Editing Subarctic climate

{{Short description|Climate characterised by long, usually very cold winters, and short, cool summers}}[[File:Köppen World Map Dsc, Dwc, Dfc, Dsd, Dwd and Dfd (Subarctic).svg|thumb|right|upright=1.8|''Subarctic climate'' worldwide
{|
|- valign=top |
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{{legend|#963295|Dsc|Subarctic climate with dry summer}}
{{legend|#966495|Dsd|Subarctic climate with dry summer}}
| width=5 |
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{{legend|#4C51B5|Dwc|Subarctic climate with dry winter}}
{{legend|#320087|Dwd|Subarctic climate with dry winter}}
| width=4 |
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{{legend|#007E7D|Dfc|Subarctic climate without dry season}}
{{legend|#00455E|Dfd|Subarctic climate without dry season}}
|}
]]
The '''subarctic climate''' (also called '''subpolar climate''', or '''boreal climate''') is a [[continental climate]] with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers. It is found on large landmasses, often away from the moderating effects of an ocean, generally at [[latitude]]s from 50°N to 70°N, poleward of the [[humid continental climate]]s. Like other Class D climates, they are rare in the Southern Hemisphere, only found at some isolated highland elevations. Subarctic or boreal climates are the source regions for the cold air that affects temperate latitudes to the south in winter. These climates represent [[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfc'', ''Dwc'', ''Dsc'', ''Dfd'', ''Dwd'' and  ''Dsd''.

==Description==
This type of climate offers some of the most extreme seasonal temperature variations found on the planet: in winter, temperatures can drop to below {{convert|-50|°C}} and in summer, the temperature may exceed {{convert|26|°C}}. However, the summers are short; no more than three months of the year (but at least one month) must have a 24-hour average temperature of at least {{convert|10|°C}} to fall into this category of climate, and the coldest month should average below {{convert|0|°C}} (or {{convert|-3|°C}}). Record low temperatures can approach {{convert|-70|C}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stepanova|first1=N.A.|title=On the Lowest Temperatures on Earth|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=86|issue=1|pages=6–10|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/086/mwr-086-01-0006.pdf|access-date=4 January 2018|bibcode=1958MWRv...86....6S|year=1958|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1958)086<0006:OTLTOE>2.0.CO;2}}</ref>
 
With 5–7 consecutive months when the average temperature is below freezing, all moisture in the soil and subsoil freezes solidly to depths of many feet. Summer warmth is insufficient to thaw more than a few surface feet, so [[permafrost]] prevails under most areas not near the southern boundary of this climate zone. Seasonal thaw penetrates from {{convert|2|to|14|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}, depending on latitude, aspect, and type of ground.<ref name="usdf">[http://www.fs.fed.us/colorimagemap/images/130.html Subarctic Division] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105072109/http://www.fs.fed.us/colorimagemap/images/130.html |date=2010-01-05 }}</ref> Some northern areas with subarctic climates located near oceans (southern [[Alaska]], northern [[Norway]], [[Sakhalin Oblast]] and [[Kamchatka Oblast]]), have milder winters and no permafrost, and are more suited for farming unless precipitation is excessive. The frost-free season is very short, varying from about 45 to 100 days at most, and a freeze can occur anytime outside the summer months in many areas.

===Description===
The first D indicates continentality, with the coldest month below {{convert|0|°C}} (or {{convert|-3|°C}}).

The second letter denotes precipitation patterns:
* ''s'': A dry summer&mdash;the driest month in the high-sun half of the year (April to September in the Northern Hemisphere, October to March in the Southern Hemisphere) has less than {{convert|30|mm|2|abbr=}}/{{convert|40|mm|2|abbr=}} of rainfall and has exactly or less than {{fraction|3}} the precipitation of the wettest month in the low-sun half of the year (October to March in the Northern Hemisphere, April to September in the Southern Hemisphere),
* ''w'': A dry winter&mdash;the driest month in the low-sun half of the year has exactly or less than one‑tenth of the precipitation found in the wettest month in the summer half of the year,
* ''f'': No dry season&mdash;does not meet either of the alternative specifications above; precipitation and humidity are often high year-round.

The third letter denotes temperature:
* ''c'': Regular subarctic, only one–three months above {{convert|10|°C|1}}, coldest month between {{convert|0|°C}} (or {{convert|-3|°C}}) and {{convert|-38|°C|1}}.
* ''d'': Severely cold subarctic, only one–three months above {{convert|10|°C|1}}, coldest month at or below {{convert|-38|°C|1}}.

