Editing Sudovian language

{{short description|Extinct Western Baltic language}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Sudovian
| altname          = Yotvingian, Jatvingian
| states           = [[Yotvingia]]
| region           = 
| extinct          = {{Citation needed span|17th century?|date=November 2023}}
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam3             = [[Baltic languages|Baltic]]
| fam4             = [[West Baltic languages|West Baltic]]
| iso3             = xsv
| linglist         = xsv
| glotto           = sudo1236
| glottoname       = Sudovian
| map              = West Baltic languages.svg
| mapcaption       = Former extent of West Baltic languages, including Skalvian.
{{legend|#3879acff|[[Curonian language|Old Curonian]] †}}
{{legend|#00a8f3ff|[[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]]}}
{{legend|#84f4fcff|'''Sudovian''' †}}
{{legend|#a039ccff|[[Skalvian language|Skalvian]] †}}
{{legend|#3f48ccff|[[Galindian language|West Galindian]] †}}
}}

'''Sudovian''' (also known as '''Yotvingian''', or '''Jatvingian''') was a [[West Baltic languages|West Baltic language]] of [[Baltic region|Northeastern Europe]]. Sudovian was closely related to [[Old Prussian]]. It was formerly spoken southwest of the [[Nemunas|Neman]] river in what is now [[Lithuania]], east of [[Galindia]] and in the north of [[Yotvingia]], and by exiles in [[Prussia (Baltic)|East Prussia]].<ref>{{cite conference|conference=Colloquium Pruthenicum Tertium|title=Grammatical Incompatibility of 2 Main Prussian "Dialects" as Implication of Different Phonological Systems|date=2001|first=Mykolas Letas|last=Palmaitis|pages=63{{Hyphen}}77|url=https://klc.vdu.lt/prussian/Diallang.pdf|place=Zakopane}}</ref>

==Name==
The language is referred to as Yotvingian, Jatvingian or Sudovian. Those names are derived from the southern- and northernmost tribes living in the area. When the Germans learnt the name "Sudovian" from the Prussians, they got to know the name of the northernmost tribe only, while Poles in the south met a tribe calling itself Yatvingian. Both Germans and Poles generalized the terms for all the Baltic inhabitants of the area.<ref name="Dini">{{cite book|first=Pietro U.|last=Dini|title=Foundations of Baltic languages|translator-first1=Milda B.|translator-last1=Richardson|translator-first2=Robert E.|translator-last2=Richardson|publisher=Vilniaus universitetas|place=Vilnius|date=2014|isbn=978-609-437-263-6}}</ref>{{rp|page=301}}

The territory they lived in is referred to as Sudovia [Sunderland], Jotva [Jettwen], Dainavia, or Pollexia.{{r|Dini|pages=299-300}}

==Classification==
Sudovian was an Indo-European language belonging to the Baltic branch. There are several proposals for the classification of the Sudovian language within the Baltic family.
* Bezzenberg postulated that Sudovian was a southern Lithuanian dialect.{{r|Dini|page=302}}
* Otrębski claimed it to be a transitional language between East and West Baltic.<ref>{{cite book|last=Otrębski|first=Jan Szczepan|chapter=Namen von zwei Jatwingerstämmen|year=1963|title=Slawische Namenforschung, Vorträge auf der II. Arbeitskonferenz|trans-chapter=The names of two Yatwingian tribes|publisher=Akademie Verlag|place=Berlin|pages=204–209}}</ref>
* Some consider it a distinct West Baltic language close to [[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mažiulis|first=Vytautas|author-link=Vytautas Mažiulis|year=1966|title=Jotvingiai|trans-title=The Jatvingians|language=lt|journal=Mokslas Ir Gyvenimas|place=Vilnius|volume=11|pages=32–33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Zigmas|last=Zinkevičius|author-link=Zigmas Zinkevičius|page=267|series=Lietuvių kalbos istorija|trans-title=The origin of the Lithuanian language|title=Lietuvių kalbos kilmė|volume=1|year=1984| publisher=Mokslas|place=Vilnius|isbn=978-54-2000-102-8}}</ref>
* Others view it as an Old Prussian dialect.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kazimieras|last=Būga|title=Kalba ir senovė|trans-title=Language and the Antiquity|language=lt|publisher=Švietimo Ministerijos leidinys|volume=1|place=Vilnius|year=1922|pages=78–83}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Festschrift Bezzenberger|chapter=Zur Sprache der Sudauer-Jatwinger|language=de|trans-chapter=About the Language of the Sudovians-Yatwingians|first=Georg|last=Gerullis |year=1921|place=Göttingen|publisher=Vandenhoek & Ruprecht|pages=44–51}}</ref>

