], the ''[[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]]'s (AT&SF's) ''[[Super Chief]],'' and the Union Pacific's upgraded ''[[City of Los Angeles (train)|City of Los Angeles]]'' and ''[[City of San Francisco (train)|City of San Francisco]],'' which challenged steam power in all aspects of passenger service. EMC introduced standardized production to the locomotive industry, with its attendant [[economies of scale]] and simplified processes for ordering, producing and servicing locomotives. As a result, EMC was able to offer a variety of support services that decreased technological and initial cost barriers that would otherwise deter conversions to diesel-electric power. With power and reliability of new diesel-electric units improved with the {{convert|2000|hp|kW|adj=on}} [[EMC E3]] locomotive in 1938, the advantages of diesel became compelling enough for a growing number of rail lines to select diesel over steam for new passenger equipment. The power and top speed advantages of state-of-the-art steam locomotives were more than offset by diesel's advantages in service flexibility, downtime, maintenance costs and economic efficiency for most operators.

<!-- ALCO cont. -->
[[File:Norfolk & Western 4-8-4 611.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|A Norfolk and Western class J streamlined steam locomotive ([[Norfolk and Western 611|No. 611]]) operating in excursion service (1992)]]
The [[American Locomotive Company]] (ALCO), the builder of the Hiawatha speedsters, saw diesel as the future of passenger service and introduced streamlined locomotives influenced by the design of the E units [[ALCO DL-109|in 1939]]. The replacement of steam with diesel power was interrupted by the US entry into World War II, with a military premium on diesel technology that stopped all production of diesel locomotives for passenger service between September 1942 and January 1945.

<!-- END -->
Streamlined steam locomotives continued to be produced into the early postwar era. Among the most distinctive were the Pennsylvania Railroad's duplex-drive 6-4-4-6 [[PRR S1|type S1]] and 4-4-4-4 [[PRR T1|type T1]] locomotives that Raymond Loewy styled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crestlineprr.com/duplexexperimentals.html|title=Welcome to the Crestline PRR Engine Facility: The Duplex and Experimental Steam Engines of the PRR: The Crestline Connection|date=17 August 2006|publisher=crestlineprr.com|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422202013/http://crestlineprr.com/duplexexperimentals.html|archive-date=22 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In terms of service longevity, the most successful were the Southern Pacific [[Southern Pacific class GS-3|GS-3]] ''Daylight'' locomotives introduced in 1938 and the [[Norfolk and Western]] [[N&W J class (1941)|class J]] locomotives introduced in 1941. In contrast to designs that completely encased the boiler in shrouding, streamlining of the GS-3/GS-4 series locomotives consisted of skyline casing flush with the smokestack and smoke-lifting skirting along the boiler that left the silver-painted smokebox on full display.

==== Japan ====
[[File:JGR C5343 hauling train.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|A [[JNR Class C53|Japanese Governmental Railways class C53]] No.{{sp}}43 streamlined locomotive in 1934]]
The trend of streamliners also came to Japan. In 1934, the Ministry of Railways ([[Japanese Government Railways]], JGR) decided to convert one of its 3-cylinder steam locomotives [[JNR Class C53|class C53]] into a streamlined style. The selected locomotive was No.{{sp}}43 of class C53. However [[Hideo Shima]], the chief engineer of the conversion, thought streamlining had no practical effect on reducing air resistance, because Japanese trains at that time did not exceed a speed of {{cvt|62|mph|km/h|0}}.

Shima therefore designed the locomotive to create airflow that lifted exhaust smoke away from the locomotive. He had expected no practical effect on reducing air resistance completely, therefore he never tried to test fuel consumption or tractive force of the converted locomotive.<ref name = "shima">{{cite journal|first1=Hideo |last1=Shima |first2=Takao |last2=Takada |first3=Mitsuo |last3=Yoshimura |title=Three-way conversation on streamlined era |journal=The Railway Pictorial |issue=426 |date=January 1984 |pages=10–15 |language=ja}}</ref> The Japanese government planned to use this one converted streamline locomotive on the passenger express route between Osaka and Nagoya.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNsDAAAAMBAJ&q=Popular+Science+1936+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA551 |page=551 |title=Fast Express Train in Japan Hauled by Streamline Engine |magazine=Popular Mechanics |date=April 1936 |volume=65 |issue=4 |access-date=25 November 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517155511/https://books.google.com/books?id=lNsDAAAAMBAJ&q=Popular+Science+1936+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA551 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The converted locomotive gained much popularity from the public. JGR therefore decided to build 21 new streamlined versions of the [[JNR Class C55|class C55 locomotive]]. Additionally, JGR built 3 streamlined [[JNR Class EF55|class EF55]] electric locomotives. Kiha-43000 diesel multiple units and [[52 series|Moha-52 electric multiple units]] also received a streamlined style.

The [[South Manchuria Railway]], which was under Japanese control at that time, also designed the [[China Railways SL7|Pashina class]] streamlined locomotive. The Railway operated the [[Asia Express]], whose style was coordinated with that of Pashina locomotives.<ref name = "shima" />

These streamlined steam locomotives took many man-hours to repair due to their casing. After the outbreak of [[World War II]], the lack of an experienced labor force made the problems worse. As a result, many of the locomotives had their casings removed.<ref name="shima" />

=== Australia around World War II ===
[[File:Spirit of Progress c1938.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.00|A streamlined S301 in Spirit of Progress service near [[Kilmore, Victoria]], circa 1938]]

Streamliner locomotives arrived relatively late in Australia. In 1937 streamlined casings were fitted on four [[Victorian Railways S class]] locomotives for the [[Spirit of Progress]] service between [[Melbourne]] and [[Albury]]. Similar casings were then fitted on two [[Tasmanian Government Railways R class]] [[Narrow-gauge railway|narrow-gauge]] locomotives for the [[Hobart]] to [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]] expresses.

Despite — or perhaps because of — the strategic priorities of World War II, some new streamliner locomotives were built in Australia during and immediately after the war. The first five [[New South Wales C38 class locomotive]]s were modestly streamlined with distinctive conical noses, while the twelve [[South Australian Railways 520 class]] locomotives featured extravagant streamlining in the style of the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]]'s [[PRR T1|T1]].

In all cases, the streamlining on Australian steam locomotives were purely aesthetic, with negligible impacts on train speeds.

=== After World War II ===

==== Europe ====
[[File:BR601-BDE.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|A DB Class 601 ex TEE operating in [[Munich]] in 1986]]
In Europe, the streamliner tradition gained new life after [[World War II]]. In Germany, DRG Class SVT 137 trains resumed service, but at slower speeds than before the war. Based on the [[Franz Kruckenberg|Kruckenberg]] SVT 137, the [[Deutsche Bundesbahn]]'s (DB's) streamlined diesel-electric [[DB Class VT 11.5|Class VT 11.5]] (later renamed to DB Class 601) built in 1957 was used as the "[[Trans Europ Express]] (TEE)" for international high-speed trains.

From 1965, the DB used the streamlined electric locomotives [[DB Class 103]] with regular trains for high-speed service. From 1973, the DB used the [[DB Class 403 (1973)|DB Class 403]], a fully streamlined four-unit electric train with tilting technology. In East Germany, the {{ill|DR Class VT 18.16|de|DR-Baureihe VT 18.16}} was built for international express service.

The Swiss [[Swiss Federal Railways|SBB]] and the Dutch [[Nederlandse Spoorwegen|NS]] procured five diesel-electric [[SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE I and NS DE4|RAm TEE I (Swiss) and NS DE4 (Dutch)]] trainsets for [[Zürich]]-[[Amsterdam]] and Amsterdam-[[Brussels]]-Paris services. One set was lost in an accident 1971. The remaining four sets operated as TEE trains until 1974, were transferred to Canada for use on the [[Ontario Northland Railway]] (ONR) in 1976. The ONR operated three trains on its [[Toronto]]–[[Moosonee]] line as the [[Northlander]] until 1992.

From 1961, the SBB used for TEE service the [[SBB-CFF-FFS RAe TEE II|RAe TEE II]], a set of five streamlined electric trains compatible with four different [[railway electrification system]]s. Italy used pre-war trains and new trains that the Italian State Railways—Ferrovie dello Stato (FS)—developed. The new trains included the [[FS Class ETR 300#Arlecchino (ETR 250)|FS Class ETR 250 ("Arlecchino")]], the [[FS Class ETR 300|ETR 300 ("Settebello")]], the [[Pendolino|ETR 401 ("Pendolino")]], the [[FS Class ETR 450|ETR 450 ("Pendolino")]] and the [[FS Class ETR 500|ETR 500]].

Streamliner service temporarily ended in the United Kingdom with the outbreak of WWII. During the war, the LNER and LMS streamlined locomotives had part of their streamlining removed to aid maintenance. By the late 1940s and early 1950s, the state of the railways was improving as deteriorated track conditions caused by delayed maintenance work were corrected. The repairs and new improvements enabled the railways to provide additional mainline trackage for high speed trains.

