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{{Short description|Aircraft manufacturer in Russia}} {{Infobox company | name = JSC Sukhoi Company | logo = Sukhoi logo.svg | image = Sukhoi-okb.JPG | image_caption = Sukhoi Company (JSC) head office/Sukhoi Design Bureau offices in the [[Begovoy District]] in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] | native_name = АО Компания «Сухой» | former_names = OKB-51 | type = Division, [[Joint-stock company]] | industry = [[Aerospace]] and [[Arms industry|defense]] | foundation = {{Start date and age|1939}} | fate= merged into [[United Aircraft Corporation]] | founder = [[Pavel Sukhoi]] | location = [[Begovoy District]], [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] | key_people = [[Pavel Sukhoi]] (Founder)<br />[[Yury Slyusar]] (President of the UAC)<br />[[Igor Y. Ozar]] (General Director)<br /> | products = Civilian aircraft, Military aircraft, Unmanned aerial vehicles | revenue = {{Wikidata revenue|revenue|USD}}{{Wikidata revenue|revenue|ref}} | revenue_year = {{Wikidata revenue|revenue|year}} | operating_income = {{Wikidata revenue|operating_income|USD}}{{Wikidata revenue|operating_income|ref}} | income_year = {{Wikidata revenue|operating_income|year}} | net_income = {{Wikidata revenue|net_income|USD}}{{Wikidata revenue|net_income|ref}} | net_income_year = {{Wikidata revenue|net_income|year}} | assets = {{Wikidata revenue|assets|USD}}{{Wikidata revenue|assets|ref}} | assets_year = {{Wikidata revenue|assets|year}} | equity = {{Wikidata revenue|equity|USD}}{{Wikidata revenue|equity|ref}} | equity_year = {{Wikidata revenue|equity|year}} | num_employees = 26,177 <small>(2011)</small><ref name=Annual2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.sukhoi.org/files/GO_2011.pdf|title=Sukhoi annual financial 2011 report (in Russian)|access-date=12 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111759/http://www.sukhoi.org/files/GO_2011.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | parent = [[United Aircraft Corporation]] | slogan = | homepage = {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402082018/http://www.sukhoi.org|title=sukhoi.org}} }} The '''JSC Sukhoi Company''' ({{langx|ru|АО «Компания „Сухой“»}}, {{IPA|ru|sʊˈxoj}}) is a [[Russian aircraft manufacturer]] headquartered in [[Begovoy District]], [[Northern Administrative Okrug]], [[Moscow]],<ref>"[http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/contacts/ahc_sukhoi/ Contacts : Sukhoi Company (JSC)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831092922/http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/contacts/ahc_sukhoi/|date=2011-08-31}}." Sukhoi. Retrieved on 17 December 2010. "23B, Polikarpov str., Moscow, 125284, Russia, p/b 604." ([http://www.sukhoi.org/img/content/map_sukhoi_en.gif Direct link to map] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929104126/http://www.sukhoi.org/img/content/map_sukhoi_en.gif|date=2011-09-29}}) – [http://www.sukhoi.org/contacts/ahc_sukhoi/ Address in Russian] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829154741/http://sukhoi.org/contacts/ahc_sukhoi/|date=2011-08-29}}: "125284, Россия, Москва, ул. Поликарпова д. 23Б, а/я 604" ([http://www.sukhoi.org/img/content/map.gif Direct link to Russian map] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929104236/http://www.sukhoi.org/img/content/map.gif|date=2011-09-29}})</ref> that designs both civilian and military aircraft. Sukhoi was founded in the [[Soviet Union]] by [[Pavel Sukhoi]] in 1939 as the '''Sukhoi Design Bureau''' ('''OKB-51''', [[OKB|design office]] prefix '''Su'''), and survived the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. In February 2006, the [[Russian government]] merged Sukhoi with [[Mikoyan]], [[Ilyushin]], [[Irkut (aircraft manufacturer)|Irkut]], [[Tupolev]], and [[Yakovlev]] as a new company named [[United Aircraft Corporation]].<ref name="nyt_united_aircraft2">"[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/22/business/worldbusiness/22air.html?_r=1&oref=login Russian Aircraft Industry Seeks Revival Through Merger] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107070040/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/22/business/worldbusiness/22air.html?_r=1&oref=login |date=2015-11-07 }}." ''[[The New York Times]].'' February 22, 2006.