Historical sources state that Sudovian was very similar to and mutually intelligible with the archaic [[Old Prussian language]], e.g. in the introduction to the first Old Prussian Catechism (printed in [[Königsberg]] in 1545, the first book in a Baltic language):

<blockquote>{{lang|de|Die Sudawen aber wiewol ihre rede etwas nyderiger wissen sich doch inn diese preüßnische sprach : wie sie alhie im Catechismo gedruckt ist auch wol zuschicken und vernemen alle wort.}}<ref>{{citation|title=Catechiſmus jn Peüßniſcher ſprach|place=Königsberg|year=1545|page=3|publisher=Hans Weinreich|language=de|trans-title=Catechism in Prussian language}}</ref><ref name="Klussis">{{cite book|title=Old Prussian Written Monuments: Text and Comments|author-last=Palmaitis|author-first=Mykolas Letas|publisher=Lithuanian's World Center for Advancement of Culture, Science and Education|location=Kaunas|year=2007|url=http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/prussian/Kat.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220021620/http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/prussian/Kat.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-20 |url-status=live|isbn=978-9986-418-42-9}}{{rp|pages=107; 149}}</ref> <br>– "But the Sudovians, although their speech is somewhat lower, understand this Prussian language, as it is printed in the Catechism, and they express themselves well and understand every word".</blockquote>

In addition to similarities in the scarce material in the Western Baltic languages, this leads most linguists to the conclusion that Sudovian belongs to the Western Baltic branch.{{r|Dini|page=300}} Sudovian along with Old Prussian was later influenced by [[Gothic language|Gothic]], while most of the East Baltic languages had more contact with Finnic languages.<ref name="Gimbutas">{{cite book|first=Marija|last=Gimbutas|author-link=Marija Gimbutas|date=1963|title=The Balts|series=Ancient peoples and places|place=London|publisher=Thames and Hudson}}</ref>{{rp|page=19}}

==History==
[[Image:Baltic Tribes c 1200.svg|thumb|Distribution of the Baltic tribes, circa 1200 [[Common Era|CE]] (boundaries are approximate).]]

Sudovia and neighboring Galindia were two Baltic tribes or nations mentioned by the Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century AD as ''{{lang|grc-latn|Galíndai}} and {{lang|grc-latn|Soudinoí}}'' ({{lang|grc|Γαλίνδαι}}, {{lang|grc|Σουδινοί}}).{{r|Dini|page=299}}{{r|Gimbutas|page=22}}

[[Peter of Dusburg]], in his 14th-century ''[[Chronicon terrae Prussiae]]'', refers to Sudovia and to its inhabitants as ''Sudovites'', listing them as one of the Prussian tribes.{{r|Dini|page=299}}{{r|Gimbutas|page=22}} He attests, that between 1,500 and 1,600 Sudavians were forcefully relocated to [[Sambia Peninsula|Sambia]] in the late 13th century.<ref name="Kregzdys">{{cite journal |url=https://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/object/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2018~1556116444562/J.04~2018~1556116444562.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019170334/https://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/object/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2018~1556116444562/J.04~2018~1556116444562.pdf |archive-date=2019-10-19 |url-status=live |title=Sūduvių knygelė – vakarų baltų religijos ir kultūros šaltinis. I dalis: formalioji analizė |first=Rolandas |last=Kregždys |journal=Lituanistica |year=2009 |volume=3–4 |issue=79–80 |pages=179–187 |issn=0235-716X |language=lt |trans-title=The Sudovian book - The source of Western Baltic religion and culture. First Part: Formal analysis}}</ref>

After the district was conquered by the [[Teutonic Knights]], the language died out and its speakers were gradually absorbed by German, Lithuanian and Slavic populations.{{r|Dini|page=300}}