===Precipitation===
Most subarctic climates have little precipitation, typically no more than {{convert|380|mm|abbr=on}} over an entire year due to the low temperatures and [[evapotranspiration]]. Away from the coasts, precipitation occurs mostly in the summer months, while in coastal areas with subarctic climates the heaviest precipitation is usually during the autumn months when the relative warmth of sea vis-à-vis land is greatest. Low precipitation, by the standards of more temperate regions with longer summers and warmer winters, is typically sufficient in view of the very low [[evapotranspiration]] to allow a water-logged terrain in many areas of subarctic climate and to permit snow cover during winter, which is generally persistent for an extended period.

A notable exception to this pattern is that subarctic climates occurring at high elevations in otherwise temperate regions have extremely high precipitation due to [[orographic lift]]. [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]], with temperatures typical of a subarctic climate, receives an average rain-equivalent of {{convert|101.91|in|mm|1}} of precipitation per year.<ref>[http://www.mountwashington.org/weather/normals.php Mount Washington Observatory: Normals, Means, and Extremes, Retrieved July 1, 2009.]</ref> Coastal areas of [[Khabarovsk Krai]] also have much higher precipitation in summer due to orographic influences (up to {{convert|175|mm|in}} in July in some areas), whilst the mountainous [[Kamchatka]] peninsula and [[Sakhalin]] island are even wetter, since orographic moisture isn't confined to the warmer months and creates large [[glacier]]s in Kamchatka. [[Labrador]], in eastern Canada, is similarly wet throughout the year due to the semi-permanent [[Icelandic Low]] and can receive up to {{convert|1300|mm|in|0}} of rainfall equivalent per year, creating a snow cover of up to {{convert|1.5|m|in|0}} that does not melt until June.

===Vegetation and land use===
[[Vegetation]] in regions with subarctic climates is generally of low diversity, as only hardy tree species can survive the long winters and make use of the short summers. [[Tree]]s are mostly limited to [[Pinophyta|conifer]]s, as few broadleaved trees are able to survive the very low temperatures in winter. This type of forest is also known as [[taiga]], a term which is sometimes applied to the climate found therein as well. Even though the diversity may be low, the area and numbers are high, and the taiga (boreal) forest is the largest forest biome on the planet, with most of the forests located in [[Russia]] and [[Canada]]. The process by which plants become acclimated to cold temperatures is called [[Hardening (botany)|hardening]].

Agricultural potential is generally poor, due to the natural infertility of soils<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/colorimagemap/images/130.html|title=Subarctic Division|website=www.fs.fed.us|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref> and the prevalence of swamps and lakes left by departing [[ice sheet]]s, and short growing seasons prohibit all but the hardiest of crops. Despite the short season, the long summer days at such latitudes do permit some agriculture. In some areas, ice has scoured rock surfaces bare, entirely stripping off the overburden. Elsewhere, rock basins have been formed and stream courses dammed, creating countless lakes.<ref name="usdf" />

=== Neighboring regions ===
Should one go northward or even toward a polar sea, one finds that the warmest month has an average temperature of less than {{convert|10|°C}}, and the subarctic climate grades into a [[tundra climate]] not at all suitable for trees. Southward, this climate grades into the [[humid continental climate]]s with longer summers (and usually less-severe winters) allowing [[Broad-leaved tree|broadleaf trees]]; in a few locations close to a temperate sea (as in [[North Norway|northern Norway]] and [[Southcentral Alaska|southern Alaska]]), this climate can grade into a short-summer version of an [[oceanic climate]], the [[subpolar oceanic climate]], as the sea is approached where winter temperatures average near or above freezing despite maintaining the short, cool summers. In China and Mongolia, as one moves southwestwards or towards lower elevations, temperatures increase but precipitation is so low that the subarctic climate grades into a cold [[semi-arid climate]].

