Editing Stuart Symington

{{Short description|American politician (1901–1988)}}
{{About|the U.S. senator from Missouri|the cricketer|Stuart Symington (cricketer)|the diplomat|W. Stuart Symington (diplomat)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2011}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = Stuart Symington
|image        = Portrait of W. Stuart Symington 97-1844.jpg
|jr/sr        = United States Senator
|state        = [[Missouri]]
|term_start   = January 3, 1953
|term_end     = December 27, 1976
|predecessor  = [[James P. Kem]]
|successor    = [[John Danforth]]
|office1      = 1st [[United States Secretary of the Air Force]]
|president1   = [[Harry S. Truman]]
|term_start1  = September 18, 1947
|term_end1    = April 24, 1950
|predecessor1 = Position established
|successor1   = [[Thomas K. Finletter]]
|office2      = 3rd Assistant Secretary of War for Air <ref> https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/105727/w-stuart-symington/ </ref>
|president2   = [[Harry S. Truman]]
|term_start2  = January 3, 1946
|term_end2    = September 18, 1947
|predecessor2 = [[Robert A. Lovett]]
|successor2   = Position abolished
|birth_name   = William Stuart Symington III
|birth_date   = {{birth date|1901|6|26}}
|birth_place  = [[Amherst, Massachusetts]], U.S.
|death_date   = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|1988|12|14|1901|6|26}}}}
|death_place  = [[New Canaan, Connecticut]], U.S.
|party        = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse       = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Evelyn Wadsworth<br />|March 1, 1924|December 24, 1972|end=died}}
* {{Marriage|Ann Hemingway Watson|1978}}
}}
|relatives    = [[Symington family (United States)|Symington family]]
|education    = [[Baltimore City College]]<br/>[[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
|allegiance   = United States
|branch       = [[United States Army]]
|serviceyears = 1918–1919
|rank         = [[File:Army-USA-OF-01b.svg|20px]] [[Second lieutenant|Second Lieutenant]] 
|unit         = [[84th Division (United States)|84th Division]]
|battles      = [[World War I]]
}}
'''William Stuart Symington III''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|m|ɪ|ŋ|t|ən}} {{respell|SY|ming|tən}}; June 26, 1901 – December 14, 1988) was an American businessman and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politician from [[Missouri]]. He served as the first [[United States Secretary of the Air Force|secretary of the Air Force]] from 1947 to 1950 and was a [[United States Senate|United States senator]] from Missouri from 1953 to 1976.

Born in [[Amherst, Massachusetts]], Symington worked as an executive in his uncle's iron products company and for other companies before becoming president of [[Emerson Electric]]. He resigned from Emerson in 1945 to take various positions in the administration of President [[Harry S. Truman]], becoming the first Secretary of the Air Force in 1947. He was elected to the Senate in 1952, defeating incumbent [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Senator [[James P. Kem]]. He joined the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|United States Senate Armed Services Committee]] and the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]], and emerged as a prominent critic of [[McCarthyism]].

Symington sought the Democratic nomination in the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential election]] with the backing of former President Truman, but the nomination went to [[John F. Kennedy]]. After the [[History of the Oakland Athletics|Kansas City Athletics]] moved to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], Symington threatened to revoke [[Major League Baseball]]'s [[United States antitrust law|antitrust]] exemption, which in turn encouraged the formation of the [[Kansas City Royals]]. Symington declined to seek re-election in 1976 and was succeeded by [[John Danforth]].