[[File:370003 Carlisle 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[British Rail Class 370]] passing [[Crewe]] in 1984]]
[[File:St Philip's Marsh - GWR 43002 Sir Kenneth Grange.JPG|thumb|left|[[British Rail Class 43 (HST)]] locomotive in [[Bristol]] in 2016]]

The first experiments with diesel streamliner services in the United Kingdom were the [[British Rail Classes 251 and 261|Blue Pullman]] trains introduced in 1960 and withdrawn in 1973. These provided {{convert|90|mph|km/h|adj=on}} luxury business services, but were marginally successful and ran only a little faster than mainstream services. The Blue Pullman was followed by research into streamlined trains and [[tilting train]]s, the first to enter passenger service, in 1976, being the diesel powered [[InterCity 125]] ([[British Rail Class 43 (HST)|Class 43]]), followed by the electric, tilting, [[British Rail Class 370]], and [[British Rail Class 91|Class 91]], in combination offering {{cvt|125|mph|km/h|adj=on}} streamlined train services across the United Kingdom.

High-speed service with the electric German [[ICE 1|ICE 1 (Class 401)]] began in 1991. The train, which has traveled at speeds of up to {{cvt|174|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}} in revenue service, broke the speed record that the first DMU "Flying Hamburger" had set 1933 traveling between Hamburg and Berlin.

[[File:Gare de Paris-Gare-de-Lyon - 2018-05-15 - IMG 7493.jpg|thumb|A TGV 2N2 train in the [[Gare de Lyon|Paris-Gare-de-Lyon]] in 2018]]

A [[TGV]] high-speed test train set a [[Railway speed record|world record]] for the fastest wheeled train, reaching {{cvt|357|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}} in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/french-train-hits-357-mph-breaking-world-speed-record|title=French Train Hits 357 mph Breaking World Speed Record|date=4 April 2007|publisher=[[Fox News]]|access-date=11 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504144012/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,263542,00.html|archive-date=4 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Conventional TGV services operate at up to {{cvt|200|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}} on the [[LGV Est]], [[LGV Rhin-Rhône]] and [[LGV Méditerranée]].<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/societes-francaises/2007/12/17/04010-20071217ARTFIG00331-le-tgv-roulera-bientot-a-kmh-.php Le TGV ruler bientôt à 360 km/h] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512143524/https://www.lefigaro.fr/societes-francaises/2007/12/17/04010-20071217ARTFIG00331-le-tgv-roulera-bientot-a-kmh-.php |date=12 May 2021 }}, ''Le Figaro'' (in French), 17 December 2007.</ref> The power cars of the [[Euroduplex|TGV Euroduplex (2N2)]], which began commercial operations in 2011, have a more streamlined nose than do previous TGVs.

In 2015, ''[[Eurostar]]'' began to operate the [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) [[British Rail Class 374]], also known as the Eurostar e320, on its high-speed services through the [[Channel Tunnel]]. The train serves destinations beyond ''Eurostar's'' core routes to the [[Gare du Nord]] station in Paris and the [[Brussels-South railway station]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Eurostar Velaro e320 enters passenger service|date=20 November 2015|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high-speed/eurostar-velaro-e320-enters-passenger-service.html|publisher=International Railway Journal|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125083923/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high-speed/eurostar-velaro-e320-enters-passenger-service.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Owned by [[Eurostar International Limited]] and capable of operating at  {{cvt|199|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}, the [[Aluminium|aluminum]] trains are sixteen-unit versions of the [[Siemens Velaro#Velaro e320 (Eurostar)|Siemens Velaro]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mobility.siemens.com/apps/references/index.cfm?z=1&do=app.detail&referenceID=1718&lID=1|title=High Speed Trainset Velaro Eurostar|publisher=[[Siemens]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723075500/https://www.mobility.siemens.com/apps/references/index.cfm?z=1&do=app.detail&referenceID=1718&lID=1|archive-date=23 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== United States ====
High-speed steam service continued in the United States after World War II, but became increasingly uneconomical. The New York Central's [[New York Central Hudson|Super Hudsons]] went out of service in 1948 as the line converted to diesel for passenger service. The Milwaukee Road retired its high speed [[Hiawatha (Milwaukee Road trains)|Hiawatha]] steam locomotives between 1949 and 1951. The last of the Pennsylvania Railroad's short-lived [[Pennsylvania Railroad class T1|T1 class]] locomotives went out of service in 1952. All of those iconic locomotives were scrapped. The last steam streamliners built were three Norfolk and Western [[Norfolk and Western Railway class J (1941)|class J]] locomotives in 1950, which operated until 1959.

In 1951, the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] implemented regulations restricting most trains to speeds of {{cvt|79|mph}} or below unless [[automatic train stop]], [[automatic train control]], or [[cab signalling]] were installed.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.trains.com/trn/default.aspx?c=a&id=4424 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100624120252/http://www.trains.com/trn/default.aspx?c=a&id=4424 |url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2010|title=Ask Trains from November 2008|date=23 December 2008|publisher=Trains Magazine|access-date=29 December 2009}}</ref> The new regulations minimized one of the key advantages of rail travel over the automobile, which became an increasingly attractive alternative as postwar construction of highway systems progressed. Rail operators marketed their services on the basis of luxurious sightseeing, as airlines increasingly competed with rail lines for long-distance travel.

In the mid-1950s, there were several attempts to revive the lightweight custom streamliner concept. None of these projects achieved any lasting impact on passenger service.

[[File:New York Central Aerotrain 1956.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1|[[New York Central Railroad|New York Central]]'s ''[[Aerotrain (GM)|Aerotrain]]'' at the [[Buffalo Central Terminal]] in 1956]]

The ''Train X'' project, first promoted by [[Robert R. Young]] no later than 1948,<ref>{{Citation|last=Young|first=Robert R.|title=Why "Train X"?|periodical=Railway Progress|date=May 1948}}</ref> resulted in low-profile [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]] [[Baldwin RP-210|RP-210]] locomotives paired with articulated aluminum cars from [[Pullman Company|Pullman-Standard]]. Two trainsets were built in 1956 for the [[New York Central Railroad]]'s ''[[Xplorer (New York Central Railroad train)|Ohio Xplorer]]'' and the [[New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad]]'s ''[[Dan'l Webster (train)|Dan'l Webster]]''. The pair were problematic and were withdrawn from service by 1960.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|author=Train Lover|date=4 March 2013|url=http://streamlinermemories.info/?p=2287|title=Dan'l Webster and the Xplorer|work=Streamliner Memories|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106150720/http://streamlinermemories.info/?p=2287|archive-date=6 January 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://yardlimit.railfan.net/baldwindiesels/rp210/|title=RP210 - Lightweight Streamlined Locomotives|work=The Baldwin Diesel Zone|publisher=railfan.net|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916131816/http://yardlimit.railfan.net/baldwindiesels/rp210/|archive-date=16 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[General Motors|GM]]'s project, originally called ''Train Y'',<ref>{{Citation|title=The train that rides on air|periodical=Look|date=14 June 1955}}</ref> was marketed as the ''[[Aerotrain (GM)|Aerotrain]]''. It featured a futuristic, automotive-styled [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] [[EMD LWT12|LWT12]] diesel–electric locomotive pulling aluminum coaches adapted from GM's long-distance bus design.<ref name=History>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://www.american-rails.com/aero.html|title=GM's "Aerotrain": History And Operation|publisher=American-Rails.com|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513070851/https://www.american-rails.com/aero.html|archive-date=13 May 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Knight|first=Nick|date=4 May 2016|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/05/04/streamliners-died-aerotrain-failed-capture-imagination-american-public|title=When Streamliners died! Aerotrain failed to capture the imagination of the American public|work=The Vintage News ]|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508110742/https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/05/04/streamliners-died-aerotrain-failed-capture-imagination-american-public|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.carofthecentury.com/the_aerotrain.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050728153804/http://www.carofthecentury.com/the_aerotrain.htm |archive-date= 28 July 2005 |url-status= dead |title= The 'Aerotrain': GM's Most Modern Train |access-date= 16 October 2020 }} ''In'' {{cite web |url= http://www.carofthecentury.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050727085603/http://www.carofthecentury.com |archive-date= 27 July 2005 |url-status= dead |title= Automotive Hollywood: The Battle for Body Beautiful |access-date= 16 October 2020 }}
* {{cite web|author=GUSTAVTIME|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0V04DzE-VIY | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211110/0V04DzE-VIY| archive-date=10 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=High Speed Aerotrain!|format=video|date=6 December 2018 |access-date=18 May 2020|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} 10:39 minutes video showing internal and external views of a demonstration ''Aerotrain'' traveling at speeds of up to 80 miles (129 km) per hour as [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] No. 1000 and external views of ''Aerotrain'' No. 1001 traveling on the [[Sacramento Northern Railway]].</ref> Two trainsets were produced in 1955 and were trialed by several railroads, but no orders were forthcoming. The two demonstration units were eventually sold to the [[Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad|Rock Island Line]], which was already operating an EMD LWT12 paired with [[Talgo#Talgo II|Talgo II]] cars from [[American Car and Foundry Company|ACF Industries]] as the ''Jet Rocket''. Rock Island operated them in commuter service until 1966.