==Distribution==
===''Dfc'' and ''Dfd'' distribution===
{{Anchor|Koppen_Dfc}}The ''Dfc'' climate, by far the most common subarctic type, is found in the following areas:<ref>[http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/~tbw/wc.notes/15.climates.veg/climate/koppen.climate.class.west.hemi.jpg Geography of climate] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206154402/http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/~tbw/wc.notes/15.climates.veg/climate/koppen.climate.class.west.hemi.jpg |date=2012-02-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://people.eng.unimelb.edu.au/mpeel/koppen.html|title=Updated Köppen-Geiger Climate Map of the World|first1=M. C.|last1=Peel|first2=B. L.|last2=Finlayson|first3=T. A.|last3=McMahon|journal=[[Hydrology and Earth System Sciences]]|publisher=[[Copernicus Publications]]|access-date=23 October 2019|date=2007|doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Kuysumy mountains and Torgashinsky range. View from viewing platform on Kashtakovskaya path (Stolby reserve, Krasnoyarsk city) 4Y1A8757 (28363120875).jpg|thumb|View of pines in the Kuysumy mountains in [[Siberia]]]]
*'''Eurasia'''
**The majority of [[Siberia]] (notable cities: [[Yakutsk]], [[Surgut]], [[Norilsk]], [[Magadan]])
**The [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] and the northern and central parts of the [[Kuril Islands]] and [[Sakhalin]] Island (notable cities: [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]])
**Northern [[European Russia]] (notable cities: [[Murmansk]], [[Arkhangelsk]], [[Vorkuta]])
**The northern half of [[Fennoscandia]] (milder winters in coastal areas) and higher elevations further south (notable cities: [[Oulu]], [[Umeå]], [[Tromsø]])
**The Western [[Alps]] between {{convert|1600.|and|2100.|m|ft|sp=us}}, and the Eastern Alps between {{convert|1450|and|1800.|m|ft|sp=us}}
**Central [[Romania]]
**Some parts of central [[Germany]] and [[Poland]]
**The [[Tatra Mountains]] in [[Poland]] and [[Slovakia]], above {{convert|800.|m|ft|sp=us}}.
**The [[Pyrenees]], between {{convert|1600.|and|2100.|m|ft|sp=us}}
**The [[Northeastern Anatolia Region]] and the [[Pontic Alps]], between {{convert|1600.|and|2100.|m|ft|sp=us}}{{Citation needed|reason=Not included in the referenced Köppen-Geiger Climate Map of the World by Murray Peel|date=October 2019}}
**Mountain summits in [[Scotland]], most notably in the [[Cairngorms National Park|Cairngorms]] and the [[Nevis Range]]{{Citation needed|reason=Not included in the referenced Köppen-Geiger Climate Map of the World by Murray Peel|date=October 2019}}
**The far northeast of Turkey
Further north and east in Siberia, continentality increases so much that winters can be exceptionally severe, averaging below {{convert|-38|°C}}, even though the hottest month still averages more than {{convert|10|°C}}. This creates ''Dfd'' climates, which are mostly found in the [[Sakha Republic]]:
*[[Northeast Siberian taiga]]
*[[Central Yakutian Lowland]] 
*[[Oymyakon]]
*[[Verkhoyansk]]

[[File:Subarctic Tundra.JPG|thumb|Subarctic climate in [[Alaska]], near [[Yukon]]]]
*'''North America'''
**Most of [[Alaska Interior|Interior]], [[Western Alaska|Western]] and [[Southcentral Alaska]] (notable cities and towns: [[Anchorage]], [[Wasilla]], [[Nome, Alaska|Nome]], [[Bethel, Alaska|Bethel]], [[Fort Yukon]])
**The high [[Rocky Mountains]] in [[Colorado]], [[Wyoming]], [[Idaho]], [[Utah]], [[Montana]] and the [[White Mountains (New Hampshire)|White Mountains]] of [[New Hampshire]] (notable locations: [[Fraser, Colorado|Fraser]], [[Brian Head, Utah|Brian Head]])
**Much of [[Canada]] from about [[53rd parallel north|53]]–[[55th parallel north|55°N]] to the [[tree line]], including:
***Southern [[Labrador]] (notable cities: [[Labrador City]])
***Certain areas within [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] interior and along its northern coast
***[[Quebec]]: [[Jamésie]], [[Côte-Nord]] and far southern [[Nunavik]] (Notable locations: [[Inukjuak]], [[Kuujjuaq]], [[Sept-Îles, Quebec|Sept-Îles]])
***Far northern [[Ontario]]
***The northern [[Prairie Provinces]] (Notable locations: [[Fort McMurray]], [[Churchill, Manitoba|Churchill]])
***The [[Rocky Mountain Foothills]] in [[Alberta]] and [[British Columbia]]
***Most of the [[Yukon]] (Notable cities: [[Whitehorse]], [[Dawson City]])
***Most of the [[Northwest Territories]] (Notable cities: [[Yellowknife]], [[Inuvik]])
*** Southwestern [[Nunavut]] (Notable locations: [[Baker Lake, Nunavut|Baker Lake]], [[Rankin Inlet]])

In the [[Southern Hemisphere]], the ''Dfc'' climate is found only in small, isolated pockets in the [[Snowy Mountains]] of [[Australia]], the [[Southern Alps]] of [[New Zealand]], and the [[Lesotho Highlands]]. In [[South America]], this climate occurs on the western slope of the central [[Andes]] in [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]], where climatic conditions are notably more humid compared to the eastern slope. The presence of the Andes mountain range contributes to a wetter climate on the western slope by capturing moisture from the [[Pacific Ocean]], resulting in increased precipitation, especially during the winter months. This climate zone supports the presence of temperate rainforests, mostly on highest areas of the [[Valdivian temperate forests|Valdivian rainforest]] in Chile and the [[Magellanic subpolar forests|subantarctic forest]] in Argentina.