==Education and business career==
Symington was born in [[Amherst, Massachusetts]], the son of Emily Kuhn ([[Name at birth|née]] Harrison) and William Stuart Symington Jr.<ref name ="UMS Symington 1973">{{cite web | url=https://files.shsmo.org/manuscripts/columbia/C3874.pdf | title =Symington, Stuart (1901-1988), Scrapbooks, 1945-1976 3637 1 folder, 37 volumes on 6 rolls of microfilm | author =University of Missouri | author-link =University of Missouri | publisher =shs.umsystem.edu | date =May 25, 1973}}</ref> His father, who received a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]] in [[French literature]], was a [[Romance languages]] professor at [[Stanford]] and [[Amherst College]] before pursuing a law career and becoming a federal judge in [[Baltimore, Maryland]].<ref name ="Olsen2003p4">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJavIyHYVwwC&pg=PA9 | title =Stuart Symington: A Life | author =James C. Olson | author-link =James C. Olson | author2 =University of Missouri Press | author2-link =University of Missouri Press | pages =4 | isbn =978-0826215031 | year =2003| publisher =University of Missouri Press }}</ref> His mother came from a prominent Maryland family.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Browne |first1=William Hand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCgUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Charles+Kuhn+Harrison+1847&pg=PA383 |title=Maryland Historical Magazine |last2=Dielman |first2=Louis Henry |date=1915 |publisher=Maryland Historical Society. |language=en}}</ref>
Symington grew up in Baltimore, and was the oldest of his five brothers and sisters.<ref name ="Olsen2003p4"/> Symington attended Roland Park Public School and the [[Gilman School]], a private all-male [[University-preparatory school|preparatory school]] in Baltimore's [[Roland Park]] neighborhood.<ref name ="Olsen2003p4"/> He graduated from [[Baltimore City College]] in 1918, and at the age of 17, Symington enlisted in the [[United States Army]] as a [[private first class]] during World War I.<ref name="USAFBio">{{cite web | url =http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio_print.asp?bioID=7011&page=1 | title =W. STUART SYMINGTON Served as secretary of the Air Force from Sept. 18, 1947 to April 24, 1950 | author =United States Air Force | author-link =United States Air Force | publisher =af.mil | date =May 20, 2013 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130626170915/http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio_print.asp?bioID=7011&page=1 | archive-date =June 26, 2013 | url-status =dead | df =mdy-all }}</ref>

Stationed in an Officer Training Program at [[Camp Zachary Taylor]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], Symington was never deployed to fight in World War I, with the war ending before he could seek deployment.<ref name ="Olsen2003P9">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJavIyHYVwwC&q=Stuart+Symington+born+to+Emily+Haxall+Harrison+Symington&pg=PA4 | title =Stuart Symington: A Life | author =James C. Olson | author-link =James C. Olson | author2 =University of Missouri Press | author2-link =University of Missouri Press | pages =9 | isbn =978-0826215031 | year =2003| publisher =University of Missouri Press }}</ref> Symington was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]], becoming one of the youngest members of the Army to achieve that rank; being discharged as a second lieutenant in January 1919.<ref name ="USAFBio"/>

He graduated from [[Yale University]] in 1923. At Yale he was a member of [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]] fraternity (Phi chapter), the [[Elihu (secret society)|Elihu senior society]], and served on the board of the ''[[Yale Daily News]]''. In 1924, he married the former Evelyn Wadsworth in a lavish ceremony attended by President Coolidge and other prominent politicians.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1988/12/15/w-stuart-symington-former-senator-air-force-secretary-dies-at-age-87/0e5e650e-d1a0-4141-b0e5-aff365c7dc03/|title=W. STUART SYMINGTON, FORMER SENATOR, AIR FORCE SECRETARY, DIES AT AGE 87|date=1988-12-15|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-10-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> By all accounts, the two had a very happy marriage and were known for their devotions and faithfulness to each other, both of which were not always present among the social elite. When Evelyn died in 1972, Symington was devastated, telling his biographer that "he never knew this much loneliness could be around."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJavIyHYVwwC&q=wife+died+1972|title=Stuart Symington: A Life|last=Olson|first=James C.|date=2003|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=9780826264596|language=en}}</ref>

In 1923, Symington went to work for an uncle in the shops of the Symington Company of [[Rochester, New York]], manufacturers of malleable iron products. Two years later he formed Eastern Clay Products but in 1927 returned to the Symington Company as executive assistant to the President.

Symington resigned in 1930 to become President of the Colonial Radio Corporation. In January 1935, he accepted the presidency of Rustless Iron and Steel Corporation (manufacturers of [[stainless steel]]) but remained a director of Colonial Radio Corporation.