The ''Speed Merchant'' project also produced only two examples. They consisted of [[Fairbanks-Morse]] [[FM P-12-42|P-12-42]] locomotives paired with Talgo II cars from ACF Industries, and were used by the [[Boston and Maine Railroad]] for [[Speed Merchant (train)|commuter service]] and by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad's ''[[John Quincy Adams (train)|John Quincy Adams]]''. Both were retired by 1964.

In 1956, the [[Budd Company]] produced a single streamlined, lightweight, six car [[diesel multiple unit|DMU]] trainset that the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad operated as the ''[[Roger Williams (train)|Roger Williams]]''. After a short period of time in high speed service, the train was split up and the cars were used in service with the New Haven's other [[Budd Rail Diesel Car|RDCs]].

The advent of jet air travel in the late 1950s brought forth a new round of price competition from airlines for long-distance travel, severely affecting the ridership and profitability of long-distance passenger rail service. Government regulations forced railroads to continue to operate passenger rail service, even on long routes where, the railroads argued, it was almost impossible to make a profit.

Unlike air and automotive infrastructure, which federal and state governments subsidize, operating revenues entirely support privately-owned rail infrastructure in the United States.  By the late 1960s, most rail operators were therefore seeking to completely discontinue passenger service.

The lightweight custom streamliner concept was revived again in the 1960s with the [[United Aircraft|UAC]] [[UAC TurboTrain|TurboTrain]].  These articulated trainsets used [[gas turbine]] engines instead of reciprocating diesel engines for traction power.  They were operated by [[Penn Central Transportation Company|Penn Central]] and then [[Amtrak]] from 1969 to 1976, and in Canada by [[Canadian National Railway|Canadian National]] and then [[Via Rail]] from 1969 to 1982.

Some [[Pennsylvania Railroad class GG1|GG1]] electric locomotives that the Pennsylvania Railroad once operated remained in service until 1983. The last EMD [[EMD E-unit|E-units]] in regular service were retired in 1993.

[[File:Acela Express at Union Station.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|An Amtrak ''Acela Express'' at [[Washington Union Station|Washington, D.C.'s Union Station]] in 2018]]

Amtrak has operated nearly all long-distance passenger rail systems in the United States since 1971. The [[Public transportation in the United States|publicly-financed rail company]]'s quest for greater fuel efficiency has led them to acquire and operate [[GE Genesis]] diesel-electric locomotives. In so doing, Amtrak reintroduced the lightweight, aerodynamic carbody construction that the ''Zephyr'' had pioneered in the 1930s.

Since 2000, Amtrak has operated high-speed ''[[Acela]]'' (named ''Acela Express'' until 2019) passenger trains that travel at speeds of up to {{cvt|150|mph|km/h}} in the [[Boston]] - [[Washington, D.C.]] [[Northeast Corridor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dms.ntsb.gov/public/58000-58499/58167/585182.pdf|title=Northeast Corridor Employee Timetable #5|page=110|date=7 June 2020|publisher=National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak)|via=National Transportation Safety Board|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607005033/https://dms.ntsb.gov/public/58000-58499/58167/585182.pdf|url-status=dead}}.</ref> State governments and others in many areas throughout the United States have considered the construction of new high-speed lines, but rail travel is much less common in the U.S. than in Europe or Japan.

In 2008, California voters approved bonds to initiate construction of the [[California High-Speed Rail]] line, which would connect the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] and [[Southern California]]. Construction of the first segment, between [[Bakersfield, California|Bakersfield]] and [[Merced, California|Merced]] in the Central Valley, began in 2015.

==== Preserved examples (United States) ====

[[File:Night session june 23 2011 033xRP - Flickr - drewj1946.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The restored [[Southern Pacific class GS-4]] [[Southern Pacific 4449|No. 4449]] (Daylight) operating in [[Tacoma, Washington]], in June 2011]]

After 26 years of service and traveling over {{convert|3000000|mi|km}}, the ''[[Pioneer Zephyr]]'' went to Chicago's [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]]. The ''[[Flying Yankee]]'', the third streamliner to enter service, is undergoing restoration to operational condition. The ''Silver Charger'' locomotive of the ''[[General Pershing Zephyr]]'' trainset remained in service until 1966 and is also undergoing restoration.

In December 1974, the streamlined steam-powered [[Southern Pacific 4449]] "Daylight" came off an outdoor public display to undergo a restoration and re-painting that enabled it pull the ''[[Freedom Train#The 1975–76 American Freedom Train|American Freedom Train]]'', which toured the 48 [[contiguous United States]] as part of the nation's 1976 [[United States Bicentennial|Bicentennial]] celebration.<ref>
Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url= http://www.4449.com/excursions/76freedom/index.html |title=Excursions: American Freedom Train |publisher=Friends of 4449 |access-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180703082012/http://www.4449.com/excursions/76freedom/index.html|archive-date=3 July 2018 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first=Larry |last=Wines|url= https://www.freedomtrain.org/american-freedom-train-home.htm |title=The Story of the 1975 - 1976 American Freedom Train |work=Freedomtrain.org|year=2019|access-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190410222906/http://www.freedomtrain.org/american-freedom-train-home.htm|archive-date=10 April 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first=Wes |last=Barris |url= https://www.steamlocomotive.com/events/aft/|title=The American Freedom Train |publisher=Steamlocomotive.com |access-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190712152236/https://www.steamlocomotive.com/events/aft/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url= http://www.brooklineconnection.com/history/Facts/FreedomTrain.html |title=The Second Coming Of The Freedom Train |work=The American Freedom Trains Come To Pittsburgh: September 15–17, 1948 and July 7–10, 1976 |publisher=The Brookline Connection |access-date=2 November 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190404183309/http://www.brooklineconnection.com/history/Facts/FreedomTrain.html |archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Kelly |first=John |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/in-1975-and-76-an-artifact-filled-choo-choo-chugged-around-the-us/2019/05/25/321ecd3c-7e6e-11e9-a5b3-34f3edf1351e_story.html |title=In 1975 and '76, an artifact-filled choo-choo chugged around the U.S. |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527221038/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/in-1975-and-76-an-artifact-filled-choo-choo-chugged-around-the-us/2019/05/25/321ecd3c-7e6e-11e9-a5b3-34f3edf1351e_story.html|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> With the exception of occasional interruptions for maintenance and inspections, the restored locomotive has operated in excursion service throughout that area since 1984.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite book|last=Huxtable |first=Nils |year=2002 |title=Daylight Reflections, Vol. 1: From Daylight to Starlight |edition=1st |pages=75, 95 |publisher=Steamscenes |isbn=0-9691409-2-4}}
* {{cite web|title=Excursions: Bend, March 23-24, 2002 |url= http://www.4449.com/excursions/02returntofreedom/index.html |publisher=Friends of SP 4449 |access-date=23 June 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181002223537/http://www.4449.com/excursions/02returntofreedom/index.html |archive-date=2 October 2018}}
* {{cite web|url= http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2015/06/084449 |title=SP 4449 poised to steam in 2015 |last=Franz |first=Justin |publisher=Trains Magazine News Wire |date=8 June 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150612035232/http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2015/06/084449 |archive-date=12 June 2015 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191107231134/http://www.4449.com/sp4449news.html |archive-date=7 November 2019 |url= http://www.4449.com/sp4449news.html |title=SP 4449 News and Recent Events |work=SP 4449|location=Portland, Oregon |publisher=Friends of SP 4449 |year=2019 |access-date=7 November 2019}}
* {{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191103060100/https://www.ticketswest.com/events/detail/holiday-express-train |archive-date=3 November 2019 |url= https://www.ticketswest.com/events/detail/holiday-express-train |title=Holiday Express 2019 |work=Holiday Express Train |publisher=TicketsWest |year=2019 |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>

The twice-restored streamlined [[Norfolk and Western Railway class J (1941)|Norfolk and Western Railway's steam-powered class J1 locomotive]] Number 611 operated in excursion service within the United States from 1982 to 1994 and from 2015 to 2017.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite book|last=Wrinn |first=Jim|year=2000|title=Steam's Camelot: Southern and Norfolk Southern Excursions in Color |edition=1st |publisher=TLC Publishing |isbn=1-883089-56-5 |pages=102–105}}
* {{cite web|title=Upcoming Events|url= http://fireup611.org/events |location=Roanoke, Virginia |
publisher=[[Virginia Museum of Transportation]] | year=2015 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150418164743/http://fireup611.org/events |archive-date=18 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=611 Spring Excursions|url= http://nctrans.org/Events/611-Spring-Excursions.aspx |location=Spencer, North Carolina |date=11 January 2016|publisher=[[North Carolina Transportation Museum]] |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160113230321/http://nctrans.org/Events/611-Spring-Excursions.aspx |archive-date=13 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=The Roanoker, Greensboro/Roanoke/Greensboro April 23 & 24 |url= http://fireup611.org/excursions/the-roanoker-greensbororoanokegreensboro-april-23-24 |year=2016 |location= Roanoke, Virginia |
publisher=Virginia Museum of Transportation |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160323221929/http://fireup611.org/excursions/the-roanoker-greensbororoanokegreensboro-april-23-24 |archive-date=23 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Excursion Tickets! |url= http://fireup611.org/excursions |location=Roanoke, Virginia |
publisher=Virginia Museum of Transportation |year=2016 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092322/http://fireup611.org/excursions |archive-date=5 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The locomotive has traveled for display at special events.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|title=611 Visits Strasburg – A Reunion of Steam |url= https://www.strasburgrailroad.com/ride/events/fire-up-611-a-reunion-of-steam/ |year=2019 |location=Ronks, Pennsylvania |publisher=Strasburg Rail Road |access-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190429185019/https://www.strasburgrailroad.com/ride/events/fire-up-611-a-reunion-of-steam/ |archive-date=29 April 2019}}
* {{cite web|last=Knight|first=Chris|date=22 August 2019 |title=Massive N&W; 611 train made its way to Strasburg Rail Road [photos] |url =https://lancasteronline.com/lanclife/massive-n-w-train-made-its-way-to-strasburg-rail/collection_b0f4c4a2-c45c-11e9-8549-0335a14859d0.html |work=LNP Media Group |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190822010349/https://lancasteronline.com/lanclife/massive-n-w-train-made-its-way-to-strasburg-rail/collection_b0f4c4a2-c45c-11e9-8549-0335a14859d0.html |archive-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>