===''Dsc'' and ''Dsd'' distribution===
Climates classified as ''Dsc'' or ''Dsd'', with a dry summer, are rare, occurring in very small areas at high elevation around the [[Mediterranean Basin]]; [[Iran]]; [[Kyrgyzstan]]; [[Tajikistan]]; [[Alaska]] and other parts of the [[northwestern United States]] ([[Eastern Washington]], [[Eastern Oregon]], [[Southern Idaho]], California's [[Eastern Sierra]]); the [[Russian Far East]]; [[Akureyri, Iceland]]; [[Seneca, Oregon]]; and [[Atlin, British Columbia]]. [[Turkey]] and [[Afghanistan]] are exceptions; ''Dsc'' climates are common in [[Northeast Anatolia Region (statistical)|Northeast Anatolia]], in the [[Taurus Mountains|Taurus]] and [[Köroğlu Mountains]], and the [[Central Afghan highlands]].

In the Southern Hemisphere, the Dsc climate is present in [[South America]] as a subarctic climate influenced by Mediterranean characteristics, often considered a high-altitude variant of the Mediterranean climate. It is located on the eastern slopes of the central Argentine [[Andes]] and in some sections on the Chilean side. While there are no major settlements exhibiting this climate, several localities in the vicinity experience it, such as [[San Carlos de Bariloche]], [[Villa La Angostura]], [[San Martín de los Andes]], [[Balmaceda, Chile|Balmaceda]], [[Punta de Vacas]], and [[Termas del Flaco]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanchez Davila |first1=Gabriel |title=Clasificación climática de Sudamérica |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b74200791dda49958d6d39eddaca74a0/preview#n-KOOVnv |website=StoryMaps |publisher=ArcGIS |access-date=30 April 2024 |date=2021}}</ref>

===''Dwc'' and ''Dwd'' distribution===
{{Anchor|Koppen_Dwc}}
Climates classified as ''Dwc'' or ''Dwd'', with a dry winter, are found in parts of East Asia, like China, where the [[Siberian High]] makes the winters colder than places like Scandinavia or Alaska interior but extremely dry (typically with around {{convert|5|mm|in|sp=us}} of rainfall equivalent per month), meaning that winter snow cover is very limited. The ''Dwc'' climate can be found in:
*Much of northern [[Mongolia]]
*Russia:
**Most of [[Khabarovsk Krai]] except the south
**Southeastern [[Sakha Republic]]
**Southern [[Magadan Oblast]]
**Northern [[Amur Oblast]]
**Northern [[Republic of Buryatia|Buryatia]]
**[[Zabaykalsky Krai]]
**[[Irkutsk Oblast]]
*China:
**[[Tahe County]] and [[Mohe County]] in [[Heilongjiang]]
**Northern [[Hulunbuir]] in [[Inner Mongolia]]
**[[Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Gannan]] in [[Gansu]] (due to extreme elevation)
**[[Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Huangnan]], eastern [[Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Hainan]] and eastern [[Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Guoluo]] in [[Qinghai]] (due to extreme elevation)
**Most of [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Garzê]] and [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture|Ngawa Autonomous Prefectures]] (due to extreme elevation) in [[Sichuan]]
**Most of [[Qamdo Prefecture]] (due to extreme elevation) in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]
*Parts of [[Ladakh]] (including [[Siachen Glacier]]) and [[Spiti Valley|Spiti]] regions of [[India]]{{Citation needed|reason=Not included in the referenced Köppen-Geiger Climate Map of the World by Murray Peel|date=October 2019}}
*Middle reaches of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Northeast India]]. 
*Parts of [[Kaema Plateau]] (including [[Mount Baekdu]], [[Samjiyon]], [[Musan]]) in [[North Korea]]{{Citation needed|reason=Not included in the referenced Köppen-Geiger Climate Map of the World by Murray Peel|date=October 2019}}
*[[Southeast Fairbanks Census Area]] in [[Alaska]]

In the Southern Hemisphere, small pockets of the Lesotho Highlands and the [[Drakensberg Mountains]] have a ''Dwc'' classification.