When Rustless Iron and Steel Corporation was sold to the [[AK Steel Holding|American Rolling Mill Company]] in 1937, Symington resigned and in 1938 accepted the presidency of [[Emerson Electric Company]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. During World War II he transformed the company into the world's largest builder of airplane [[gun turret]]s. Symington, who was an active proponent of racial justice ("All Americans should have their chance") integrated the Emerson Electric work force, which resulted in increased productivity.<ref name="ArmyHistIntS">{{Cite web |url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/050/50-1-1/cmhPub_50-1-1.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908032718/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/050/50-1-1/cmhPub_50-1-1.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=September 8, 2015
|title=Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940–1965 
|last=MacGregor |first=Morris J Jr. |work=Defense Studies 
|quote=As president of the Emerson Electric Manufacturing Company of St.Louis, he had racially integrated a major industry carrying out vital war work in a border state, thereby increasing productivity. When he became secretary, Symington was immediately involved in the Air Force's race problems; he wanted to know, for instance, why only nine black applicants had passed the qualifying examination for the current cadet program. (page 339)
|date=1981 |access-date=December 16, 2021}}</ref>

==First Secretary of the Air Force==
He resigned from Emerson in 1945 to join the administration of fellow Missourian [[Harry S. Truman]]. His first positions were chairman of the [[Surplus Property Board]] (1945), administrator of the Property Administration (1945–1946) and Assistant [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] for Air (1946–1947).

On September 18, 1947, the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force was created and Symington became the first secretary. Symington had a stormy term as he worked to win respect for the [[United States Air Force]], which previously had been part of the Army. He had numerous public battles with [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[James Forrestal]].

===Cancellation of the Flying Wing===
During his tenure, there was a major debate and investigation into production of the [[Convair B-36 Peacemaker]], which was the last piston-powered bomber at the beginning of the [[Jet Age]]. During his tenure, Symington had a meeting with [[Jack Northrop|John K. Northrop]] on the contract for the [[YB-49 Flying Wing]] bomber, which was well underway with seven examples manufactured. During this meeting, Symington threatened Northrop that if they refused to enter into a corporate merger with Convair (the company building the rival [[B-36 Peacemaker]] bomber) that Northrop would be, "Goddamn sorry if you don't!". This threat, later reported by Northrop, was eventually carried though when Symington cancelled the Flying Wing programme and ordered all existing aircraft destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Flying Wings - John K. Northrop's Final Interview - 1979, 1948|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ui_o257DZE0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Ui_o257DZE0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=8 July 2019|newspaper=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Major accomplishments during Symington's term as Secretary included the [[Berlin Airlift]] and championing the [[United States Air Force Academy]]. Symington resigned in 1950 to protest lack of funding for the Air Force after the [[USSR]] detonated its first [[nuclear weapon]]. He remained in the administration as the Chairman of the [[National Security Resources Board]] (1950–1951) and the Chairman of the [[Reconstruction Finance Corporation]] Administrator (1951–1952).<ref name ="UMS Symington 1973"/> He was featured on the cover of [[Time magazine|''Time'' magazine]]'s January 19, 1948 issue.<ref>{{cite news|title=W. Stuart Symington – Jan. 19, 1948|url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19480119,00.html|access-date=6 January 2014|newspaper=Time magazine}}</ref>

==U.S. Senator==
[[File:Stuart Symington.jpg|thumb|left|Symington while in the Senate.]]

===Election===
At the urging of his father-in-law [[James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr.]], a former [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Speaker of the [[New York State Assembly]] and U.S. Senator from New York, Symington decided to run for the U.S. Senate.

In [[United States Senate elections, 1952|1952]], he was elected Senator from Missouri, taking the seat previously held by Truman and scoring a win for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] in a year otherwise favorable to the Republicans. He was re-elected in [[United States Senate elections, 1958|1958]], [[United States Senate elections, 1964|1964]], and [[United States Senate elections, 1970|1970]].

===Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees===
As a member of the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Senate Armed Services]] and [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Foreign Relations committees]], Symington specialized in military affairs and became known as an advocate for a strong national defense. He was also a strong supporter of the Air Force Academy.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

In 1954, he charged that the Department of Defense had wasted millions of dollars on outdated weapons. He became a leading critic of U.S. involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] (1957–1975).{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} During 1966, he was thoroughly briefed on the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]-run [[covert operation]]s of the [[Laotian Civil War]]. At one point, he was a guest of CIA [[Chief of Station]] [[Ted Shackley]] while touring the [[Kingdom of Laos]]. In the early 1970s, when his committee held hearings on the subject, Symington professed shocked outrage at the CIA's audacity.<ref name ="Conboy">{{cite book | title =Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos | author =Kenneth Conboy | author2 =Paladin Press | author2-link =Paladin Press | pages =375 | isbn =978-1-58160-535-8 | year =1995| publisher =Paladin Press }}</ref>

===Opponent of Joseph McCarthy===
Symington was an especially vocal opponent of Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]], to the vexation of the latter, who nicknamed him "Sanctimonious Stu". He involved himself in the case of [[Annie Lee Moss]], who had been brought before McCarthy's committee under the accusation that she was a Communist spy. Evidence supporting this claim was given by an undercover FBI agent who could not be cross-examined by Mrs. Moss or her counsel. As it appeared that Moss had been mistakenly identified, Symington proclaimed before the packed audience that he believed she was not a Communist and had never been, receiving thunderous applause from those present. Later that year, Symington took a lead role in censuring McCarthy during the [[Army–McCarthy hearings]], capitalizing upon his prominence and expertise as a former Secretary of the Air Force.

===Presidential candidacy===
In 1959, Symington, then Chairman of the [[National Security Resources Board]] in Washington, D.C., was preparing to run in the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential election]] and won the backing of former President and fellow Missourian [[Harry Truman]], but eventually lost the nomination to Senator [[John F. Kennedy]]. On July 2, 1960, Truman announced that he would not be attending the [[1960 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] in Los Angeles. Truman was miffed that the convention was being controlled by the "overzealous" supporters of Kennedy. Announcing his decision, Truman restated his support for the candidacy of Symington and added, "I have no second choice".<ref>Truman Charges Kennedy Backers Run Convention, Janson, Donald, New York Times, July 2, 1960</ref>

Symington, unlike Kennedy or [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], refused to speak to segregated audiences in the southern United States and this hurt his chances.  Additionally, having concluded that the nomination would be determined by party bosses at the convention, Symington declined to enter any of the Democratic primaries, clearing the way for Kennedy to win enough primaries to be the frontrunner and probable nominee as the convention opened.  He was Kennedy's first choice for Vice President, but was dropped in favor of Texas Senator Lyndon B. Johnson. He advised President Kennedy as a member of [[EXCOMM]] during the October 1962 [[Cuban Missile Crisis]].

===Other issues===
Symington was also committed to constituent services, answering letters from Missouri citizens both important, trivial, and sometimes even zany. As an example, Symington once formally requested a report from military sources regarding the [[Hollow Earth|possible existence of subterranean superhumans]], which one of his constituents had become concerned about after reading a fiction book and mistaking it for non-fiction.{{Citation needed|reason=Western Historical Manuscripts Collection source needed|date=June 2012}} In 2002, this and Symington's other senatorial correspondence and papers were donated to the Western Historical Manuscripts Collection of the [[University of Missouri]] and are now available to the general public.

In 1967 when [[Major League Baseball]] owners approved the move of the [[Kansas City Athletics]] to [[Oakland, California]], he threatened legislation to revoke the league's antitrust exemption and vowed to support lawsuits challenging the legality of the [[reserve clause]]. Kansas City was awarded an expansion team, the [[Kansas City Royals]], which was scheduled to begin play in 1971. Symington, saying Kansas City should not wait, continued to threaten the league, and the team began play in 1969. An indirect consequence of this was that [[Sick's Stadium]] (the home of the other American League expansion team, the [[Seattle Pilots]]) was unable to be renovated in time for the season, its resulting poor quality being a leading reason for the team's bankruptcy and subsequent move to [[Milwaukee]] as the [[Milwaukee Brewers|Brewers]] after just one season.