Examples of the pre-World War II "slant nose" EMC [[EMC EA/EB|EA]], [[EMC E3|E3]], [[EMC E5|E5]], and [[EMC E6|E6]] locomotives are on display at the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum]], the [[North Carolina Transportation Museum]], the [[Illinois Railway Museum]], and the [[Kentucky Railway Museum]]. The stainless steel clad E5 is occasionally matched with one of the original ''[[Denver Zephyr]]'' car sets for excursion service. As of 2017, the Rock Island No.{{sp}}630 E6 unit was under restoration for display in Iowa.

The EMD LWT12 locomotives and several passenger cars of GM's two ''Aerotrains'' are presently on display within the United States. The [[National Railroad Museum]] in [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]] now exhibits the [[Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad]]'s ''Aerotrain'' locomotive No.{{sp}}2 and two passenger cars.<ref name=History/><ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|title=The General Motors Aerotrain|url=https://nationalrrmuseum.org/exhibits/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406163503/https://nationalrrmuseum.org/exhibits/|archive-date=6 April 2020|access-date=4 May 2020|publisher=National Railroad Museum|location=Green Bay, Wisconsin}} Note: Page contains a description of the ''Aerotrain'' and an image of the front of ''Aerotrain'' locomotive number 2.
* {{cite web|date=August 1970|title=Aerotrain No. 2|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/camperdown/5964104414/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514080311/https://www.flickr.com/photos/camperdown/5964104414/|archive-date=14 May 2020|url-status=live|format=photograph|via=Flickr|quote=Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific RR ... "Aerotrain No. 2" at the National Railroad Museum, Green Bay, 8/70}}.<br />Note: Photograph shows a train apparently consisting of Rock Island ''Aerotrain'' locomotive number 2, two ''Aerotrain'' coaches and additional non-''Aerotrain'' coaches.</ref> The [[National Museum of Transportation]] in [[Kirkwood, Missouri]] (near [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]]) exhibits the Rock Island's locomotive No.{{sp}}3 and two passenger cars.<ref name=History/><ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web |url=https://tnmot.org/the-collection/ |title=1955: Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific "Aerotrain" #3 |location=St. Louis, Missouri |publisher=The National Museum of Transportation |access-date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027170601/https://tnmot.org/the-collection/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web|url=http://streamlinermemories.info/?p=2248|title=The Aerotrain|work=Streamliner Memories|date=28 February 2013|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513011003/http://streamlinermemories.info/?p=2248|archive-date=13 May 2020}}.
* {{cite web |url=https://tnmot.org/the-collection/ |title=1955: Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific "Aerotrain" #3 |location=St. Louis, Missouri |publisher=National Museum of Transportation |access-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027170601/https://tnmot.org/the-collection/ |archive-date=27 October 2019 }}.
* {{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oItV2ymPPGM | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211109/oItV2ymPPGM| archive-date=9 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Living St. Louis - Aerotrain | date=2 April 2008|format=video |location=St. Louis, Missouri |publisher=[[KETC]]|quote=Producer Jim Kirchherr visits the Museum of Transportation where the GM Aerotrain is on display. |via=YouTube |access-date=25 May 2020}}{{cbignore}} Video: 9:12 minutes.
* {{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euMsBNe0n1E | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211109/euMsBNe0n1E| archive-date=9 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Science Matters - Episode 126 - Aerotrain |format=video |date=1 October 2015|access-date=15 May 2020 |via=YouTube |quote=The Aerotrain on display at the Museum of Transportation did not live up to its billing as "the train of the future" despite its modern styling and engineering innovations.}}{{cbignore}} Video: 8:06 minutes.</ref>

==== Japan ====
[[File:Jnr.kuha86065.jpg|thumb|A JNR 80-0 series train at the [[Nakatsugawa, Gifu|Nakatsugawa]] station on the [[Chūō Main Line]] in 1979]]

After World War II, Japanese railroads favored [[multiple unit]] trains, even on their mainlines. In 1949, the [[Japanese National Railways]] (JNR) released the [[80 series]] EMUs for use on long-distance trains. Lead coaches of the 80 series built after 1950 incorporated a streamlined design.

In 1957, [[Odakyu Electric Railway]] released the [[Odakyū 3000 series SE|3000 series]] EMUs. The exterior design was developed using a [[wind tunnel]] intended for aircraft.

An Odakyu 3000 set a world [[railway speed record]] of {{cvt|90|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}} for a narrow-gauge train. Multiple unit trains were thus shown to be suitable for long-distance trains by the JNR Series 80 and for high-speed trains by the Odakyu 3000.

These experiences led to the development of the first [[Shinkansen]], the [[0 Series Shinkansen|0 Series]]. The Odakyu 3000 strongly influenced the 0 series, which was also developed using a wind tunnel.

The lead coaches of the 0 series were developed using a [[Douglas DC-8]] for a reference. At a speed of {{cvt|120|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}, the aerodynamic style of the 0 series "bullet train" had a substantial effect on reducing air resistance.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite journal|first=Yoshio|last=Ubukata|title=50 years of streamlined EMUs and DMUs in Japan|journal=The Railway Pictorial|number=426|date=January 1984|pages=16–22|location=Tokyo|publisher=Denkisha Kenkyukai|language=Japanese}}
* {{cite journal|first=Shinichi|last=Tanaka|title=Streamlined style of Shinkansen rolling stocks|journal=The Railway Pictorial|number=426|date=January 1984|pages=29–31|location=Tokyo|publisher=Denkisha Kenkyukai|language=Japanese}}</ref>

In 2020, the [[Central Japan Railway Company]] (JR Central) began operating the [[N700S]], the most recent addition to the [[N700 Series Shinkansen]]. The 16-car train reached its design speed of {{cvt|225|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}} in trials conducted in 2019 on the [[Tōkaidō Shinkansen|Tokaido Shinkansen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trafficnews.jp/post/84688|script-title=ja: 360km/h試験、次世代新幹線「N700S」の確認試験車で実施へ JR東海|trans-title=360 km/h test, to be carried out with confirmation test vehicle of the next-generation Shinkansen "N700S"|publisher=[[Central Japan Railway Company]] (JR Central)|language=ja|access-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927092220/https://trafficnews.jp/post/84688|archive-date=27 September 2020|url-status=live |date=25 March 2019 }}</ref>

[[File:Series L0.JPG|thumb|A JR Central L0 series five-car maglev train operating on the [[Chūō Shinkansen#Miyazaki and Yamanashi Test Tracks|Yamanashi Test Track]] in 2013]]

The JR Central is presently developing and testing the [[L0 series]] high-speed [[maglev]] train. The JR Central plans to use the streamlined train on the [[Chūō Shinkansen]] railway line between [[Tokyo]] and [[Nagoya]], which is under construction. The railroad expects to open the line in 2027 and to later extend it to [[Osaka]].<ref name=beginservice>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|first=Yoko|last=Wakatsuki|date=21 April 2015|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/04/21/asia/japan-maglev-train-world-record/index.html|title=Japan maglev train sets world record|work=On Japan|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524151535/https://www.cnn.com/2015/04/21/asia/japan-maglev-train-world-record/index.html|archive-date=24 May 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run|title=Japan's maglev train breaks world speed record with 600 km/h test run|date=21 April 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group|Guardian News and Media Limited]]|location=United Kingdom|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050839/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run|archive-date=18 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=[[Kyodo News]]|date=2 June 2011|
title=JR Tokai to list sites for maglev stations in June|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]|page=9}}</ref>

A seven-car L0 series train set a world railway speed record of {{cvt|374|mph|km/h|order=flip}} in 2015.<ref name=beginservice/> The railway plans to operate the train at a maximum speed of {{cvt|310|mph|km/h}} when in revenue service.<ref name="bloomberg2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.co.jp/news/123-MS4JM56K50Y001.html|script-title=ja: ＪＲ東海：リニア時速500キロ、試験再開－通勤圏拡大で激変も|trans-title=JR Central: Maglev testing at 500 km/h resumes – Expanded commuter area to create major upheavals|date=29 August 2013|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|location=New York|language=ja|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183115/http://www.bloomberg.co.jp/news/123-MS4JM56K50Y001.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The train's speed would exceed that of the world's fastest commercial electric train, the Chinese [[Shanghai maglev train|Shanghai maglev]], whose cruising speed is {{cvt|268|mph|km/h|order=flip}}.<ref name=beginservice/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hunt|first1=Hugh|title=How we can make super-fast hyperloop travel a reality|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/student-life/technology-gaming/how-we-can-make-super-fast-hyperloop-travel-a-reality-a7529316.html|access-date=6 June 2021|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=19 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228163230/https://www.independent.co.uk/student/student-life/technology-gaming/how-we-can-make-super-fast-hyperloop-travel-a-reality-a7529316.html|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== High speed train services today ===
Worldwide many, if not most, high speed passenger trains are now streamlined. Speeds continue to rise as [[high-speed rail]] services become the normal long-distance rail service.