==Charts of selected sites==
{{climate chart
|[[Anchorage]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]]
| -11.7 | -5.2 | 19
| -9.3 | -2.6 | 22
| -7.4 | 0.6 | 18
| -1.2 |  7.3 | 11
|  4.4 | 13.5 | 17
|  9.1 | 17.4 | 26
|  11.6 | 19.0 | 46
|  10.5 | 17.8 | 74
|  6.1 | 13.2 | 79
| -0.7 | 5.6 | 46
| -7.6 | -1.7 | 30
| -10.1 | -3.9 | 28
|float=left
|blue=left
|clear=left
|source= [https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/anchorage/alaska/united-states/usak0012 U.S. Climate Data] }}
{{climate chart
| [[Whitehorse]], [[Yukon]], [[Canada]]
| -18.9 | -11.1 |  22.3
| -16.6 |  -7.1 |  14.7
| -12.4 |  -1.1 |  11.5
|  -4.0 |   7.1 |  8.4
|   1.6 |  14.2 |  15.4
|   6.2 |  19.3 |  35.2
|   8.5 |  20.5 |  39.2
|   7.2 |  18.5 |  39.0
|   2.7 |  12.3 |  30.9
|  -2.8 |   4.3 |  23.1
| -11.8 |  -5.4 |  23.5
| -16.5 |  -9.1 |  16.4
|float=left
|clear=none
|source = [[Environment and Climate Change Canada]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnName_1991&txtStationName_1991=whitehorse&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=440000000&dispBack=1|publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada|title=Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020|access-date=June 12, 2024}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}
{{climate chart
| [[Yellowknife]], [[Northwest Territories]], [[Canada]]
| -29.4 | -21.6 | 15.0
| -27.4 | -18.0 | 11.0
| -22.5 | -10.6 | 14.1
| -11.3 |   0.3 | 11.6
|   0.1 |  10.4 | 16.3
|   9.0 |  18.6 | 28.9
|  12.6 |  21.5 | 40.4
|  10.5 |  18.4 | 44.0
|   4.2 |  10.9 | 43.0
| - 3.6 |   1.5 | 28.8
| -16.2 | - 9.0 | 25.8
| -25.6 | -18.0 | 15.1
| float=left
| clear=none
|source = [[Environment and Climate Change Canada]]<ref name = ECCC>
{{cite web
|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=NT&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=419000000&dispBack=0
|publisher = Environment and Climate Change Canada
|title = Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020
|access-date = June 12, 2024
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20240705002425/https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=NT&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=419000000&dispBack=0
|archive-date = 2024-07-05
}}</ref>
}}
{{climate chart
| [[Samedan]], [[Graubünden]], [[Switzerland]]
| -15.8 | -1.3 | 29
| -15.6 |  0.5 | 19
| - 9.6 |  4.0 | 24
| - 4.3 |  7.9 | 37
|   0.1 | 12.9 | 67
|   3.2 | 17.0 | 91
|   4.7 | 19.3 | 87
|   4.7 | 18.8 | 100
|   1.3 | 14.6 | 73
| - 2.6 | 10.5 | 77
| - 7.8 |  4.1 | 70
| -13.4 | -0.7 | 37
|float=left
|clear=left
|source=[[MeteoSwiss]]<ref name=MeteoSchweiz>{{cite web 
| url = https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/SAM/climsheet_SAM_np9120_e.pdf 
| title = Climate Normals Samedan (Reference period 1991−2020) 
| publisher = Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss 
| date = 13 January 2022 
| access-date = 13 January 2022 
| archive-date = 14 January 2022 
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220114041926/https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/SAM/climsheet_SAM_np9120_e.pdf 
| url-status = live 
}}</ref>
|date=April 2016
}}
{{climate chart
|[[Luleå]], [[Sweden]]
|-12.8|-4.6|50
|-13.4|-4.8|35
|-8.8|0.0|30
|-3.1|5.1|30
|2.7|11.8|40
|8.8|17.2|60
|12.4|20.5|60
|10.9|18.4|70
|5.9|13.1|60
|-0.3|5.8|50
|-5.9|0.2|55
|-10.2|-2.8|50
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=Climates to Travel<ref name=Climatestotravel>{{cite web
 |url = https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/sweden/lulea
 |title = Climates to travel
 |language = en
 |access-date = 19 May 2024
}}</ref>
}}
{{climate chart
|[[Mo i Rana|Nerdal/Mo i Rana]], [[Norway]]
| -8.1 | -3.7 | 146
