Editing Subtropics

{{Short description|Geographic and climate zone}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Subtropical.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Areas of the world with subtropical climates]]
[[File:World map indicating tropics and subtropics.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The subtropics and [[tropics]]]]

The '''subtropical zones''' or '''subtropics''' are [[geographical zone|geographical]] and [[Köppen climate classification|climate zones]] immediately to the [[Northern Hemisphere|north]] and [[Southern Hemisphere|south]] of the [[tropics]]. Geographically part of the [[Geographical zone#Temperate zones|temperate zones]] of both hemispheres, they cover the [[middle latitudes]] from {{circle of latitude|tropical|convert}} to approximately 35° to 40° north and south.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subtropical zone |url=https://content.meteoblue.com/en/research-education/educational-resources/meteoscool/general-climate-zones/subtropical-zone |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}</ref> The [[horse latitudes]] lie within this range.

Subtropical climates are often characterized by hot summers and mild winters with infrequent frost. Most subtropical climates fall into two basic types: [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: Cfa/Cwa), where rainfall is often concentrated in the warmest months, for example [[list of regions of China|Southeast China]] and the [[Southeastern United States]], and [[Mediterranean climate|dry summer]] or [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: Csa/Csb), where seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the cooler months, such as the [[Mediterranean Basin]] or [[Southern California]].

Subtropical climates can also occur at high elevations within the [[tropics]], such as in the southern end of the [[Mexican Plateau]] and in [[Da Lat]] of the Vietnamese Central Highlands. The six climate classifications use the term to help define the various [[temperature]] and [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] regimes for planet [[Earth]].

A great portion of the world's deserts are within the subtropics, as this is where the semi-permanent subtropical anticyclone resides (typically inland on the southwest sides of continents).  Areas bordering warm oceans (typically on the southeast sides of continents) have hot and wet summers with frequent (but brief) convective rainfall ([[tropical cyclone]]s can also contribute to annual rainfall).  Areas bordering cool oceans (typically on the southwest sides of continents) are prone to fog, aridity, and dry summers. Plants such as [[palm (plant)|palms]], [[citrus]], [[mango]], [[pistachio]], [[lychee]], and [[avocado]] are grown in the subtropics.

== Definition ==
{{See also|List of locations with a subtropical climate}}

The tropics have been ''historically'' defined as lying between the [[Tropic of Cancer]] and [[Tropic of Capricorn]], at latitudes {{Circle of latitude|Tropical|Convert}} north and south, respectively.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C01/E4-03-04-03.pdf|title=Principal Weather Systems in Subtropical and Tropical Zones|author=I. G. Sitnikov|volume=1|chapter=1|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems]]}}</ref> According to the American Meteorological Society, the poleward fringe of the subtropics is at latitudes approximately [[35th parallel north|35° north]] and [[35th parallel south|south]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 March 2013|author=Glossary of Meteorology|date=25 April 2012|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|title=Subtropics|url=http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Subtropics}}</ref>

[[File: East Battery Street Charleston Aug2010.jpg|thumb|Houses in subtropical Charleston, South Carolina, along [[The Battery (Charleston)|The Battery]]]]

Several methods have been used to define the subtropical climate depending on the climate system used.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

The most well known<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arise |first=Lotus |date=2021-01-27 |title=Trewartha Climatic Classification - UPSC (Climatology) |url=https://lotusarise.com/trewartha-climatic-classification-upsc/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> is the [[Trewartha climate classification]], which defines a subtropical region as one that has at least eight months with a mean temperature greater than {{convert|10|°C|°F|1}} and at least one month with a mean temperature under {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}}.<ref>Belda et al. Climate classification revisited: from Köppen to Trewartha. In: Climate Research Vol. 59: 1–13, 2014.</ref>

German climatologists Carl Troll and Karlheinz Paffen defined ''warm temperate zones'' as plain and hilly lands having an average temperature of the coldest month between {{convert|2|°C|°F|1}} and {{convert|13|°C|°F|1}} in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and between {{convert|6|°C|°F|1}} and {{convert|13|°C|°F|1}} in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], excluding [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] and [[continental climate]]s.  According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, there generally exists one large subtropical zone named the warm-temperate subtropical zone,<ref>[http://web.tiscali.it/linnets/Troll-Paffen.jpg Climatic map by Istituto Geografico De Agostini, according to Troll-Paffen climate classification] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004052732/http://web.tiscali.it/linnets/Troll-Paffen.jpg |date=4 October 2012 }}</ref> which is subdivided into seven smaller areas.<ref>[http://www.klimadiagramme.de/Frame/troll.html Die Klimaklassifikation nach Troll / Paffen] – klimadiagramme.de</ref>