=== Specific trainsets ===
{{main|List of streamlined trainsets}}

=== Streetcars and high-speed interurbans ===
[[File:San Francisco F line streetcars at Jones.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Three historic PCC streetcars on [[San Francisco]]'s [[F Market & Wharves]] electric trolley line in 2003]]

Early versions of the [[PCC streetcar|PCC (Presidents’ Conference Committee) streetcars]] were referred to as ''Streamliners'' in North America. However, [[Aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] research appeared much earlier on the [[interurban]] scene, i.e. among the forerunners of the recent [[light rail]]. In 1905, the Electric Railway Test Commission started a series of test runs to develop a carbody design that would reduce wind resistance at high speeds.

Vestibule sections of different shapes were suspended independent of the carbody, with a dynamometer to measure the resistance of each. Over 200 test runs were made at speeds up to {{cvt|70|mph|km/h|0}} with parabolic, wedge, standard, and flat vestibule ends.

[[Image:Philadelphia & Western Railway 206.jpg|thumb|right|A late model '' Brill Bullet'' from the Philadelphia & Western Railway on display at the [[Electric City Trolley Museum]] in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in 2003]]

The test results indicated that a parabolic-shaped front end reduced wind resistance at high speeds below that of the conventional rounded profile. However, with that time's heavy railcars and moderate speeds, no significant operating economies were realized. Streamlining was discarded for another quarter-century.<ref>Middleton 1961, pp. 65–66</ref>

From the 1920s, however, stronger alloys, lightweight metals, and better design were all used to reduce carbody weight—which in turn permitted the use of smaller bogies and motors with corresponding economies in power consumption. In 1922, the G. C. Kuhlman Car Company built ten lightweight cars for the Western Ohio Railway.<ref>Middleton 1961, pp. 62–63</ref>

After an elaborate [[wind tunnel]] investigation, the first in the railway industry,<ref>{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Szilagyi|url=http://www.phillytrolley.org/philwest.html|title=P & W High-Speed Line|work=Philadelphia Trolley Tracks|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211120948/http://www.phillytrolley.org/philwest.html|archive-date=11 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> the J. G. Brill Company made in 1931 its first [[Bullet (interurban)|Bullet]] railcars, capable to speeds above {{cvt|90|mph|km/h}}.<ref>Middleton 1961, pp. 69–70</ref> With 52 seats, they weighed only 26 tons.{{clarify|date=September 2024|reason=Short tons?}} Some remained in use for almost 60 years.

== Buses ==
[[File:London Bus Museum Transportfest 2013 019 (10383698196).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|A preserved Greyhound Scenicruiser on display in the [[London Bus Museum]] in 2013]]

Many buses adopted a stylish streamline look in the 1930s<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wt8DAAAAMBAJ&q=streamline+bus&pg=PA487|title=Streamline bus is like a dirigible on wheels|magazine=Popular Mechanics|date=April 1935|page=487|access-date=7 August 2010|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517155446/https://books.google.com/books?id=wt8DAAAAMBAJ&q=streamline+bus&pg=PA487|url-status=live}}</ref> with tests showing that streamlined design reduced fuel costs.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdoDAAAAMBAJ&q=streamline+bus&pg=PA185 |title=Wind-tunnel tests show streamline bus saves fuel |magazine=Popular Mechanics |page=185 |date=August 1936 |volume=66 |issue=2 |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517155516/https://books.google.com/books?id=kdoDAAAAMBAJ&q=streamline+bus&pg=PA185 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Starting in 1934, [[Greyhound Lines]] worked with the [[Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company]] for its [[Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company#700-series (1934–1937)|Series 700]] buses, first for ''Series 719'' prototypes in 1934, and from 1937 as the exclusive customer for Yellow's ''Series 743'' buses. Greyhound named these the "Super Coach" and purchased a total of 1,256 between 1937 and 1939.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yellow Coach Part 2, Yellow Coach Mfg. Co., Yellow Truck and Coach, Yellow Bus, Greyhound Bus, Silversides, GMC Truck, CCKW, DUKW, General Motors |url=http://www.coachbuilt.com/bui/y/yellow_coach/yellow_coach2.htm |website=www.coachbuilt.com |access-date=22 March 2018 |quote=Through a number of significant updates and modifications Dwight Austin's Model 719 coach evolved into the diesel-powered, air-conditioned Greyhound Super Coaches of the late thirties and 40s....1,256 Yellow Coach Model 743s were constructed through 1939 |archive-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716224306/http://www.coachbuilt.com/bui/y/yellow_coach/yellow_coach2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

General Motors also custom-built twelve streamlined [[GM Futurliner|Futurliners]] for its 1936 ''Parade of Progress'' and, later the [[1939 New York World's Fair]] and traveling exhibits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/gm-heritage-archive/Featured_Innovations/1936_Parade_of_Progress.html|title=1936 Parade of Progress|work=Archive|publisher=gmheritagecenter.com|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024004455/https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/gm-heritage-archive/Featured_Innovations/1936_Parade_of_Progress.html|archive-date=24 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The popular two-level [[GMC (automobile)|GMC]] [[PD-4501 Scenicruiser]], which GM manufactured for Greyhound Lines between 1954 and 1956, exemplified the further streamlining that occurred in the company's bus designs in the years that followed World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bluehoundsandredhounds.info/barscen.html|work=Bluehounds and Redhounds, the histories of Greyhound and Trailways|author=Duncan Bryant Rushing|accessdate=24 April 2020|title=The Scenicruiser and Previous Exclusive Coaches plus Related Pieces of the Historical Puzzle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220155005/http://www.bluehoundsandredhounds.info/barscen.html|archive-date=20 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Automobiles==
{{redirect|Streamliner cars|railroad cars|Streamliner cars (rail)}}
Beginning in the 1910s, engineers tried to incorporate aerodynamics into the shape of automobiles. Some such cars entered production.

===Experimental and prototype vehicles===
[[File:Schlörwagen.jpg|thumb|A prototype [[Schlörwagen]] built by the [[Aerodynamics Research Institute]] in [[Göttingen]], Germany (1939)]]
Chronologically:
*[[ALFA 40/60 HP|ALFA 40/60 HP Aerodinamica Prototype by Castagna]] (1914)
*Persu car (1922–23), designed by Romanian engineer [[Aurel Persu]], who improved on the Tropfenwagen by placing the wheels inside the car body
*Burney car (1929-1931), working prototypes designed by [[Dennis Burney]] and manufactured by [[Streamline Cars]]
* [[Dymaxion car|Dymaxion]] (1933–1934), U.S. "teardrop" car<ref>{{cite web|first=Allison C.|last=Meier|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/dymaxion-car-at-the-national-automobile-museum|title=Dymaxion Car at the National Automobile Museum; Reno, Nevada: The only surviving prototype of Buckminster Fuller's Revolutionary Car|publisher=AtlasObscura|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508170344/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/dymaxion-car-at-the-national-automobile-museum|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Stout Scarab]] (1932–35, 1946), aerodynamic US car
* [[Porsche Type 12]] prototype (1934), the model for the 1938 [[Volkswagen Beetle]] 
*[[Schlörwagen]] (1939), German prototype aerodynamic car, never produced