| -7.5 | -2.9 | 117
| -7.0 |  0.9 | 112
| -2.0 |  6.0 |  74
|  2.6 | 11.6 |  64
|  7.0 | 15.4 |  70
| 10.2 | 19.3 |  97
|  9.2 | 18.0 | 110
|  6.1 | 12.9 | 155
|  1.0 |  6.1 | 186
| -2.5 |  0.7 | 136
| -5.4 | -1.5 | 163
|float=left
|clear=none
|source= Weather Online<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=01151&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0004&LAND=NO&MOD=tab&ART=TMN&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=1996&LMM=12&LYY=2020 | title=Min. Temperature – Mo i Rana – Climate Robot Norway }}</ref> yr.no climate statistics Mo i Rana airport <ref name="yr.no">{{cite web | url=https://www.yr.no/en/statistics/table/5-79600/Norway/Nordland/Rana/Mo%20i%20Rana%20LH | title=Weather statistics for Mo i Rana LH as a table – Last 13 months }}</ref>
| date = Nov 2021
}}
{{climate chart
|[[Tromsø]], [[Norway]]
| -5.3 | -1.0 |  108.3
| -5.6 | -1.2 |  96.7
| -4.4 | 0.6 |  96.7
| -1.6 |  4.1 |  71.1
|  2.4 |  8.8 |  56.5
|  6.2 | 13.0 |  58.0
|  9.0 | 16.3 |  72.5
|  8.3 | 15.0 |  88.0
|  5.3 |  10.9 | 111.3
|  0.9 |  5.2 | 127.4
| -1.9 |  2.1 | 94.4
| -3.9 | 0.3 | 109.7
|float=left
|clear=left
|source= [http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Troms/Troms%C3%B8/Troms%C3%B8_observation_site/statistics.html Met Norway] }}
{{climate chart
| [[Kiruna]], [[Sweden]]
| -16.8 | - 7.9 | 25.7
| -15.7 | - 6.7 | 20.2
| -11.8 | - 2.8 | 15.2
| - 5.6 |   3.1 | 19.3
|   0.5 |   8.9 | 44.8
|   5.7 |  14.8 | 54.6
|   9.1 |  18.5 | 92.7
|   7.0 |  15.9 | 66.2
|   2.7 |  10.2 | 57.8
| - 3.8 |   2.5 | 39.6
| -10.1 | - 2.8 | 25.8
| -13.4 | - 5.1 | 31.5
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=SMHI Open Data for Kiruna flygplats<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airTemperatureMinAndMaxOnceEveryDay,stations=all,stationid=180940
| publisher = [[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]]
| language = sv
| title = Open Data for Kiruna flygplats, temperature| date = 23 March 2022}}</ref>
|date = 23 March 2022}}
{{climate chart
| [[Yakutsk]], [[Sakha Republic]], [[Russia]]
|-39.8|-34.0|10
|-37.2|-27.9|9
|-26.0|-11.6|6
|-10.4|2.6|8
|1.5|13.8|20
|9.8|23.1|30
|13.1|25.8|40
|9.3|21.8|37
|1.3|11.9|30
|-11.0|-3.0|19
|-29.6|-22.3|17
|-39.5|-34.4|9
|float=left
|clear=right
|source=[https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/russia/yakutsk/climate Time and Date]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate & Weather Averages at Jakutsk weather station |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/russia/yakutsk/climate |access-date=7 February 2022 |publisher=Time and Date}}</ref>
}}
{{climate chart
|[[Verkhoyansk]], [[Sakha Republic]], [[Russia]]
| -47.7 | -41.6 |  6
| -46.3 | -36.7 |  5
| -37.4 | -18.8 |  5
| -20.4 | - 1.8 |  4
| - 2.0 |  10.3 | 16
|   7.3 |  20.6 | 30
|  10.0 |  23.4 | 34
|   5.7 |  19.2 | 30
| - 1.9 |   8.7 | 22
| -18.0 | - 8.5 | 13
| -37.3 | -30.0 | 11
| -46.3 | -40.6 |  6
| float=left
| clear=left
| source= Погода и Климат<ref name="climate">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/24266.htm
| title = Погода и Климат – Климат Верхоянск
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = ru
| access-date = 8 November 2021}}</ref> January record<ref>Verkhoyansk Monument image: https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-JZsosJzSVV8/WJv6EuE-_QI/AAAAAAABRs0/BRgPwLTin-4/verkhoyansk-87.jpg?imgmax=1600</ref> }}
{{climate chart
| [[Mohe City]], [[Heilongjiang]], [[China]]
| -34.9 | -18.0 |   6.7
| -32.3 | -11.0 |   4.4
| -22.0 | - 1.9 |   6.2
| - 7.6 |   8.7 |  18.4
|   0.2 |  17.7 |  44.4
|   6.4 |  24.7 |  60.1
|  11.1 |  26.3 | 117.0
|   8.5 |  23.6 |  99.4
|   0.5 |  17.1 |  52.3
| - 9.4 |   5.5 |  27.7
| -24.2 | - 8.7 |  13.1
| -33.3 | -18.7 |   8.1