According to the E. Neef climate classification, the subtropical zone is divided into two parts: ''rainy winters of the west sides'' and ''eastern subtropical climate''.<ref>[http://www.klimadiagramme.de/Frame/neef.html Die Klimaklassifikation nach E. Neef] – klimadiagramme.de</ref>  According to the Wilhelm Lauer & Peter Frankenberg climate classification, the subtropical zone is divided into three parts: ''high-continental'', ''continental'', and ''maritime''.<ref>[http://www.manuel-friedrich.de/ab/GEO033.pdf Wilhelm Lauer & Peter Frankenberg climate classification]</ref>  According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, subtropical is one of six climate zones in the world.<ref>[http://www.ph-heidelberg.de/geographie/forschung-und-entwicklung/klimakarte-der-erde.html ''Die Klimatypen der Erde''] – Pädagogische Hochschule in [[Heidelberg]]</ref>

[[Leslie Holdridge]] defined the subtropical climates as having a mean annual [[biotemperature]] between the frost line or critical temperature line, 16&nbsp;°C to 18&nbsp;°C (depending on locations in the world), and 24&nbsp;°C.<ref>[http://reddcr.go.cr/sites/default/files/centro-de-documentacion/holdridge_1966_-_life_zone_ecology.pdf ''LIFE ZONE ECOLOGY by L. R. Holdridge'']</ref> The frost line separates the warm temperate region from the subtropical region. It represents the dividing line between two major physiological groups of evolved plants. Most of the plants are sensitive to low temperatures on the warmer side of the line. They can be killed back by frosts as they have not evolved to withstand periods of cold. On the colder temperate side of the line, the total flora is adapted to survive periods of variable lengths of low temperatures, whether as seeds in the case of the annuals or as perennial plants that can withstand the cold. The 16&nbsp;°C–18&nbsp;°C segment is often "simplified" as 17&nbsp;°C <math display="inline">\bigl(2^{(\log_{2}12\ +\ 0.5)}\ ^\circ\! \mathrm{C} \approx16.97\ ^\circ\! \mathrm{C}\bigr)</math>.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-original-life-zone-chart-of-Holdridge-4_fig2_264499178 ''The climate of Carpathian Region in the 20th century based on the original and modified Holdridge life zone system'']</ref>

The Holdridge subtropical climates straddle more or less the warmest subtropical climates and the less warm tropical climates as defined by the Köppen-Geiger or Trewartha climate classifications.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

However, [[Wladimir Köppen]] has distinguished the hot or subtropical and tropical (semi-)arid climates (''BWh'' or ''BSh'') having an average annual temperature greater than or equal to {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}} from the cold or temperate (semi-)arid climates (''BWk'' or ''BSk'') whose annual temperature average is lower.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-desert-climate.html |title = What is a Desert Climate?| date=November 2017 }}</ref> This definition, though restricted to dry regions, is almost similar to Holdridge's.

== Rainfall ==
{{See also|Earth rainfall climatology|Subtropical ridge|Tropical cyclone|Subtropical cyclone|Wet season}}
[[File:Earth Global Circulation - en.svg|thumb|Hadley cells on the Earth's atmospheric circulation]]
Heating of the earth by the [[sun]] near the equator leads to large amounts of upward motion and convection winds along the [[monsoon trough]] or [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. The upper-level divergence over the near-equatorial trough leads to air rising and moving away from the equator aloft.  As the air moves towards the mid-latitudes, it cools, gets denser and sinks, which leads to subsidence near the [[30th parallel (disambiguation)|30th parallel]] of both hemispheres. This circulation is known as the [[Hadley cell]] and leads to the formation of the [[Horse latitudes|subtropical ridge]].<ref>Dr. Owen E. Thompson (1996). [http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~owen/CHPI/IMAGES/circs02.html Hadley Circulation Cell.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305122318/http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~owen/CHPI/IMAGES/circs02.html |date=5 March 2009 }} Channel Video Productions. Retrieved on 11 February 2007.</ref> Many of the world's deserts are caused by these climatological [[high-pressure area]]s,<ref>ThinkQuest team 26634 (1999). [http://library.thinkquest.org/26634/desert/formation.htm The Formation of Deserts.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017193948/http://library.thinkquest.org/26634/desert/formation.htm |date=17 October 2012 }} Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.</ref> within the subtropics. This regime is known as a [[Semi-arid climate|semiarid]]/[[arid]] subtropical climate, which is generally in areas adjacent to powerful cold ocean currents. Examples of this climate are the coastal areas of [[Southern Africa]] and the west coast of [[South America]].<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/606540/tropical-and-subtropical-desert-climate | title=Tropical and subtropical desert climate}}</ref>

