Editing Subsequent Nuremberg trials

{{Short description|1946–1949 trials of Nazi leadership}}
[[File:Judges of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals.jpg|thumb|Judges of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals pose for a group photo.]]
[[File:Philipp Auerbach.jpg|thumb|Auschwitz survivor {{ill|Philipp Auerbach|de}} testifies for the prosecution in the [[Ministries Trial]].]]

The '''subsequent Nuremberg trials''' (also '''Nuremberg Military Tribunals'''; 1946–1949) were twelve [[military tribunal]]s for [[war crime]]s committed by the leaders of [[Nazi Germany]] (1933–1945). The Nuremberg Military Tribunals occurred after the [[Nuremberg trials]], held by the [[International Military Tribunal]], which concluded in October 1946. The subsequent Nuremberg trials were held by U.S. military courts and dealt with the cases of [[crimes against humanity]] committed by the business community of Nazi Germany, specifically the crimes of using [[slave labor]] and [[military occupation|plundering occupied countries]], and the war-crime cases of ''Wehrmacht'' officers who committed atrocities against Allied prisoners of war, [[Partisan (military)|partisan]]s, and [[guerrilla]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/nuremberg-trials |title=Nuremberg Trials |website=History |publisher=A&E Television Networks |access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref>

==Background==
The Allies had initially planned to convene several international trials for war crimes at the International Military Tribunal, but failed because the Allies could not agree upon the proper legal management and disposition of military and civilian war criminals; however, the Control Council Law No. 10 (20 December 1945) of the [[Allied Control Council]] empowered the military authorities of every occupation zone in Germany to place on trial people and soldiers suspected of being war criminals. Based on this law, the U.S. authorities proceeded after the end of the initial Nuremberg Trial against the major war criminals to hold another twelve trials in Nuremberg. The judges in all these trials were American, and so were the prosecutors; the chief of counsel for the prosecution was Brigadier General [[Telford Taylor]]. In the other occupation zones, similar trials took place.<ref name="Heller">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ALHAwFfy44C&q=%22a+brief+synopsis+of+those+trials%22 | title=The Trials. Introduction: the indictments, biographical information, and the verdicts | publisher=Oxford University Press | work=The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law | date=2011 | access-date=10 January 2015 | author=[[Kevin Jon Heller]] | pages=85–| isbn=9780199554317 }}</ref>

==Trials==
The twelve U.S. trials after the Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT) took place from 9 December 1946 to 13 April 1949.<ref name="Heller"/> The trials were as follows:
{| class="wikitable" width="95%" style="font-size: 90%; border-spacing:10px 0px;"
!#
!align="left"|Designations
!align="left"|Dates
!align="left"|Defendants
|- id="Doctors' Trial"
||1||[[Doctors' Trial]] ||9 December 1946 – 20 August 1947 || 23 Nazi physicians of the [[Aktion T4]]
|- id="Milch Trial"
||2||[[Milch Trial]] ||2 January – 14 April 1947 || Field Marshal [[Erhard Milch]] of the ''[[Luftwaffe]]''
|- id="Judges' Trial"
||3||[[Judges' Trial]] ||5 March – 4 December 1947 || 16 Nazi German "racial purity" jurists
|- id="Pohl Trial"
||4||[[Pohl Trial]] ||8 April – 3 November 1947 || [[Oswald Pohl]] and 17 SS officers
|- id="Flick Trial"
||5||[[Flick Trial]] ||19 April – 22 December 1947 || [[Friedrich Flick]] and 5 directors of his companies
|- id="IG Farben Trial"
||6||[[IG Farben Trial]] ||27 August 1947 – 30 July 1948 ||24 directors of [[IG Farben]], maker of [[Zyklon B]]
|- id="Hostages Trial"
||7||[[Hostages Trial]] ||8 July 1947 – 19 February 1948 || 12 German generals of the [[Balkan Campaign (World War II)|Balkan Campaign]]
|- id="RuSHA Trial"
||8||[[RuSHA Trial]] ||20 October 1947 – 10 March 1948 || 14 racial cleansing and resettlement officials
|- id="Einsatzgruppen Trial"
||9||[[Einsatzgruppen Trial]] ||29 September 1947 – 10 April 1948 || 24 officers of ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]''
|- id="Krupp Trial"
||10||[[Krupp Trial]] ||8 December 1947 – 31 July 1948 || 12 directors of the [[Krupp]] Group
|- id="Ministries Trial"
||11||[[Ministries Trial]] ||6 January 1948 – 13 April 1949 || 21 officials of [[Nazi Germany|Reich ministries]]
|- id="High Command Trial"
||12||[[High Command Trial]] ||30 December 1947 – 28 October 1948 || 13 generals and 1 admiral of the High Command
|}