===Production vehicles===
[[File:1962 Ford Mustang I Roadster (14174957260).jpg|thumb|The 1962 [[Ford Mustang I]] concept car at the [[The Henry Ford#Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation|Henry Ford Museum]] in [[Dearborn, Michigan]] (2014)]]
[[File:Opel Calibra Fahrerseite.jpg|thumb|Opel Calibra with 0.26 [[Automobile drag coefficient|Cd]]]]
Many production automobiles have had streamlined bodies. Among these were, chronologically by first production year:
*[[Rumpler Tropfenwagen]] (1921), first aerodynamic "teardrop" car to be designed and serially produced (about 100 units built, already wind tunnel optimized)
*[[Pontiac Streamliner#Pontiac Straight 8|Pontiac Economy Eight Series 601]] (1933)<ref>{{cite book |last=Gunnell |first=John |title=Standard Catalog of Pontiac, 1926-2002 |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4402-3240-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BRjDwAAQBAJ&dq=1941+pontiac+streamliner+Torpedo+rooflines&pg=printsec |access-date=16 October 2020 |via=[[Google Books]] |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517155513/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Standard_Catalog_of_Pontiac_1926_2002/4BRjDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=1941+pontiac+streamliner+Torpedo+rooflines&pg=PT173&pg=printsec |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Pierce Silver Arrow]] (1933)
*[[Tatra 77]] (1934), first serial-produced and truly aerodynamic optimized automobile after the Tropfenwagen
*[[Chrysler Airflow]] (1934) streamlined car<ref>{{cite book |last1=Billington |first1=David P. | last2=Billington | first2=David P. Jr. |title=Power, Speed, and Form: Engineers and the Making of the Twentieth Century |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4912-3 |page=199 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcYcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199 |access-date=5 November 2019 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517155459/https://books.google.com/books?id=BcYcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Die New-Yorker Autoschau 1934|trans-title=The New York Car Show 1934|date=1 February 1934|page=6|publisher=Oesterreischischer Automobil-Club|access-date=14 October 2022|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=aaz&datum=19340201&seite=6&zoom=38}}</ref>
*[[Steyr 100]] (1934) was presented to the public at the latest in January 1934, just like the Chrysler Airflow.<ref>{{cite news|title=Seyr Type 100 |date=1 February 1934|pages=27–31|publisher=Oesterreischischer Automobil-Club|access-date=14 October 2022|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=aaz&datum=19340201&seite=27&zoom=38}}</ref>
*[[Citroën Traction Avant]] (1934)
*[[Toyota AA]] (1935)
*[[Buick Roadmaster]] (1936)
*[[Lincoln-Zephyr]] (1936)<ref>{{cite web |title=Lincoln-Zephyr - the First Successful Streamlined Car in America |url=https://drivetribe.com/p/lincoln-zephyr-the-first-successful-FSlzILQ9R5Ws7OEeVHbxvw?iid=ANhBl4qURUm-NyR5mfk59g |website=DriveTribe |date=25 October 2018 |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021104705/https://drivetribe.com/p/lincoln-zephyr-the-first-successful-FSlzILQ9R5Ws7OEeVHbxvw?iid=ANhBl4qURUm-NyR5mfk59g |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1936 Lincoln Zephyr Sedan|url=https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/60535/|publisher=The Henry Ford|access-date=16 October 2020|quote=Even the tail lights are streamlined. The Zephyr was a streamlining success.|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419214715/https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/60535/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Volkswagen Beetle]] (1938)
*[[International Metro Van|International Harvester Metro Van]] (1938)<ref>{{cite web |last=McNessor |first=Mike |title=Metro Sensible – 1951 International Harvester Metro |url=https://www.hemmings.com/blog/article/metro-sensible-1951-international-harvester-metro/ |publisher=Hemmings Classic Car |date=May 2016 |access-date=5 November 2019 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105155528/https://www.hemmings.com/blog/article/metro-sensible-1951-international-harvester-metro/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Pontiac Torpedo]] (1940)
*[[Hudson Commodore]] (1941)<ref>{{cite web |last=Golfen |first=Bob |title=Handsome Hudson Commodore |url=https://journal.classiccars.com/2018/12/02/handsome-hudson-commodore/ |publisher=Classic Cars Journal |date=2 December 2018 |access-date=5 November 2019 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105155528/https://journal.classiccars.com/2018/12/02/handsome-hudson-commodore/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Dickson|first=Sam|title=The Spirit of Tomorrow: The Streamliners……|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/03/11/spirit-tomorrow-streamliners/|publisher=The Vintage News|date=11 March 2016|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105155525/https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/03/11/spirit-tomorrow-streamliners/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Tucker 48]] (1947), also known as Tucker Torpedo
*[[Saab 92]] (1949)<ref name="Lewin">{{cite book |last=Lewin |first=Tony |title=Speed Read Car Design: The History, Principles and Concepts Behind Modern Car Design |date=2017 |publisher=Motorbooks |isbn=978-0-7603-6206-8 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u1ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |access-date=16 October 2020 |via=[[Google Books]] |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517155514/https://books.google.com/books?id=1u1ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Cadillac Eldorado]] (1952)<ref>{{cite web|last=McMullen|first=Jeremy|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z11289/cadillac-eldorado-brougham-concept.aspx|title=1956 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham Concept|publisher=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426171315/https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z11289/cadillac-eldorado-brougham-concept.aspx|archive-date=26 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Chevrolet Corvette (C1)|Chevrolet Corvette]] (1953)<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ray |last1=Miller |first2=Glenn |last2=Embree |title=The Real Corvette: An Illustrated History of Chevrolet's Sports Car |isbn=0-913056-06-5 |year=1975|publisher=Evergreen Press }}</ref>
*[[Citroen DS]] (1955)<ref name="Lewin"/>
*[[Edsel Citation]] (1958)<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite book|title=Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975|year=1982|location=[[Iola, Wisconsin]]|publisher=[[Krause Publications]]|isbn=0-87341-027-0 |editor=Gunnell, John A.}}
* {{cite web|first= Mark|last=Gittelman|date=17 March 2017|url=https://www.liveabout.com/different-edsel-model-cars-manufactured-4021116|title=How Many Different Model Cars did Edsel Manufacture|work=liveaboutdotcom|publisher=[[Dotdash]]|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309180209/https://www.liveabout.com/different-edsel-model-cars-manufactured-4021116|archive-date=9 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Mercedes-Benz W111]] (1959)<ref>{{cite book|first=Brian|last=Long|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoN8AwAAQBAJ|title=Mercedes-Benz 'Fintail' Models: The W110, W111 and W112 Series|isbn=978-1-84797-604-8|oclc=881097101|location=[[Ramsbury]]|publisher=The Crowood Press|access-date=9 May 2021|via=[[Google Books]]|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517155509/https://books.google.com/books?id=PoN8AwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Audi 100#Audi 5000 (1978-1983)|Audi 100]] (1982)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chambers |first1=Cliff |title=Audi 100/200 (1983-1991) - Buyer's Guide |url=https://www.tradeuniquecars.com.au/audi-100-200-buyers-guide/ |website=Trade Unique Cars |access-date=19 October 2024 |date=9 April 2020}}</ref>
*[[Opel Calibra]] (1989)<ref name="AE24">{{cite web |title=Opel Calibra |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/cars/opel-calibra-1989.html#aeng_opel-calibra-1989-20-16v-4at-136-hp |website=autoevolution |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref>
*[[General Motors EV1]] (1996)
*[[Honda Insight#First generation (ZE1; 1999)|Honda Insight]] (1999)<ref name="AE24" />
*[[Volkswagen_1-litre_car#Production_version|Volkswagen XL1]] (2015)
*[[Hyundai Ioniq 6]] (2022)<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.hyundainews.com/en-us/releases/3602 |title=Hyundai IONIQ 6 Electrified Streamliner Debuts with Extended Range and Innovative Personal Space |date=13 July 2022 |publisher=Hyundai Media Center |access-date=4 September 2024}}</ref>

=== Record-setting streamlined racing cars ===
[[File:Blue Bird land speed record car (5962811187).jpg|thumb|The streamlined 1960 [[Bluebird-Proteus CN7]] racing car on display at the [[National Motor Museum, Beaulieu|National Motor Museum]] in [[Beaulieu, Hampshire]], England (2011)]]
Racing cars setting world [[land speed record]]s have extensive streamlining. These include:

==== Electric ====
* [[White Lightning (car)|White Lightning]]: Electric-powered vehicle land speed record of {{cvt|246|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (1999)
* [[Buckeye Bullet#Buckey Bullet 3|Buckeye Bullet 3]]: Electric-powered vehicle land speed record of {{cvt|341|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (2016)

==== Fuel cell ====
* [[Buckeye Bullet#Buckey Bullet 2|Buckeye Bullet 2]]: Hydrogen fuel cell-powered vehicle land speed record of {{cvt|286|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (2008)

==== Internal combustion ====
* [[Bluebird-Proteus CN7#Lake Eyre, 1964|Bluebird-Proteus CN7]]: Wheel-driven land speed record of {{cvt|403|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (1964)
* [[Goldenrod (car)|Goldenrod]]: Wheel-driven land speed record of {{cvt|409|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (1965)
* [[Spirit of Rett]]: Wheel-driven land speed record of {{cvt|414|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (2010)
* [[Speed Demon (car)|Speed Demon]]: Wheel-driven land speed record of {{cvt|439|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}} (2012)
* [[JCB Dieselmax]]: Diesel-powered land speed record of {{cvt|350|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (2006)

==== Rocket and jet ====
* [[Blue Flame (car)|Blue Flame]] (rocket): Land speed record of {{cvt|622|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (1970)
* [[ThrustSSC|Thrust SSC]] (jet): Land speed record of {{cvt|763|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (1997)

==Trucks==
[[File:Leyland T45 Roadtrain tractor unit 1988.jpg|thumb|A streamlined 1988 [[Leyland Motors#Roadtrain|Leyland T45 Roadtrain]] [[cab-over]] tractor unit for a semi-trailer truck (2007)]]
Many small [[truck]]s and [[tractor unit]]s for pulling [[semi-trailer truck]]s have streamlining to improve aerodynamics.