The [[humid subtropical climate]] is often on the western side of the subtropical high. Here, unstable tropical airmasses in summer bring convective overturning and frequent tropical downpours, and summer is normally the season of peak annual rainfall. In the winter (dry season) the monsoon retreats, and the drier [[trade winds]] bring more stable airmass and often dry weather, and frequent sunny skies. Areas that have this type of subtropical climate include Australia, Southeast Asia, and parts of South America.<ref name="SAVWOOD">{{cite web|author=Susan Woodward |url=http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/savanna/savanna.html |title=Tropical Savannas |date=2 February 2005 |access-date=16 March 2008 |publisher=[[Radford University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225082154/http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/savanna/savanna.html |archive-date=25 February 2008 }}</ref><ref>Randy Lascody (2008). [http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/wetdry/FLrainMachine.htm The Florida Rain Machine.] [[National Weather Service]]. Retrieved on 6 February 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Site Treatments Have Little Effect During Wet Season in Texas|date=1 January 1960|journal=Tree Planters' Notes|author=John J. Stransky|volume=10|issue=2}}</ref> In areas bounded by warm ocean like the southeastern United States and East Asia, tropical cyclones can contribute significantly to local rainfall within the subtropics.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2FZryJtlmwC&pg=PA33|title=Australia Burning: Fire Ecology, Policy and Management Issues|author1=Geoffrey John Cary |author2=David B. Lindenmayer |author3=Stephen Dovers |page=33|year=2003|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-06926-8}}</ref>  [[Japan]] receives over half of its rainfall from typhoons.<ref name="Whipple 54">{{cite book | author =  Whipple, Addison | year = 1982 | title = Storm | location = [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria, VA]] | publisher = [[Time Life|Time Life Books]] | isbn = 978-0-8094-4312-3 | page =  54}}</ref>

The [[Mediterranean climate]] is a subtropical climate, usually found on the western side of continents, with a wet season in winter and a dry season in the summer. Regions with this type of climate include the rim lands of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], [[southwestern Australia]], parts of the west coast of South America around [[Santiago]] and the coastal areas of the lower [[West Coast of the United States|west coast of the United States.]]<ref>Remote Sensing for Migratory Creatures (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20041102070632/http://arsc.arid.arizona.edu/migratory/veg_tdf.html Phenology and Creature Migration: Dry season and wet season in West Mexico.] Arizona Remote Sensing Center. Retrieved on 6 February 2009.</ref><ref name="JHorel">J. Horel (2006). [http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/normrain.html Normal Monthly Precipitation, Inches.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113222938/http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/normrain.html |date=13 November 2006 }} University of Utah. Retrieved on 19 March 2008.</ref><ref>D. Bozkurt, O.L. Sen and M. Karaca (2008). [http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2008/04210/EGU2008-A-04210-1.pdf Wet season evaluation of RegCM3 performance for Eastern Mediterranean.] EGU General Assembly. Retrieved on 6 February 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://geography.huji.ac.il/personal/Dayan/Publications/Synoptic%20Clim%20Maj%20Floods.pdf|page=869|title=Synoptic Climatology of Major Floods in the Negev Desert, Israel|author1=Ron Kahana|author2=Baruch Ziv|author3=Yehouda Enzel|author4=Uri Dayan|name-list-style=amp|journal=International Journal of Climatology|year=2002|volume=22|issue=7|doi=10.1002/joc.766|bibcode=2002IJCli..22..867K|s2cid=129438767 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719162555/http://geography.huji.ac.il/personal/Dayan/Publications/Synoptic%20Clim%20Maj%20Floods.pdf|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>