==Result==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2019}}
The Nuremberg process initiated 3,887 cases of which about 3,400 were dropped. 489 cases went to trial, involving 1,672 defendants. A total of 1,416 of them were found guilty; fewer than 200 were executed, and another 279 defendants were sentenced to life in prison. By the 1950s almost all of them had been released.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Anne|title=Red Orchestra: The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler|date=April 2009|publisher=Random House|pages=[https://archive.org/details/redorchestrastor00anne/page/305 305]–6|url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestrastor00anne|url-access=registration|quote=subsequent nuremberg trials 200 nazi.|isbn=9781588367990}}</ref>

Many of the longer prison sentences were reduced substantially by an amnesty under the decree of high commissioner [[John J. McCloy]] in 1951, after intense political pressure. Ten outstanding death sentences from the ''Einsatzgruppen'' Trial were converted to prison terms. Many others who had received prison sentences were released outright.

==Criticism==
Some of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals have been criticised for their conclusion that "morale bombing" of civilians, including its [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear variety]], was legal, and for their judgment that, in certain situations, executing civilians in reprisal was permissible.<ref>{{cite book |last= Heller |first= Kevin Jon |year= 2011 |title= The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law |location= Oxford |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=8ALHAwFfy44C&pg=PA3 3] }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Auschwitz Trial]] held in [[Kraków]], Poland in 1947 against 40 SS-staff of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] death factory
* [[Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials]], 1963–1965
* [[Majdanek Trials]], held against [[Majdanek extermination camp]] officials. Longest Nazi war crimes trial in history, spanning over 30 years
* [[Chełmno Trials]] of the [[Chełmno extermination camp]] personnel, held in Poland and Germany. The cases were decided almost twenty years apart
* [[Sobibor Trial]] held in [[Hagen]], Germany in 1965, concerning the [[Sobibor extermination camp]]
* [[Belzec Trial]] before the 1st [[Munich]] District Court in the mid-1960s, eight SS-men of the [[Belzec extermination camp]]
* [[Belsen Trial]] in Lüneburg, 1945
* [[Command responsibility]] doctrine of hierarchical accountability
* [[Dachau Trials]] held within the walls of the former [[Dachau concentration camp]], 1945–1948
* [[Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials]], 1946–1947
* [[Ravensbrück Trial]]
* [[Research Materials: Max Planck Society Archive]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Baars |first1=Grietje |editor1-last=Heller |editor1-first=Kevin |editor2-last=Simpson |editor2-first=Gerry |title=The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967114-4 |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671144.001.0001/acprof-9780199671144-chapter-8 |language=en |chapter=Capitalism's Victor's Justice? The Hidden Stories Behind the Prosecution of Industrialists Post-WWII}}
* {{cite book |last= Dubois |first= Josiah E. |author-link= Josiah E. DuBois Jr |year= 1952 |title= The Devil's Chemists |url= http://arcticbeacon.com/books/The_Devils_Chemists_Josiah_DuBois(1952).pdf |location= Boston, MA |publisher= [[Beacon Press]] |asin= B000ENNDV6 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120617102936/http://arcticbeacon.com/books/The_Devils_Chemists_Josiah_DuBois(1952).pdf |archive-date= 2012-06-17 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Priemel |editor1-first=Kim C. |editor2-last=Stiller |editor2-first=Alexa |title=[[Reassessing the Nuremberg Military Tribunals]]: Transitional Justice, Trial Narratives, and Historiography |date=2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-85745-532-1 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Heller |first1=Kevin Jon |title=The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-165286-8 |language=en}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mazal.org/NMT-HOME.htm The NMT proceedings] at the Mazal Library.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101125101211/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/subsequenttrials.html An overview].

{{Nuremberg Trials}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals|*]]
[[Category:1946 in Germany]]
[[Category:1947 in Germany]]
[[Category:1948 in Germany]]
[[Category:1949 in Germany]]
[[Category:1940s trials]]
[[Category:Nuremberg in World War II|Trials, Subsequent]]