== Trailers ==
[[File:AirstreamTrailer.jpg|left|thumb|A four-wheel [[Airstream]] caravan trailer (2006)]]
[[Caravan (towed trailer)|Camping (caravan)]] and animal [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]] manufacturers use streamlining to make trailers easier to tow. Current and past manufacturers include [[Airstream]], Avalon, Avion, Boles Aero, Bonair Oxygen, Curtis Wright, Knaus Tabbert, Silver Streak, Spartan, Streamline, and Vagabond.

== Motorcycles ==
{{See also|:Category:Streamliner motorcycles|Streamlined motorcycle}}

=== Land-speed records ===
[[File:A PB Vesco-Kawasaki05.jpg|thumb|[[Don Vesco]] with his [[Silver Bird (streamliner)|Silver Bird streamliner]] at the [[Bonneville Speedway|Bonneville Salt Flats race track]] west of [[Wendover, Utah]]]]
Streamlined [[Motorcycle land-speed record|motorcycles setting land-speed records]] include:
* [[NSU Delphin III|NSU Delphin I]]: 1951<ref>{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Schneider|title=Die NSU-Story|publisher=Motorbuch Verlag|location=Stuttgart|year=1997|pages=389–409|language=German|isbn=3-613-01853-5}}</ref> 
* [[NSU Delphin III]]: {{cvt|340|km/h|mph}} (1956)
* [[Gyronaut X-1]]: {{cvt|246|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (1966)
* [[Burt Munro|Munro Special]]: {{cvt|184.087|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}} (1967)
* [[Big Red (motorcycle)|Big Red]]: {{cvt|253|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (1970)
* [[Silver Bird (streamliner)|Silver Bird]]: {{cvt|304|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (1975)
* [[Lightning Bolt (motorcycle)|Lightning Bolt]]: {{cvt|319|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (1978)
* [[BUB Seven Streamliner]]: held record from 2006 to 2008 and again from 2009 to 2010 
* [[Ack Attack]]: {{cvt|376|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}  (2010)

=== Energy efficiency ===
Streamlined motorcycles designed to reduce energy usage include:
* [[Vetter Streamliner]]
* [[Craig Vetter Fuel Economy Challenge]]
* [[Ecomobile]], Swiss cabin motorcycle

===Gallery of streamlined motorcycles===

== Bicycles and tricycles==
[[File:Bicolor Velomobile.jpg|thumb|A partially enclosed three-wheeled velomobile (2018)]]
[[Bicycle fairing]]s help to streamline the vehicle and the rider.  [[Human-powered transport#Human-powered vehicles (HPVs)|Human powered]] [[Safety bicycle|upright]] and [[recumbent bicycle]]s and [[Tricycle#Recumbent|tricycle]]s termed [[velomobile]]s that are partially or completely enclosed for [[Aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] advantage and weather protection take streamlining even further. Although many velomobiles are recreational, two-wheeled velomobiles have set a number of [[List of cycling records|cycling speed records]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=http://ihpva.org/land.htm|title=Land|work=[[International Human Powered Vehicle Association]]|publisher= IHPVA – International Human Powered Vehicle Association|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323124328/http://ihpva.org/land.htm|archive-date=23 March 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://bikeroute.com/NationalBicycleGreenwayNews/2013/06/30/best-history-of-the-recumbent-why-its-faster-how-it-came-to-be-banned/|title=Best History of the Recumbent – Why it's Faster & How it Came to be Banned|date=30 June 2013|publisher=National Bicycle Greenway|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915173947/https://bikeroute.com/NationalBicycleGreenwayNews/2013/06/30/best-history-of-the-recumbent-why-its-faster-how-it-came-to-be-banned/|archive-date=15 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Ships ==
[[File:Kalakala.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|The ''MV Kalakala'' ferry in 1962]] The [[Streamline Moderne]]–style automobile/passenger ferry ''[[MV Kalakala]]'' received its streamlining during a 1933–1935 reconstruction. The ship operated in [[Puget Sound]] near the northwestern coast of the U.S. state of [[Washington (state)|Washington]] until 1967. It was scrapped in 2015.<ref>{{multiref2 
| {{cite web |url=http://www.kalakala.org/history/history_construction.html |website=Kalakala, The World's First Streamlined Vessel|title= Construction 1933 to 1935 |publisher=Kalakala Alliance Foundation|accessdate=3 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720192909/http://www.kalakala.org/history/history_construction.html |archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=dead|date=2009 |last=Pickens |first=S.J.}}
| {{cite magazine|last=Duff|first=Steven |title=A Strange Bird |magazine=[[Kelsey Media|Ships Monthly]]|url=https://archive.org/stream/Ships_Monthly_February_2016#page/n47/mode/2up|volume=51|pages=48–49|date=February 2016|access-date=1 June 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}}}</ref>

== Sterling Streamliner diners ==
Many American roadside [[diners]] built since the 1930s have had streamlined exteriors and interiors.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|author=Hels|url=http://melbourneblogger.blogspot.com/2009/09/art-deco-and-american-diner.html|title=Art Deco and the American Diner|work=Art and Architecture, mainly|date=3 September 2009|via=[[Blogger (service)|Blogger]]|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310054740/http://melbourneblogger.blogspot.com/2009/09/art-deco-and-american-diner.html|archive-date=10 March 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first=Don|last=Sawyer|url=http://dinerdon.com/history/index.html|title=History of Diners and Drive-ins|location=[[Durham, Maine]]|publisher=dinerdon.com|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630045812/http://dinerdon.com/history/index.html|archive-date=30 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first= Patrick|last=Sisson|date=30 May 2017|url=https://archive.curbed.com/2017/5/30/15716116/restaurants-diners-prefab-historic-preservation|title=Diners, the original prefab success story|work=[[Curbed]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111180155/https://archive.curbed.com/2017/5/30/15716116/restaurants-diners-prefab-historic-preservation|archive-date=11 November 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael Karl|url=https://archive.org/details/americandiner0000witz/mode/1up|title=The American Diner|year=1999|isbn=978-0-7603-0110-4|oclc=809459262|lccn=98049601|location=[[Osceola, Wisconsin]]|publisher=MBI Publishing|access-date=7 May 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> In 1939, Roland Stickney designed a diner named the ''Sterling Streamliner''. Built by the [[John B. Judkins Company]], a firm that also made custom car bodies,<ref name=Judkins>{{cite web|url=http://www.uglyinvestments.net/auto/details.aspx?id=61|title=1939 Sterling Diner |publisher=Antique Car Investments |access-date=7 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710210009/http://www.uglyinvestments.net/auto/details.aspx?id=61|archive-date=10 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Prefabrication|prefabricated]] diner's production ceased in 1942 at the beginning of American involvement in World War II.