== Flora ==
[[File:Parque Tingui Curitiba Brasil.jpg|thumb|right|[[Live oak]] with [[araucaria]]s in [[Curitiba]], [[Brazil]]]]
These climates do not routinely see hard freezes or snow due to winter on average being above freezing, which allows plants such as palms and citrus to flourish.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/datepalmanditsu00swingoog| page=[https://archive.org/details/datepalmanditsu00swingoog/page/n17 11]| year=1904| publisher=United States Government Printing Office| author=Walter Tennyson Swingle| title=The Date Palm and its Utilization in the Southwestern States}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTAaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits: Excluding the Banana, Coconut, Pineapple, Citrus Fruits, Olive, and Fig |journal=Nature |volume=108 |issue=2715 |author=Wilson Popenoe |page=7|year=1920|access-date=24 March 2013|bibcode=1921Natur.108Q.334. |doi=10.1038/108334a0 |hdl=2027/hvd.32044106386147 |s2cid=4110679 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> As one moves toward the tropical side the slight winter cool season disappears, while at the poleward threshold of the subtropics the winters become cooler. Some crops which have been traditionally farmed in tropical climates, such as [[mango]], [[litchi]], [[avocado]] and [[aloe vera]], are also cultivated in the subtropics.  Pest control of the crops is easier than in the tropics, due to the cooler winters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ihc2010.org/docs/S18.Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf|title=S18.001: Current Situation and Challenges of Cultivating Banana and other Tropical Fruits in the Subtropics|author=Galán Saúco, V. Robinson, J. C., Tomer, E., Daniells, J.|year=2010|work=28th International Horticultural Congress|access-date=24 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501234931/http://www.ihc2010.org/docs/S18.Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref>

Tree ferns ([[pteridophytes]]) are grown in subtropical areas, as are [[Dracaena (plant)|dracaena]] and [[yucca]], and trees in the [[Taxaceae]]. [[Apple]], [[pear]] and [[pomegranate]] also grow well in the subtropics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C10/E5-03-02.pdf|title=Forests and Forest Plants Volume II – Important Tree Species|author1=R. K. Kholi |author2=D. R. Batish |author3=H. B. SIngh  |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems|access-date=9 April 2013 }}</ref>
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==Varieties==

===Humid subtropical climate===
[[File:Fog in Tây Bắc.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Scene showing fog over a river with people walking on a pathway beside it | [[Fog|Natural fog]] in [[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest Vietnam]]]]
[[File:Wetland Hong Kong.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hong Kong Wetland Park|Wetland Park]] in [[Hong Kong]]]]
{{Main|Humid subtropical climate}}
The humid subtropical climate is a subtropical climate type characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild winters. This climate can be found in northern [[Middle East]], northern [[South Asia]], [[Northern Vietnam]], eastern [[Australia]], southern and southeastern [[China]], southern [[Japan]], the deep [[southeastern United States]], southeastern [[South America]], southeastern [[Southern Africa]], northcentral [[Southern Europe]], and southern and southwestern [[Eastern Europe]]. {{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

In most humid subtropical climates, summer is the wettest season. In summer, the subtropical high pressure cells provide a sultry southernly flow of tropical air with high dew points, and frequent (but brief) convective showers are common. With decreasing latitude most humid subtropical climates typically have drier winters and wetter summers, however some sectors with this climate see a more even rhythm of seasonal rainfall.  Tropical lows and weakening tropical storms often contribute to seasonal rainfall in most humid subtropical climates. In the cool season (winter) the subtropical highs retreat, and the humid subtropics are more influenced by the westerlies and the fronts and storms that move with them.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

{{climate chart
| [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]]
|14.4|19.4|22.5
|15.8|20.4|24.6
|18.4|23.2|47.0
|21.9|27.7|91.8
|24.8|31.9|185.4
|26.4|33.4|253.3
|26.5|33.4|280.1
|26.1|32.6|309.4
|25.2|31.5|228.3
|22.8|29.2|140.7
|19.3|25.7|66.7
|15.8|22.0|20.2
|float=right
|clear=none
|source = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf |title=Vietnam Building Code: Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction |publisher=ibst.vn |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722172120/http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf |access-date=2022-05-25|archive-date=22 July 2018 }}</ref>
}}

{{climate chart
| [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]
| 18.7 | 27.4 | 239
| 18.8 | 28.0 | 217
| 18.2 | 27.2 | 160
| 16.3 | 25.1 |  76
| 13.8 | 23.0 |  74
| 12.4 | 21.8 |  56
| 11.7 | 21.8 |  44
| 12.8 | 23.3 |  39
| 13.9 | 23.9 |  81
| 15.3 | 24.8 | 124
| 16.6 | 25.9 | 146
| 17.7 | 26.3 | 201
|float = left
|clear = none
|source =}}

