Editing Styphnolobium

{{Short description|Genus of legumes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = SophoraJaponicaLeaf.jpg
| image_caption = ''Styphnolobium japonicum'' foliage
| taxon = Styphnolobium
| authority = [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]] (1829)
| type_species = ''[[Styphnolobium japonicum]]'' 
| type_species_authority = (L.) Schott
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 9; see text
| subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30023392-2 ''Styphnolobium'' Schott]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 21 September 2023.</ref>
| synonyms = * ''Sophora'' sect. ''Styphnolobium'' <small>(Schott) Yaklovev</small>
}}

'''''Styphnolobium''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the pea family, [[Fabaceae]]. It includes nine species of small [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s native to China and to the Americas, from the southern United States to Colombia.<ref name = powo/> It belongs to subfamily [[Faboideae]], and was formerly included within a broader interpretation of the genus ''[[Sophora]]''. It was recently assigned to the unranked, [[monophyly|monophyletic]] [[Cladrastis clade|''Cladrastis'' clade]].<ref name="Cardoso1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, ((Van Wyk B-E)), Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M | year = 2013 | title = Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes | journal = [[South African Journal of Botany|S Afr J Bot]] | volume = 89 | pages = 58–75 | doi = 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Cardoso2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cardoso D, de Queiroz LP, Pennington RT, de Lima HC, Fonty É, Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M | year = 2012 | title = Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes: new insights from comprehensively sampled early-branching lineages | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 99 | issue = 12 | pages = 1991–2013 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.1200380 | pmid = 23221500 }}</ref><ref name="Wojciechowski">{{cite journal | author = Wojciechowski MF | year = 2013 | title = The origin and phylogenetic relationships of the Californian chaparral 'paleoendemic' ''Pickeringia'' (Leguminosae) | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 132–142 | doi = 10.1600/036364413X662024 | s2cid = 86331839 }}</ref> They differ from the genus ''[[mescalbean|Calia]]'' (mescalbeans) in having [[deciduous]] [[leaf|leaves]] and [[flower]]s in axillary, not terminal, [[raceme]]s. The leaves are [[pinnate]], with 9–21 leaflets, and the flowers in pendulous racemes similar to those of the [[black locust]]. '''Necklacepod''' is a common name for plants in this genus.<ref>{{PLANTS|id=STYPH2|taxon=Styphnolobium|accessdate=4 December 2015}}</ref>

==Etymology==
From [[Greek language|Greek]] ''styphno-'', ''stryphno-'' "sour, astringent" and ''lobion'' "pod", because of the fresh pods' pulp taste.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/research-data/resources/legumes-of-the-world/genus/styphnolobium |title=Styphnolobium |website=Kew |access-date=2017-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203000906/http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/research-data/resources/legumes-of-the-world/genus/styphnolobium |archive-date=2017-02-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Species==
''Styphnolobium'' comprises the following species:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Styphnolobium&species~ | title = ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for ''Styphnolobium'' | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | website = International Legume Database & Information Service | publisher = Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics | accessdate = 13 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11705 | title = GRIN species records of ''Styphnolobium'' | author = USDA | author-link = USDA | author2 = ARS | author2-link = Agricultural Research Service | author3 = National Genetic Resources Program | date =  | website = [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]—(GRIN) [Online Database] | publisher = [[Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center|National Germplasm Resources Laboratory]], Beltsville, Maryland | accessdate = 13 February 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075410/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11705 | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="Sousa">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sousa-Sánchez M, Rudd VE | year = 1993 | title = Revisión del género ''Styphnolobium'' (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Sophoreae) |trans-title= Revision of the genus ''Styphnolobium'' (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Sophoreae) | url = http://botanicus.org/page/1452452 | journal = [[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|Ann Missouri Bot Gard]] | volume = 80 | issue = 1 | pages = 270–283 | issn = 0026-6493 | doi=10.2307/2399827| jstor = 2399827 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> 

===Section ''Oresbios''===
* ''[[Styphnolobium affine]]'' <small>(Torr. & A. Gray) Walp.</small>, the '''coralbean''' or '''Eve's necklace''' is native to the southern [[United States]] in [[Texas]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Arkansas]] and [[Louisiana]]. It is a large shrub or small tree, growing to 5–7 m tall, with white or pale violet flowers. The seeds of this species are believed to be poisonous.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=staf4 |title = Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - the University of Texas at Austin}}</ref> The sapwood leaches a yellow dye on contact with water.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dirtdoctor.com/garden/Eves-Necklace_vq841.htm | title=Dirt Doctor - Library Topics}}</ref>
* ''[[Styphnolobium burseroides]]'' <small>M. Sousa & Rudd</small>
* ''[[Styphnolobium caudatum]]'' <small>M. Sousa & Rudd</small> is native to [[Nicaragua]].
* ''[[Styphnolobium conzattii]]'' <small>(Standl.) M. Sousa & Rudd</small>
* ''[[Styphnolobium monteviridis]]'' <small>M. Sousa & Rudd</small> is native to [[Central America]].
* ''[[Styphnolobium parviflorum]]'' <small>M. Sousa & Rudd</small>
* ''[[Styphnolobium protantherum]]'' <small>M. Sousa & Rudd</small>
* ''[[Styphnolobium sporadicum]]'' <small>M. Sousa & Rudd</small>

===Section ''Styphnolobium''===
* ''[[Styphnolobium japonicum]]'' <small>(L.) Schott</small>, the '''pagoda tree''' (Chinese Scholar, Japanese pagodatree; syn. ''Sophora japonica''), is native to eastern [[Asia]] (mainly [[China]]; despite the name, it is introduced in [[Japan]]), is a popular ornamental tree in [[Europe]], [[North America]] and [[South Africa]], grown for its white flowers, borne in late summer after most other flowering trees have long finished flowering. It grows into a lofty tree 10–20 m tall with an equal spread, and produces a fine, dark brown timber.

==Uses==
The pagoda tree is widely used in [[bonsai]] gardening. The [[Guilty Chinese Scholartree]] was a historic pagoda tree in [[Jingshan park|Beijing]], on which the last emperor of the [[Ming Dynasty]], [[Chongzhen Emperor|Chongzhen]], hanged himself.

''Styphnolobium japonicum'' (Chinese: [[wiktionary:槐|槐]]; pinyin: huái; formerly ''Sophora japonica'') is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons-inline|Styphnolobium japonicum}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080119224357/http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4dmg/Trees/pagoda.htm ''Styphnolobium japonicum'' (as ''Sophora japonica'')]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517122439/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/BotanicalSciences/TreesFamiliesNames/WhatTreeIsIt/IdentifybyName/CommonName/ChineseScholarTree/ChineseScholarTree.htm "Chinese Scholar Tree"]
*[http://hyakumonogatari.com/2012/01/18/enju-no-jashin-the-evil-god-in-the-pagoda-tree/ The Evil God in the Pagoda Tree] Japanese folktale with the Pagoda Tree at hyakumonogatari.com

{{Taxonbar|from=Q11815640}}

[[Category:Faboideae]]
[[Category:Fabaceae genera]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]