Symington did not sign the 1956 [[Southern Manifesto]], and voted in favor of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957|Civil Rights Acts of 1957]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s75|title=HR. 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957.|work=GovTrack.us}}</ref> [[Civil Rights Act of 1960|1960]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1960/s284|title=HR. 8601. PASSAGE OF AMENDED BILL.}}</ref> [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|1964]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|title=HR. 7152. PASSAGE.}}</ref> and [[Civil Rights Act of 1968|1968]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1968/s346|title=TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO PROHIBIT DISCRIMINATION IN SALE OR RENTAL OF HOUSING, AND TO PROHIBIT RACIALLY MOTIVATED INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON EXERCISING HIS CIVIL RIGHTS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.}}</ref> as well as the [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/87-1962/s226|title=S.J. RES. 29. APPROVAL OF RESOLUTION BANNING THE POLL TAX AS PREREQUISITE FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS.|work=GovTrack.us}}</ref> the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s78|title=TO PASS S. 1564, THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965.}}</ref> and the confirmation of [[Thurgood Marshall]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/s176|title=CONFIRMATION OF NOMINATION OF THURGOOD MARSHALL, THE FIRST NEGRO APPOINTED TO THE SUPREME COURT.|work=GovTrack.us}}</ref>

===Resignation===
In 1976, Symington did not seek a fifth term and resigned on December 27, a week before the end of his final term, so that his Republican successor, [[John Danforth]], would gain a [[seniority]] advantage in the Senate.

==Legacy==

In 1962, in recognition of his career, [[Princeton University]]'s [[American Whig-Cliosophic Society]] awarded Symington the [[James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service]].

His son, [[James W. Symington]], served in the [[United States House of Representatives]] from Missouri's Second Congressional District from 1969 to 1977. His cousin, [[Fife Symington III]], was [[Governor of Arizona]] from 1991 to 1997. His grandson, also named [[W. Stuart Symington (diplomat)|Stuart Symington]], is employed by the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]], and has served as U.S. ambassador to [[Djibouti]] (2006–2008), [[Rwanda]] (2008–2011) and [[Nigeria]] (2016–2019).<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/111836.htm State Department biography]</ref><ref>[http://thepolitic.org/content/view/40/39/ "Hope on the Horn of Africa", an interview with Stuart Symington] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023163942/http://thepolitic.org/content/view/40/39/ |date=October 23, 2008 }}</ref> Symington was an active member of the [[Masonic lodge|Grand Lodge of Missouri Ancient Free and Accepted Masons]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Symington retired in 1978 to his home in [[New Canaan, Connecticut]], where he died on December 14, 1988.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stuart Symington, 4-Term Senator Who Ran for President, Dies at 87 |first=Eric |last=Pace |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/15/obituaries/stuart-symington-4-term-senator-who-ran-for-president-dies-at-87.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 15, 1988 |access-date=November 8, 2010}}</ref>

He is buried in a crypt in [[Washington National Cathedral]].

In [[Jeff Greenfield]]'s alternate history book ''If Kennedy Lived'', Symington is featured as surviving-President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s running mate in the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 presidential election]], after Vice President [[Lyndon Johnson]] was forced to leave due to [[Bobby Baker|financial scandals]].

==See also==
* [[Symington Amendment]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{CongBio|S001136}}

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{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Secretary of the Air Force]]|years=1947–1950}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas K. Finletter]]}}
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{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Frank P. Briggs]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] from [[Missouri]]<br/>([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 1]])|years=[[1952 United States Senate election in Missouri|1952]], [[1958 United States Senate election in Missouri|1958]], [[1964 United States Senate election in Missouri|1964]], [[1970 United States Senate election in Missouri|1970]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jerry Litton]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[James P. Kem]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Senators from Missouri|U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Missouri]]|years=1953–1976|alongside=[[Thomas C. Hennings Jr.|Thomas Hennings]], [[Edward V. Long]], [[Thomas Eagleton]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Danforth]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{CEOs of Emerson Electric}}
{{USSecAirForce}}
{{USSenMO}}
{{United States presidential election, 1956}}
{{United States presidential election, 1960}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Symington, Stuart}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:Baltimore City College alumni]]
[[Category:Burials at Washington National Cathedral]]
[[Category:Democratic Party United States senators from Missouri]]
[[Category:Emerson Electric people]]
[[Category:Missouri Democrats]]
[[Category:Politicians from Amherst, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Politicians from Baltimore]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Reconstruction Finance Corporation]]
[[Category:Truman administration personnel]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1956 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1960 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of the Air Force]]
[[Category:1956 United States vice-presidential candidates]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Civilian recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:20th-century United States senators]]