{{climate chart
|[[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|6.7|20.8|18.9
|9.1|23.9|16.6
|14.1|30.0|10.8
|20.5|36.9|30.4
|25.1|40.5|29.0
|27.6|39.8|54.3
|26.4|35.4|216.8
|25.6|33.7|247.6
|23.8|34.2|133.8
|18.8|33.3|15.4
|12.8|28.3|6.6
|7.8|22.7|15.2
|source=[http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/mean/Delhi%230Palam.htm IMD] {{dead link|date=March 2020}}
|float=right
|clear=none
}}

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===Subtropical highland climate===

The [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)|Subtropical highland climate]] is a climate variant often grouped together with oceanic climates found in some mountainous areas of either the subtropics or tropics. It has characteristically mild temperatures year-round, featuring the four seasons in the subtropics and no marked seasons in the tropics, the latter usually remaining mild to cool through most of the year. Subtropical highland climates under the Cfb classification usually have rainfall spread relatively evenly in all months of the year similar to most oceanic climates<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Ansar |last2=Niyogi |first2=Dev |last3=Fiorito |first3=Francesco |last4=Akbari |first4=Hashem |last5=Mithun |first5=Sk |title=Global Urban Heat Island Mitigation |date=15 June 2022 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=9780323897945 |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7JYEAAAQBAJ&dq=Subtropical+highland+climate+with+uniform+rainfall(Cfb)&pg=PA253 |access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref> while climates under the Cwb classification have significant monsoon influence, usually having dry winters and wet summers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/climate-Cwb.html |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref>

{{climate chart
|[[Mexico City]]
|5.8|21.2|11.0
|7.1|22.9|4.3
|9.2|25.7|10.1
|10.8|26.6|25.9
|11.7|26.5|56.0
|12.2|24.6|134.8
|11.5|23.0|175.1
|11.6|23.3|169.2
|11.5|22.3|144.8
|9.8|22.2|66.9
|7.9|21.8|12.1
|6.6|20.8|6.0
|float=right|clear=none
|source=[http://worldweather.wmo.int/179/c00279.htm WMO]
}}
{{climate chart
|[[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]]
|  8.9 | 23.1 |  16.8
| 9.3 | 24.2 |  36
| 10.5 | 24.6 |  68.2
| 12.3 | 24.9 |  88.8
| 12.5 | 24.8 |  76
| 12.3 | 23.3 | 123.5
| 12.1 | 20.7 | 259.4
| 11.9 | 20.2 | 278
| 11.5 | 21.5 | 174.1
|  9.9 | 22.8 |  41.1
|  8.2 | 22.6 |   8.3
|  7.5 | 22.3 |  10.3
|float = right
|clear = none
|source = [http://www.ethiomet.gov.et/climates/climate_of_city/3352/Addis%20Ababa NMAE] }}

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===Mediterranean climate===
[[File:Fynbos, Lion's Head and trees from Table Mountain trail.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fynbos]] in South Africa]]
{{Main|Mediterranean climate}}
The Mediterranean climate regime resembles the climate of the lands in the [[Mediterranean Basin]], parts of lower West Coast of the United States, parts of [[Western Australia|Western]] and [[South Australia]], in southwestern [[South Africa]] and in parts of central [[Chile]]. The climate is characterized by hot dry summers and cooler winters with rainfall.<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Ritter |url=http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/mediterranean.html |title=Mediterranean or Dry Summer Subtropical Climate |access-date=17 July 2009 |date=24 December 2008 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805040919/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/mediterranean.html |archive-date=5 August 2009 }}</ref> In Europe, the northernmost mediterranean climates are found along the [[Italian Riviera]], at 44° latitude. Parts of southwestern Australia around Perth have a Mediterranean climate as do areas around coastal South Africa.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

{{climate chart
| [[Los Angeles]]
|  9.6 | 20.9| 79.2
| 9.9 | 21.2 | 96.5
| 11.7 | 23.2 | 61.7
| 13.1 | 25.6 | 23.1
| 14.7 | 26.6 |  6.6
| 16.7 | 28.3 |  2.3
| 18.6 | 30.6 |  0.3
| 19.1 | 32.1 |  1
| 18.7 | 31.4 |  6.1
| 16.8 | 27.8 |  16.8
| 12.1 | 23.7 | 26.4
|  9.6 | 20.8 | 59.2
|float = left
|clear = none
|source = [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datatools/normals]
}}