[[John Poliander]] wrote in 1535 about the Sudovians living near Königsberg, Prussia, that 32 villages used ''Sudini speech'' in a 6–7 mile stretch of land of the Samland Corner that bears the name of Sudavia. They spoke a language similar to the Old Prussian language, but they used the term {{lang|xsv|gentaras}} for amber, not the Sambian (Old Prussian) term. From him we learn that the Sudovians lived secluded from the Sambians, that they married within their own tribe, and did not allow intermarriage with the neighbouring Prussian population "even if begged". They stubbornly held to their own traditions, and wore finger and ear rings with bronze bells and silver belts. Nothing was imported from abroad, but everything was produced by local craftsmen.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

[[Christoph Hartknoch]] reported in 1684 that there were still Sudovians in Sambia.<ref>{{cite book|date=1684|publisher=Hallervorden|place=Frankfurt & Leipzig|title=Alt- und Neues Preussen oder Preussischer Historien Zwey Theile|first=Christoph|last=Hartknoch|author-link=Christoph Hartknoch|language=de|trans-title=Old and wew Prussia or The two parts of Prussian history}}</ref>

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Based on onomastics, Sudovian is thought to have had the following consonants:{{r|Dini|pages=302-303}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]</small>
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]</small>
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]</small>
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|mʲ}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|nʲ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|pʲ}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|kʲ}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|bʲ}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡʲ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|<small>voiceless</small>]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʃ}} 
|
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|{{IPA link|v}}
|{{IPA link|vʲ}}
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

* Compared to other Baltic languages, {{IPA|[rʲ]}}, {{IPA|[lʲ]}}, {{IPA|[zʲ]}}, {{IPA|[ʒʲ]}}, {{IPA|[sʲ]}}, and {{IPA|[ʃʲ]}} were depalatalized.
* A Partial depalatalization of {{IPA|[mʲ]}}, {{IPA|[vʲ]}}, {{IPA|[pʲ]}}, and {{IPA|[bʲ]}} took place.
* {{IPA|[tʲ]}} and {{IPA|[dʲ]}} turned into {{IPA|[kʲ]}} and {{IPA|[gʲ]}} respectively.

===Vowels===
====Diphthongs====
Two diphthongs are attested:{{r|Dini|pp=302{{Hyphen}}303}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA|ei}}
|
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA|au}}
|}

*Along with Prussian, Sudovian preserved Proto-Baltic {{IPA|*/ei/}}, unlike the [[East Baltic languages]], where it shifted to {{IPA|/ie/}}.

==Grammar==
The few grammatical features proposed for the Sudovian languages are either based on supposed Sudovian substrate in other languages or based on the Polish-Yotvingian Vocabulary (it is unsure, whether or not it represents Sudovian). Therefore, few can be said with certainty.

The language seems to have preserved many archaic features, which have been lost in other Baltic languages. The language from the vocabulary retained the Proto-Baltic singular neuter case endings (as did Prussian), leaving the language with three genders.{{r|Dini|page=305}}

The language has six [[grammatical case]]s: nominative, vocative (The vocative example is "{{lang|xsv|Kails naussen gnigethe.}}" form the Sudovian Book), accusative, genitive, dative and locative, and a complex morphology with a variety of [[grammatical mood|moods]]. It was a frontier dialect of Old Baltic, which preserved many archaic features which had been lost in the Middle Baltic group.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Corpus of the Sudovian language==
===Onomastics===
The Constit. Synod. Evangel. of 1530 contains the following list of deities who were still worshipped by the Sudavians in Samland: "''Occopirmus, Sualxtix, Ausschauts, Autrympus, [[Patrimpas|Potrympus]], Bardoayts, Piluuytis, [[Perkūnas|Parcunas]], [[Peckols|Pecols]]'',...".<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Hastings|title=Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics|volume=IX|place=New York|date=1917|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|page=488}}</ref>

Toponyms from north-eastern Poland, north-western Belarus, and Lithuania also preserve words.{{r|Dini|p=302}}