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=Weather China<ref name = Clim>{{cite web|script-title=zh:漠河城市介绍以及气候背景分析|url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101050703.shtml? |website=Weather China|publisher=中国气象局公共气象服务中心|access-date=29 November 2022|language=zh}}</ref><ref name="SCMP">{{Cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/video/china/3207822/china-records-its-lowest-ever-temperature-northernmost-city-mohe |title=China records its lowest-ever temperature in northernmost city of Mohe |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=23 January 2023|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{climate chart
|[[Crater Lake]], [[Oregon]], [[United States]]
|  -6.8  |   0.8  | 257
|  -7.3  |   0.9  | 191
|  -6.5  |   2.3  | 198
|  -4.9  |   4.6  | 156
|  -1.5  |   9.4  |  93
|   0.9  |  13.9  |  58
|   5.2  |  20.5  |  20
|   5.3  |  20.7  |  21
|   2.8  |  17.2  |  49
|  -1.0  |  10.4  | 122
|  -4.9  |   3.3  | 244
|  -7.2  |   0.4  | 287
|float=left
|clear=right
|source=NOAA<ref name=NOAA-Crater-Lake>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00351946&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access
|access-date = August 15, 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{climate chart
|[[Norilsk]], [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]], [[Russia]]
|  -30.7 |   -23.6 | 17.6
|  -31.0 |   -23.0 | 16.1
|  -26.4 |   -18.4 | 28.4
|  -18.5 |   -10.0 | 21.1
|   -8.4 |    -1.7 | 24.0
|    3.2 |    10.4 | 34.4
|   10.0 |    18.2 | 32.4
|    7.6 |    15.0 | 52.2
|    1.2 |     6.9 | 26.0
|  -12.5 |    -6.7 | 35.9
|  -23.9 |   -16.9 | 30.8
|  -28.9 |   -21.6 | 22.1
|float=left
|clear=left
|source=Weatherbase<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?refer=&s=592273&cityname=Noril%27sk-Krasnoyarsk&refer=&cityname=Noril%27sk-Krasnoyarsk&set=metric |title=Noril'sk climate |publisher=Weatherbase |access-date=16 May 2019 }}</ref>
}}
{{climate chart
|[[Östersund]], [[Sweden]]
|   -8.8  |   -2.9 | 32.1
|   -8.2  |   -2.2 | 20.6
|   -5.6  |    1.4 | 22.2
|   -0.8  |    7.2 | 23.0
|    3.8  |   12.6 | 48.1
|    8.2  |   16.8 | 62.3
|    11.1 |   19.5 | 76.3
|    10.3 |   17.9 | 80.9
|    6.7  |   12.8 | 55.1
|    1.6  |    6.3 | 44.1
|   -3.3  |    1.1 | 33.5
|   -6.3  |   -1.0 | 36.0
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=SMHI<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240|title=SMHI Monthly Data 2002–2020|publisher=SMHI|language=sv|access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{climate chart
|[[Oulu]], [[Finland]]
|   -11.9 |   -4.8 | 32
|   -12.1 |   -4.7 | 29
|   -8.3  |   -0.4 | 26
|   -2.5  |    5.8 | 23
|    3.4  |   12.6 | 40
|    9.3  |   17.9 | 51
|    12.4 |   21.1 | 80
|    10.6 |   18.9 | 62
|    6.0  |   13.2 | 49
|    0.6  |    5.8 | 51
|   -4.2  |    0.5 | 43
|   -8.8  |   -2.7 | 39
|float=left
|clear=right
|source=[[Finnish Meteorological Institute|FMI]]<ref name="FMI">{{cite web|url=https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi |title=FMI normals 1991–2020|publisher=[[Finnish Meteorological Institute|FMI]] |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{climate chart
|[[Kangerlussuaq]], [[Greenland]], [[Denmark]]
| -23.3 | -13.3 | 7.9
| -24.9 | -14.8 | 6.1
| -22.2 | -10.8 | 5.2
| -11.6 | -0.9 | 7.6
| -1.7 | 8.4 | 10.9
| 4.2 | 15.3 | 13.4
| 5.0 | 16.8 | 27.6
| 3.3 | 14.0 | 31.7
| -1.0 | 7.7 | 22.7
| -8.7 | -0.8 | 13.1
| -15.7 | -7.0 | 11.7
| -19.9 | -10.5 | 9.8
|float=left
|clear=left