The rounded shapes of one or both ends of the ''Sterling Streamliner'' diners resembled the sloping curved nose of the ''Burlington Zephyr'''s streamlined silver locomotive.<ref name=Judkins/><ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael Karl|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americandiner0000witz/page/76/mode/1up|chapter=Chapter 3: Stainless Steel Visions And Neon Dreams: The Golden Age of American Diners|url=https://archive.org/details/americandiner0000witz/mode/1up|title=The American Diner|year=1999|pages=76–77|isbn=0-7603-0110-7|oclc=809459262|lccn=98049601|location=[[Osceola, Wisconsin]]|publisher=MBI Publishing|access-date=7 May 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite web|last=Chase|first=David|date=21 November 1977|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/c985bf91-c007-4f60-ae2a-a33fd1987478|title=The Modern Diner|work=United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service: [[National Register of Historic Places]] Inventory — Nomination Form|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior]]: [[National Park Service]]|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507155127/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/c985bf91-c007-4f60-ae2a-a33fd1987478|url-status=live}} and [https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/c9f74f03-472d-412a-ad27-08434047ac21 photographs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507155822/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/c9f74f03-472d-412a-ad27-08434047ac21 |date=7 May 2021 }}
* {{cite web|url=https://dinerhunter.com/2012/02/28/sterling-streamliners/|title=Sterling Streamliners|work=Diner Hunter|publisher=dinerhunter.com|date=28 February 2012|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502021034/https://dinerhunter.com/2012/02/28/sterling-streamliners/|archive-date=2 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> 
One such ''Sterling Streamliner'' with two rounded ends was built in 1940 and installed as the ''Jimmy Evans Flyer'' in [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]]. In the 1960s, the building was moved to the village of [[Pocasset, Massachusetts|Pocasset]] in the town of [[Bourne, Massachusetts]], on [[Cape Cod]], where it was named the ''My Tin Diner''.<ref name=Flyer>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|first=Monica|last=MacPherson|date=13 January 2011|url=https://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/20031120/News/311209988|title=Diner to be restored locally|publisher=[[Hathaway Publishing#History|SouthCoast Today]]|access-date=7 May 2021|id=From ''[[The Standard-Times (New Bedford)|The Standard-Times]]'', 20 November 2003, p. A5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507203735/https://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/20031120/News/311209988|archive-date=7 May 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first=Randy|last=Garbin|year=2005|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dinersofnewengla00rand/page/41/mode/1up|chapter=Chapter Directory: My Tin Diner|url=https://archive.org/details/dinersofnewengla00rand/mode/1up|title=Diners of New England|page=41|isbn=0-8117-5099-X|oclc=860712537|lccn=2004005477|location=[[Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania]]|publisher=[[Stackpole Books]]|access-date=7 May 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite web|first=Debra Jane|last=Seltzer|url=https://www.roadarch.com/diners/ma8.html|title=Handy Hill Creamery: Westport, MA|work=Massachusetts Diners|page=8|publisher=RoadsideArchitecture.com|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128190920/https://www.roadarch.com/diners/ma8.html|archive-date=28 January 2018|url-status=live|quote=The third diner on the property is the Jimmy Evans Flyer, a 1940 Sterling Streamliner .... . It is the sole remaining double-ended Streamliner. This diner was originally located in [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford, MA]]. In the 1980s, it was moved to [[Pocasset, Massachusetts|Pocasett]]. In 2000, it was operating as the My Tin Man Diner when it was severely damaged in a fire. It has been here since 2003.}}
* {{cite web|url=http://dinerhistory.blogspot.com/2008/06/tin-man-diner-north-falmouth-ma.html|title=Tin Man Diner — North Falmouth, MA|work=Diner News and History|date=4 June 2008|via=[[Blogger (service)|Blogspot]]|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508061826/http://dinerhistory.blogspot.com/2008/06/tin-man-diner-north-falmouth-ma.html|archive-date=8 May 2021|url-status=live|quote=If you haven't seen the past news articles, the original My Tin Man diner was damaged in a fire on November 24, 2000. Almost three years later what remained of a 1941 Sterling Streamliner was moved into a field next to the Handy Hill Creamery, in Westport, MA. While it looks doubtful whether it will be restored, Steve Harwin of Diversified Diners has brought back many diners thought beyond restoration by others. When we visited the diner last Sunday, Barbara Lind was outside getting things ready for an inspection prior to approval for reopening. She graciously gave us a tour and spoke about it took to reopen the former Wendell's. The diner's condition had deteriorated over the years and it sat unoccupied for last three years. The picture to the right can only show part of this hard work and determination. We look forward to visiting again. It's expected that the Tin Man diner will be open 7AM to 7PM.}}
* {{cite web|first=Peggy|last=Alisio|date=2 March 2009|url=https://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/20090302/news/903020337|title=Westport creamery owner answers questions about 'derelict' diners|publisher=[[Hathaway Publishing#History|SouthCoast Today]]|access-date=8 May 2021|quote=<br />One of the diners is the former Jimmy Evans Flyer from New Bedford. The others, according to a Web site called Roadside Diner, are the former Route 66 Diner and Tin Man Diner.<br />Sanford had planned to restore the diners and open them for business but he could not get permission to hook them to an existing well used by Handy Hill.<br />Selectmen Chairman J. Duncan Albert said under state regulations, the well is not big enough to serve the three diners as well as Handy Hill.<br />However, Sanford said “the project is still on,” and that they were looking for a location for a new well.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508063100/https://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/20090302/news/903020337|archive-date=8 May 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.dinerville.info/ma/westport/jimmy-evans-flyer|title=Jimmy Evans Flyer: A 1940 J.B. Judkins Co. Double Streamliner diner (#4012) in Westport, Massachusetts|work=Dinerville|date=2 June 2019|publisher=dinerville.info|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507190504/https://www.dinerville.info/ma/westport/jimmy-evans-flyer|archive-date=7 May 2021|url-status=live|quote=True Diner<br />33-55 Hix Bridge Rd Westport, Massachusetts 02790<br />Notes: HW96+WV Westport, Massachusetts<br />Originally Jimmy Evans Flyer in New Bedford; moved to Pocasset in ‘80s; last known as My Tin Man Diner. Devastated by arson fire in 2002; moved here in 2003. In very bad shape. Only surviving double-ended Sterling Streamliner.}}</ref>
[[File:Modern diner.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|The Modern Diner in May 2010]]

In 2000, an [[arson]]ist severely damaged the ''My Tin Diner'' when he set it on fire.  In 2003, the structure was moved into a field next to the ''Handy Hill Creamery'' near Hix Bridge Road in [[Westport, Massachusetts]], while plans were being made to restore it to working condition. However, although restoration began, it was not completed. Visible from the Road, the derelict structure was the only ''Sterling Streamliner'' with two rounded ends known to still survive in 2019.<ref name=Flyer/>

Only one ''Sterling Streamliner'' was open for business in 2020: the [[Modern Diner]] in [[Pawtucket, Rhode Island]]. That structure, which was placed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1978, has both a rounded sloped end and a flat vertical end. Although the building's roof was once silver, it is now [[maroon]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=c9f74f03-472d-412a-ad27-08434047ac21|title=Modern Diner|work=[[National Register of Historic Places]]: Digital Archive on NPGallery: National Register Digital Assets|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior]]: [[National Park Service]]|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507155312/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=c9f74f03-472d-412a-ad27-08434047ac21|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Chase|first=David|date=21 November 1977|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/c985bf91-c007-4f60-ae2a-a33fd1987478|title=The Modern Diner|work=United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service: [[National Register of Historic Places]] Inventory — Nomination Form|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior]]: [[National Park Service]]|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507155127/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/c985bf91-c007-4f60-ae2a-a33fd1987478|url-status=live}} and [https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/c9f74f03-472d-412a-ad27-08434047ac21 photographs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507155822/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/c9f74f03-472d-412a-ad27-08434047ac21 |date=7 May 2021 }}
* {{cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael Karl|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americandiner0000witz/page/76/mode/2up|chapter=Chapter 3: Stainless Steel Visions And Neon Dreams: The Golden Age of American Diners|url=https://archive.org/details/americandiner0000witz/mode/1up|title=The American Diner|year=1999|pages=76–77|isbn=0-7603-0110-7|oclc=809459262|lccn=98049601|location=[[Osceola, Wisconsin]]|publisher=MBI Publishing|access-date=7 May 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite web|last=Shorey|first=Ethan|date=8 December 2015|url=https://www.valleybreeze.com/news/business-takes-off-at-modern-diner-after-top-five-win/article_8e830d5b-a215-5b70-9900-adc16a79cba3.html|title=Business takes off at Modern Diner after 'Top Five' win|location=[[Lincoln, Rhode Island]]|publisher=The Valley Breeze|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006000412/https://www.valleybreeze.com/news/business-takes-off-at-modern-diner-after-top-five-win/article_8e830d5b-a215-5b70-9900-adc16a79cba3.html|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://moderndinerri.com|title=Modern Diner|year=2020|location=[[Pawtucket, Rhode Island]]|publisher=Modern Diner|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317185451/https://moderndinerri.com/|archive-date=17 March 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first=Tony|last=Dunnell|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/modern-diner|title=Modern Diner: Pawtucket, Rhode Island|work=[[Atlas Obscura#Gastro Obscura|Gastro Obscura]]|year=2021|publisher=[[Atlas Obscura]]|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123222511/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/modern-diner|archive-date=23 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/streamliners/|title=Streamliners: America's Lost Trains|date=February 5, 2001|work=American Experience: Films|access-date=February 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816225313/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/streamliners/|archive-date=August 16, 2023|url-status=live}}
* {{Scribbins-Hiawatha}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Streamliners}}
*{{cite book|last=Middleton|first=William D.|year=1961|url=https://archive.org/details/interurbanera00midd/page/n6/mode/1up|title=The Interurban Era|location=[[Milwaukee]]|publisher=[[Kalmbach Media|Kalmbach Publishing Co.]]|lccn=61010728|oclc=681827373|access-date=February 6, 2024|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.msichicago.org/whats-here/exhibits/pioneer-zephyr/|title= All Aboard the Silver Streak: Pioneer Zephyr|publisher=[[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago]]|year=2024|access-date=February 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207003510/https://www.msichicago.org/explore/whats-here/exhibits/pioneer-zephyr/|archive-date=February 7, 2024|url-status=live }}
*{{cite journal|last=Reutter|first=Mark|url=http://wwics.si.edu/outreach/wq/WQSELECT/TRAIN.HTM |date=Winter 1994|title=The Lost Promise of the American Railroad|journal=The Wilson Quarterly|publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010614133724/http://wwics.si.edu/outreach/wq/WQSELECT/TRAIN.HTM |access-date=February 6, 2024|archive-date=14 June 2001 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.louisvilleartdeco.com/feature/Transportation/feature-streamlinetransportation-index.html|title=Streamlined Transportation in the Art Deco Era|date=May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073421/http://www.louisvilleartdeco.com/faeature/Transportation/feature-streamlinetransportation-index.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.jitterbuzz.com/stream.html|title=Streamlined Locomotives of the Swing Era|access-date=February 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324115344/http://www.jitterbuzz.com/stream.html|archive-date=March 24, 2023|url-status=live}}
*{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xd8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA560|title=Driver's Cab is Placed at Front of Streamlined Engine|magazine=[[Popular Mechanics|Popular Mechanics Magazine]]|date=October 1934|page=560|volume=62|number=4|access-date=February 4, 2024|via=[[Google Books]]}}

[[Category:Streamliners| ]]
[[Category:Locomotives]]
[[Category:Automotive styling features]]