===Evidence from other languages===
The Yotvingian territories were later overrun and populated by [[Slavs]] around present-day [[Białystok]] and [[Suwałki]] in north-eastern [[Poland]] and nearby [[Hrodna]] (formerly Grodno) in [[Belarus]]. Some elements of Baltic speech are still retained in the Belarus and [[Ukraine]] territory, owing to the sparse indigenous populations and resettlements of refugees from Lithuania. The dialect of [[Zietela]] ({{langx|be|Дзятлава}}, {{langx|ru|Дятлово}}, {{langx|yi|Zietil}}, {{langx|pl|Zdzięcioł}}) was of particular interest.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vidugiris|first=Aloyzas|title=Zietelos Šnektos žodynas|trans-title=A Dictionary of the Subdialect of Zietela|language=lt|place=Vilnius|publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas|date=1998|isbn=978-54-2001-403-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vidugiris |first1=Aloyzas |last2=Mikulėnienė |first2=Danguolė |language=lt |title=Zietelos Šnektos tekstai. I dalis |trans-title=Texts of the Zietela Subdialect. Part I |place=Vilnius |publisher=Lietuvių kalbos institutas |volume=1 |isbn=9986-668-73-5 |date=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mikulėnienė|first=Danguolė|title=Concerning the Influence of the Western Balts on the Accentuation System of Western Lithuanian Dialects|journal=Acta Baltico-Slavica|publisher=Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk|year=2006|volume=30|pages=89–96}}</ref> Kazlauskas suggested that the word ''mėnas'' ("month") (dative singular ''mënui'') encountered in dialects (Zietela, [[Lazdijai]]) and in the writings of [[Jonas Bretkūnas|Bretkūnas]] is a remnant of nouns with the stem suffix -s.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jonas|last=Kazlauskas|year=1968|place=Vilnius|page=285|trans-title=Historical Grammar of Lithuanian|publisher=Mintis|title= Lietuvių Kalbos Istorinė Gramatika|language=lt|isbn=}}</ref> The dialect of [[Druskininkai Municipality|Druskininkai]] in Lithuania, too, was influenced by the Sudovian language.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Naktinienė|first1=Gertrūda|first2=Aldona|last2=Paulauskienė|first3=Vytautas|last3=Vitkauskas|title=Druskininkų tarmės žodynas|language=lt|trans-title=Dictionary of the dialect of Druskininkai|place=Vilnius|publisher=Mokslas|year=1988|isbn=978-54-2000-115-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Zigmas|last=Zinkevičius |author-link=Zigmas Zinkevičius|title=Lietuvių kalbos dialektologija|isbn=978-54-2000-778-5|publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla|language=lt|trans-title=Dialectology of the Lithuanian language|place=Vilnius|year=1994}}</ref>

===Fragmentary texts===
There are also some Sudovian language phrases in "[[Sudovian Book|''Warhafftige Beschreibung der Sudawen auff Samland sambt ihren Bock heyligen und Ceremonien'']]" – True Description of the Sudovians in [[Sambia Peninsula|Samland]] together with their goat sanctifications and ceremonies – written in the mid-16th century by Hieronymus Maletius. Most scholars view these texts as representing Old Prussian,{{r|Klussis|page=437}} while [[Norbertas Vėlius]] regards them as genuine Sudovian.<ref>{{cite journal| first=William Riegel |last=Schmalstieg | title=Review. Baltų religijos ir mitologijos šaltiniai 2 |journal=Archivum Lithuanicum |volume=5 |year=2003 |issn=	1392-737X|url=http://www.elibrary.lt/resursai/Leidiniai/Archivum_Lithuanicum/2003/al_03_06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722150218/http://www.elibrary.lt/resursai/Leidiniai/Archivum_Lithuanicum/2003/al_03_06.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-22 |url-status=live |language=lt | pages=364–365|trans-title=Review. Sources of Baltic religion and mythology II}}</ref>

* {{lang|xsv|Beigeite beygeyte peckolle.}}
* {{lang|xsv|Kails naussen gnigethe.}}
* {{lang|xsv|Kails poskails ains par antres.}} (a drinking toast)
* {{lang|xsv|Kellewesze perioth, Kellewesze perioth.}}
* {{lang|xsv|Ocho Moy myle schwante Panike.}}