{{climate chart
| [[Porto]]
| 5.2 |13.8 |157.6
| 5.9 |15.0 |139.7
| 7.8 |17.4 |89.9
| 9.1 |18.1 |115.6
|11.6 |20.1 |97.6
|14.5 |23.5 |46
|15.9 |25.3 |18.3
|15.9 |25.7 |26.7
|14.7 |24.1 |71
|12.2 |20.7 |138
| 8.9 |17.1 |158.4
| 6.9 |14.4 |194.7
| float = left
| clear = none
| source = [[Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera|Instituto de Meteorologia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteo.pt/pt/oclima/normais/index.html?page=normais_pto.xml|title=Monthly Averages for Porto, Portugal|publisher=Instituto de Meteorologia|access-date=2 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226203513/http://www.meteo.pt/pt/oclima/normais/index.html?page=normais_pto.xml|archive-date=26 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> }}

{{climate chart
| [[Cape Town]]
| 15.7 | 26.1 | 15
| 15.6 | 26.5 | 17
| 14.2 | 25.4 | 20
| 11.9 | 23.0 | 41
|  9.4 | 20.3 | 69
|  7.8 | 18.1 | 93
|  7.0 | 17.5 | 82
|  7.5 | 17.8 | 77
|  8.7 | 19.2 | 40
| 10.6 | 21.3 | 30
| 13.2 | 23.5 | 14
| 14.9 | 24.9 | 17
|float=left
|clear=none
|source= [http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/sa_zi/cape_town_e.htm HKO]
}}
{{Clear}}

===Semi-desert/desert climate===
[[File:Acacia Negev.JPG|thumb|right|Acacia in [[HaMakhtesh HaGadol]], [[Negev Desert]]]]
{{main|Desert climate|Semi-arid climate}}

According to [[Wladimir Köppen|Köppen]], arid subtropical climates are characterized by an annual average temperature above {{convert|18|°C|1}}, the absence of regular rainfall, and high humidity.<ref name="britannica.com"/>
{{climate chart
| [[Alicante]]
|  6.2 | 16.8 | 22
|  7.0 | 17.8 | 26
|  8.2 | 19.2 | 26
| 10.1 | 20.9 | 30
| 13.3 | 23.6 | 33
| 17.1 | 27.2 | 17
| 19.7 | 30.1 | 6
| 20.4 | 30.4 | 8
| 17.8 | 28.4 | 47
| 13.7 | 24.4 | 52
| 10.0 | 20.5 | 42
|  7.3 | 17.6 | 26
|float = left
|clear = none
|source = [http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=8025&k=val AEdM]}}

{{climate chart
| [[Cairo]]
|  9.0 | 18.9 | 5.0
|  9.7 | 20.4 | 3.8
| 11.6 | 23.5 | 3.8
| 14.6 | 28.3 | 1.1
| 17.7 | 32.0 |  .5
| 20.1 | 33.9 |  .1
| 22.0 | 34.7 |   0
| 22.1 | 34.2 |   0
| 20.5 | 32.6 |   0
| 17.4 | 29.2 |  .7
| 14.1 | 24.8 | 3.8
| 10.4 | 20.3 | 5.9
|float = left
|clear = none
|source = [http://worldweather.wmo.int/059/c00248.htm WMO] }}
{{Clear}}

{{climate chart
| [[Lima]]
| 19.1 | 25.8 |  0.9
| 19.4 | 26.5 |  0.3
| 19.2 | 26.0 |  4.9
| 17.6 | 24.3 |  0.0
| 16.1 | 21.7 |  0.1
| 15.3 | 19.7 |  0.3
| 15.0 | 18.7 |  0.3
| 14.6 | 18.4 |  0.3
| 14.6 | 18.7 |  5.4
| 15.2 | 19.9 |  0.2
| 16.4 | 21.9 |  0.0
| 17.7 | 23.9 |  0.3
|float = left
|clear = none
|source = [http://worldweather.wmo.int/029/c00108.htm WMO] }}

{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Subtropics}}
* [[Geographical zone]]
* [[Subtropical cyclone]]
* [[35th parallel north]]
* [[35th parallel south]]
* [[Tropic of Cancer]]
* [[Tropic of Capricorn]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Subtropics| ]]
[[Category:Physical geography]]
[[Category:Climate zones]]