Editing Sty

{{Short description|Small enclosure for raising pigs}}
{{about|the enclosure for raising pigs|the swelling of an eyelid|Stye|other meanings|Sty (disambiguation)|and|Pigsty (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Pigpen|other uses|Pigpen (disambiguation)}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2012}}
[[Image:Fourneau St-Michel - Porcherie (Forrières).JPG|right|thumb|Pigsty – Museum of Country Life in Wallonia in [[:w:Saint-Hubert, Belgium|Saint-Hubert]] (Belgium)]]
[[File:Pig farm Vampula 10.jpg|thumb|Pigsty in [[Vampula]], [[Finland]]]]
[[File:Green glazed toilet with pigsty model. Eastern Han dynasty 25 - 220 CE.jpg|thumb|Model of toilet with pigsty (see [[pig toilet]]), China, Eastern Han dynasty, 25–220 CE]]

A '''sty''' or '''pigsty''' is a small-scale outdoor enclosure for raising [[domestic pig]]s as [[livestock]].  It is sometimes referred to as a '''hog pen''', '''hog parlor''', '''pigpen''', '''pig parlor''', or '''pig-cote''', although '''pig pen''' may refer to [[pen (enclosure)|pen]]s confining pigs that are kept as [[pet]]s as well. Pigsties are generally fenced areas of bare dirt and/or mud. "Sty" and "pigsty" are used as derogatory descriptions of dirty, messy areas, the word '''sty''' deriving from the Proto-Germanic '''*stiją''' meaning '''filthy hovel'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Origin and meaning of sty |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/sty?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_22230 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> There are three contributing reasons that pigs, generally clean animals, create such a living environment:

* Pigs are voracious eaters and will eat all the plants in the enclosure until there is nothing left to control erosion.
* The pig will naturally root and dig for food in the enclosure, further disturbing the soil.
* Pigs do not regulate temperature by sweating<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bracke |first=M. B. M. |date=June 2011 |title=Review of wallowing in pigs: Description of the behaviour and its motivational basis |url=http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/applan/article/S0168-1591(11)00021-9/abstract |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2011.01.002 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>  which means that they must be provided with water or mud in which they can control their own body temperature.

A large-scale enclosure for raising pigs is generally called a [[hog lot]].  Unlike a sty which would be found on a mixed farm, a hog lot is usually a dedicated facility. 

A locked enclosure with confined/restricted movement and freedom to exercise, is known as a '''boar-stall'''.
According to some experts such forced immobilization was believed to elevate [[cortisol]].{{citationneeded|date=January 2024}}

== Family farm hog pen ==
[[Image:PigPenacp.jpg|thumb|Family farm hog pen with [[Hampshire pig]]s]]

The '''family hog pen''' was a small-scale system of pig farming found on [[family farm]]s of the early 1900s, although backyard pig farming does still occur. Family hog pens enclosed just a few hogs to provide year-round meat for the table. Before refrigeration, some family farms depended on pigs as a primary source of meat and shortening ([[lard]]) for year-round food.  Farms which had [[Tenant farmer|tenant]] families might have several hog pens. This is vastly different from the modern American [[Intensive pig farming|hog farm]] which have an average of about 2,000 [[Hog (swine)|hogs]], with the largest raising hundreds of thousands.

==The hog pen==
Farming pigs outdoors poses problems, but the small scale of family farming made it possible to manage these problems.  In particular, hogs suffer 'heat stress' in high temperatures and have no [[sweat gland]]s to naturally cool themselves. To cool themselves, hogs need access to water or a 'wallow', which is an area of mud.  Without access to water or mud, pigs must wallow in their own excrement. Normally, pigs avoid their own excrement; pigs do not defecate just anywhere in their pen–they use one corner of it for their 'toilet'. Ideally, a cement wallow which contains water cools the pig much better. Alternatively, shade may be provided for the pigs. Pink pigs are especially prone to sunburn.  

Many family farm hog pens were improvised enclosures made of any handy free material. The pen is often kept small to conserve building material and effort.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
Image:Three Pigs Sleeping.JPG|Three pigs [[sleeping]]
Image:Domestic Pig In A Sty.JPG|A domestic pig sleeping in a sty, with a slop bucket
</gallery>

==Slopping the hogs==
[[File:The Drunken Peasant Pushed into a Pigsty LACMA 58.21.1.jpg|thumb|Jan Brueghel the Elder (after) (Flanders, Brussels, 1568–1625), Johan Wierix (Flanders, Antwerp, 1549 – c. 1618)]]

Historically, these farms fed hogs on grain, fruit and vegetables that are not fit for sale or family use.  Overage produce from the farmer’s market and table and restaurant scraps were often diet elements as well.  This practice of 'swill feeding' (feeding table scraps) is considered a disease risk today, though this is mainly associated with feeding meat to pigs, which is banned in many countries. Hogs were also fed "slops" made from middlings or corn meal stirred with milk and water.  

Historically, hogs were also allowed to forage in gardens and orchards after the harvest was over.  Such foraging can cause erosion and runoff, but the small scale of these operations prevented this from occurring.

==See also==
* [[Aldred's Case]]
* [[Pig farming]]
* [[Pig slaughter]]
* [[Pig toilet]]
* [[Slaughter house]]
* [[St Fagans National History Museum]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pigs}}

[[Category:Agricultural buildings]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures used to confine animals]]
[[Category:Livestock]]