===Polish-Yotvingian vocabulary===
Until the 1970s, Yotvingian was chiefly known from toponyms and medieval Russian sources.<ref name="Kapović">{{cite book|last=Kapović|first=Mate|title=Uvod u indoeuropsku lingvistiku : pregled jezikâ i poredbena fonologija |trans-title=Introduction to Indo-European linguistics: An overview of Indo-European languages and a comparative phonology theirof|year=2008|place=Zagreb|publisher=Matica hrvatska|language=hr|isbn=9789531508476}}</ref>{{rp|page=96}} But in 1978, a monument with Yotvingian writing was discovered by accident. In [[Belarus]], a young man named Viačasłaŭ Zinaŭ,<ref>{{cite web|title=Terra Sudorum. At one time scattered between the Neman and Western Bug Rivers, the Yotvingians contributed to the development of several Eastern European nations|url=http://ukrainianweek.com/History/65799|last=Rakhno|first=Kostiantyn|publisher=[[The Ukrainian Week]]|date=24 November 2012|accessdate=11 June 2015}}</ref> an amateur collector, bought a book of Catholic prayers from an old man from {{ill|Novy Dvor|ru|Новый Двор (Брестская область)}} village in the depths of [[Białowieża Forest]], which held a small manuscript titled "{{Interlanguage link|Pagan Dialects from Narew|lt|Pagonių šnektos iš Narevo|be-tarask|Паганскія гаворкі з Нараву|de|Pogańske gwary z Narewu}}" ({{lang|pl|Pogańskie gwary z Narewu}}). It was written partly in [[Polish language|Polish]], and partly in an unspecified, "pagan" language. However, Zinov's parents threw away the book. But, before the manuscript was destroyed, Zinov had made notes of it which he sent to [[Vilnius University]] in 1983. Even though Zinov's notes were riddled with errors, it has been proven beyond doubt that the notes are indeed a copy of an authentic Yotvingian text.{{r|Kapović|page=97}}<ref name=zink>{{Unbulleted list|{{cite book|first=Zigmas|last=Zinkevičius|author-link=Zigmas Zinkevičius|url=http://www.inslav.ru/images/stories/books/BSI1983(1984).pdf|chapter=Польско-ятвяжский словарик?|trans-chapter=Polish-Yatvingian vocabulary? |year=1983|title=Балто-славянские исследования|trans-title=Balto Slavic studies|publisher=Наука|place=Moskow|publication-date=1984|pages=3–29|language=ru}}|{{cite book|first=Zigmas|last=Zinkevičius|author-link=Zigmas Zinkevičius|chapter=A Polish-Yatvingian vocabulary?|title=Linguistic and Oriental studies from Poznań|year=1992|pages=99–133}}}}</ref> According to the first person who analyzed the manuscript, [[Zigmas Zinkevičius]], this short Yotvingian–Polish dictionary (of just 215 words{{refn|group=Note|In fact there were 214 words, since one Polish word, {{lang|pl|bośian}} (Modern Polish {{lang|pl|bocian}} {{gloss|stork}}), was translated three times, with two translations, ''starkas'' and ''gerwe'' identified, while the third one, ''aucm'', was not, whereas to a Russian speaker it is immediately evident that it is a [[cursive]] writing for the Russian word "{{lang|ru|аист}}" for "stork"; probably a note by Zinov for himself.<ref name=orel>{{cite book|last=Орёл|first=Владимир Эммануилович|chapter=Хелимский Е.А. Наблюдения над балтийским языком польско-«ятвяжского» словарика| trans-chapter=On E.A. Khlemskij's Observation on the Baltic language of the Polish-"Yatvingian" vocabulary | title=Балто-славянские исследования|trans-title=Balto-Slavic studies|year=1985|place=Moscow|publisher=Наука|publication-date=1987|volume=6|pages=121–134|language=ru}}</ref> }}), "Pagan Dialects from Narew", appears to have been written by a Catholic priest in order to preach to locals in their mother tongue. Concerning the language, Zinkevičius put forth three possible versions: 
* a Yotvingian dialect under a heavy influence of Lithuanian;
* Lithuanian words over a strong Yotvingian substratum;