|source=[[Danish Meteorological Institute]]<ref name =DMI91-20web>{{Cite web|title=Klimanormaler Grønland|url=http://www.dmi.dk/vejrarkiv/normaler-gronland/|website=DMI|language=da|access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref><ref name = DMI91-20pdf>{{Cite web|title=Climatological Standard Normals 1991-2020 Greenland|url=https://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/Rapporter/2021/DMI_report_21_12_Greenland.pdf|website=DMI|access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref>}}
{{climate chart
|[[Anadyr (town)|Anadyr]], [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Chukotka]], [[Russia]]
| -25.7 | -18.5 | 40
| -24.7 | -17.4 | 44
| -21.8 | -14.6 | 38
| -15.6 | -8.2 | 23
| -3.9 | 2.0 | 13
| 4.0 | 11.6 | 16
| 9.0 | 16.1 | 36
| 7.7 | 14.1 | 45
| 2.7 | 8.3 | 32
| -5.9 | -1.1 | 29
| -14.6 | -8.3 | 36
| -22.6 | -15.8 | 33
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=Погода и климат<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather and Climate- The Climate of Anadyr |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/25563.htm |access-date=8 November 2021 |publisher=Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) |language=ru}}</ref>}}
{{climate chart
|[[Livigno]], [[Italy]]
| -14.1 | -5.9 | 106.7
| -14.1 | -5.0 | 122.7
| -9.6 | -1.8 | 133.9
| -4.1 | 1.6 | 205.1
| 0.9 | 6.6 | 247.8
| 5.9 | 12.0 | 270.6
| 7.8 | 14.8 | 274.5
| 7.3 | 14.8 | 128.9
| 2.6 | 9.8 | 178.4
| -2.8 | 4.4 | 125.0
| -7.6 | -1.0 | 171.1
| -12.2 | -4.9 | 121.0
|float=left
|clear=right
|source= World Weather Online<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.worldweatheronline.com/livigno-weather-averages/trentino-alto-adige/it.aspx|title= Livigno, Italy Weather Averages|publisher= World Weather Online|access-date=11 April 2017 }}</ref>}}
{{climate chart
|[[Fraser, Colorado|Fraser]], [[Colorado]], [[United States]]
| -18.3 | -0.7 | 49
| -16.7 | 1.3 | 36
| -11.8 | 5.9 | 45
| -6.8 | 10.6 | 52
| -2.8 | 16.7 | 32
| 0.3 | 22.4 | 30
| 3.3 | 24.9 | 48
| 2.7 | 23.6 | 44
| -1.6 | 20.0 | 41
| -6.2 | 13.2 | 41
| -12.5 | 5.1 | 35
| -18.2 | -0.7 | 43
|float=left
|clear=left
|source=NOAA<ref name=NOAA-Fraser>{{cite web|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00053116&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access|access-date = August 8, 2022}}</ref>}}
{{climate chart
|[[Tsetserleg (city)|Tsetserleg]], [[Mongolia]]
| -20.7 | -8.3 | 2.9
| -17.8 | -4.9 | 3.4
| -11.0 | 2.3 | 8.2
| -2.7 | 10.8 | 35.2
| 2.8 | 17.0 | 35.2
| 7.9 | 21.4 | 55.1
| 10.8 | 23.3 | 87.5
| 8.6 | 21.4 | 73.3
| 2.6 | 16.5 | 26.8
| -4.8 | 8.8 | 13.2
| -12.7 | -0.7 | 6.4
| -17.8 | -6.4 | 3.2
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=[[NOAA]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Mongolia/CSV/Tsetserleg_44282.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 20, 2024}}</ref>Starlings Roost Weather<ref>{{cite web |url=http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/worldclimate/graphs.php?climate=9120&code=44282
|title= TSETSERLEG Climate: 1991–2020
|publisher=Starlings Roost Weather
|access-date= 3 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{climate chart
|[[Valle Nevado]], [[Chile]]
| 7.0 | 15.5 | 53
| 7.3 | 15.5 | 49
| 5.7 | 14.2 | 37
| 1.4 | 10.1 | 65
| -3.9 | 3.9 | 114
| -6.6 | -0.4 | 162
| -7.1 | -1.4 | 121
| -6.1 | 0.0 | 114
| -5.5 | 2.1 | 103
| -3.5 | 4.9 | 87
| -0.9 | 8.0 | 76
| 3.2 | 12.3 | 61
|float=left
|clear=right
|source=Climate-Data.org<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/211222/|title=Climate: Valle Nevado |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Clear}}

==See also==
*[[Boreal ecology]]
*[[Köppen climate classification]]
*[[Subantarctic]]
*[[Taiga]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Köppen}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Köppen climate types]]
[[Category:Climate of North America]]
[[Category:Climate of Europe]]
[[Category:Climate of Asia]]
[[Category:Ecology]]
[[Category:Subarctic]]