* the compiler of the dictionary could not tell Lithuanian from Yotvingian clearly, and may have included words from both. The latter version is indirectly supported by the name of the document: "Dialects", rather than "Dialect".<ref name=zink/> Some scholars did not rule out the possibility of forgery, but there are strong indications it was not.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Witczak|first=Krzysztof Tomasz|year=2015|title="The Pagan dialects from Narew" in the light of Yatvingian onomastic remnants|url=http://www.baltistukongresas.flf.vu.lt/failai/tezes/Witczak.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.baltistukongresas.flf.vu.lt/failai/tezes/Witczak.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|journal=Baltic from an Indo-European Perspective|language=en|pages=43–44}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Yotvingians|Yotvingians / Sudovians]]
*[[wikt:Appendix:Sudovian glossary (Narew)|Sudovian glossary (Narew)]] on [[Wiktionary]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Kapović |first=Mate |title=Uvod u indoeuropsku lingvistiku |year=2008 |pages=96–97 |location=Zagreb |publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]] |language=Croatian |isbn=978-953-150-847-6}}
*''Catechiſmus jn Peüßniſcher ſprach'', Königsberg, Hans Weinreich, 1545, p.&nbsp;3
** 2nd edition: ''Catechiſmus jn preüßniſcher ſprach, gecorrigiret vnd dagegen das deüdsche'', Königsberg, Hans Weinreich, 1545
* [[Christoph Hartknoch|Hartknoch, Christophorus]], ''Alt- und Neues Preussen''. Franckfurt & Leipzig, 1684 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=ImJcAAAAcAAJ Google Books])
*Būga, K., ''Kalba ir senovė, I, Vilnius'', 1922, p.&nbsp;78
*Būga, K., ''Lietuvių kalbos žodynas'', I, Vilnius, 1924, p.&nbsp;LXXV
*Kazlauskas J., 1968, ''Lietuvių Kalbos Istorinė Gramatika'' [Historical Grammar of Lithuanian], Vilnius, 1968, p 285
*Salys, A., ''Sūduviai [including Sūdovian language], Sūduvių Kampas''. Liet. Enciklopedija, XXIX, Boston, USA, 1963, pp 114–126
*Schmalstieg, W. R., ''Studies in Old Prussian'', (1976) University Park and London, pp 17–23, 91–93, {{ISBN|0-271-01231-5}}
*Mažiulis, V., ''Prūsų kalbos paminklai'', t. II (1981) Vilnius, pp 62–64, 67–68.
*Mažiulis, V., ''Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas'',t. IV, (1997) Vilnius, pp 166–167, {{ISBN|5-420-01406-8}}
*Vidugiris, A., ''Zietelos Šnektos žodynas [A Dictionary of the Subdialect of Zietela.]'', Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1998
*Vidugiris, A., Mikulėnienė, D, ''ZIETELOS ŠNEKTOS TEKSTAI. I dalis [Texts of the Zietela Subdialect. Part I]'', Vilnius, 2005, {{ISBN|9986-668-73-5}} (1 dalis), {{ISBN|9986-668-74-3}} (2 dalys)
*Mikuleniene, D., ''Concerning the Influence of the Western Balts on the Accentuation System of Western Lithuanian Dialects'', Acta Baltico-Slavica, Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2006, vol: 30, pp 89–96
*Naktinienė, G., Paulauskienė,A., Vitkauskas, V., ''Druskininkų tarmės žodynas'', Vilnius 1988
*Zinkevičius, Zigmas, ''Lietuvių kalbos dialektologija'', Vilnius 1994
*Zinkevičius, Zigmas, ''Lietuvių dialektologija'', Vilnius 1966
*{{cite book |last1=Zinkevičius |first1=Zigmas |title=The history of the Lithuanian language |date=1996 |publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla |location=Vilnius |isbn=5-420-01363-0 |pages=50{{Hyphen}}53}}
*Zinkevičius Zigmas, ''Lenkų-jotvingių žodynėlis?'' – Rinktiniai straipsniai. T. I. Vilnius, 2002. P. 30–60.
*Zinkevičius, Zigmas, ''Nauja apie jotvingių kalbą'' – Rinktiniai straipsniai. T. I. Vilnius, 2002. P. 61–66.
*Gimbutas, Marija, ''The Balts'', (1963) London : Thames and Hudson, pp 19, 22–23, 83, 112, 126, 139, 141, 147, 159.
*Gerullis, G., ''Zur Sprache der Sudauer-Jatwinger''. Festschrift Bezzenberger, 1921, p.&nbsp;44
*Hastings, J., ''Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: Volume IX'', New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1917, pp 488

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204202555/http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-01.html M. Gimbutas book on the Balts, with maps]
* {{in lang|la}} [http://lingua.id.lv/LatinPages/Cronica.terre.Prusie.pdf Chronicon Terrae Prussiae, Peter von Dusburg]

{{Baltic languages}}

[[Category:Baltic languages]]
[[Category:Medieval languages]]
[[Category:West Baltic languages]]
[[Category:Extinct Baltic languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Europe]]
[[Category:Languages of Lithuania]]
[[Category:Languages of Poland]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 17th century]]