</ref> ==History== [[File:1995 Sukhoi stamp crop.png|left|thumb|A [[Cropping (image)|cropped]] stamp of [[Pavel Sukhoi]], the founder of the Sukhoi Design Bureau]] === Origins === In March 1930, nine years before the creation of the bureau, [[Pavel Sukhoi]], an [[aerospace engineering|aerospace engineer]], took over team no. 4 of the CAHI's AGOS aviation, flying boat aviation and aircraft prototype engineering facility. Under Sukhoi's leadership, the team of the future design bureau started to take shape. The team, under the [[Tupolev]] [[OKB]], produced experimental fighters such as the I-3, I-14, and the DIP, a record-breaking RD aircraft, the [[Tupolev ANT-25]], flown by famous Soviet [[Aircraft pilot|aviators]], [[Valery Chkalov]] and [[Mikhail Gromov (military)|Mikhail Gromov]], and the [[Bomber|long-range bombers]] such as the [[Tupolev TB-1]] and the [[Tupolev TB-3]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/company/history/okb/|title=Sukhoi Company (JSC) - Company - The Company's history - Sukhoi Design Bureau (JSC)|last=www.3ebra.com|first=IT-Bureau Zebra -|website=www.sukhoi.org|access-date=2017-08-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811222839/http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/company/history/okb/|archive-date=2017-08-11}}</ref> In 1936, [[Joseph Stalin]], leader of the Soviet Union, issued a requirement for a [[multirole combat aircraft]]. As a result, Sukhoi and his team developed the BB-1, a [[reconnaissance aircraft]] and [[light bomber]] in 1937. The BB-1 was approved, and under a July 29, 1939 government resolution, the Sukhoi [[OKB]], designated OKB-51 and called the Sukhoi Design Bureau, was developed to establish production for the aircraft. The BB-1 was introduced and later adopted by the [[Soviet Air Forces]] in the same year. A year later, the BB-1 was later designated the [[Sukhoi Su-2]]. A total of 910 Su-2 aircraft were built. The resolution also made Sukhoi chief designer, gave Sukhoi's team of the [[design bureau]] standalone status and relocation of the bureau to the Production Aircraft Plant No. 135 in [[Kharkiv]], [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. However, Sukhoi was not satisfied with its location, since it was isolated from the scientific pole of [[Moscow]]. Sukhoi later relocated the bureau to the [[aerodrome]] of [[Moscow Oblast]], completing half of the relocation by 1940. Sukhoi encountered another issue: the bureau had no production line in Moscow, thus making it useless as Sukhoi had nothing to do.<ref name=":0" /> === World War II === During the [[Operation Barbarossa|Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union]] in [[World War II]], the Su-2 needed a successor, as it was proved obsolete and under-armed against [[List of military aircraft of Nazi Germany|Nazi aircraft]], with 222 aircraft destroyed in total. Sukhoi and his bureau designed a two-seat armored [[attack aircraft|ground-attack aircraft]], the [[Sukhoi Su-6]], considered in some terms to be superior to its competitor, the [[Ilyushin Il-2]]. The government, however, later chose the Il-2 over the Su-6, but rewarded Sukhoi a [[USSR State Prize|Stalin Prize]] of the 1st Level for its development in 1943. Sukhoi and this team later focused on development of variants of the Su-2, the prototype cannon-armed [[Sukhoi Su-1]] (Su-3) fighter, as well as the [[Sukhoi Su-8]], which to serve as a long-range ground-attack aircraft for the [[Soviet Air Forces]], but was later discarded as the Soviet Union was winning the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].<ref name=":0" /> === Cold War === [[File:Sukhoi Alley (8911167919).jpg|thumb|A line of Sukhoi combat aircraft at [[Central Air Force Museum Monino]]]] After the war, Sukhoi and his team were among the first Soviet aircraft designers who led the work on [[jet aircraft]], creating several experimental [[Fighter aircraft|jet fighters]]. Sukhoi started developing two mixed-power fighters, the [[Sukhoi Su-5]] and a modification of the [[Sukhoi Su-6]] named Su-7 before 1945. At the start of 1945, the design bureau started working on jet fighters such as the [[Sukhoi Su-9 (1946)|Sukhoi Su-9]], [[Sukhoi Su-11 (1948)|Sukhoi Su-11]], [[Sukhoi Su-15 (1949)|Sukhoi Su-15]], and the [[Sukhoi Su-17 (1949)|Sukhoi Su-17]], the [[Sukhoi Su-10]] jet-propulsed [[bomber]], and the [[Reconnaissance aircraft|reconnaissance]] and artillery spotter [[twinjet]], the [[Sukhoi Su-12]]. Sukhoi and his team also used the [[Tupolev Tu-2]] bomber to develop and produce the trainer bomber UTB-2, worked on passenger and troop-carrying aircraft, the [[jet fighter]] Sukhoi Su-14, and several other aircraft. From 1945 to 1950, Sukhoi and his team also developed the Soviet Union's first booster aircraft control system, [[drogue parachute]], catapult [[ejection seat]] with telescopic trolley, and a jettisonable nose with a [[cabin pressurization|pressurized cockpit]]. From 1949, Sukhoi fell out of Stalin's favor and in a government resolution, the Sukhoi Design Bureau was scrapped, and Sukhoi was forced to return to work under [[Andrei Tupolev]], this time as Deputy Chief Designer. In 1953, the year of [[Stalin's death]], he was permitted to reestablish his own Sukhoi Design Bureau, which was set up with new production facilities.<ref name=":0" /> === Contemporary era === [[File:Sukhoi Company logo.svg|275px|thumb|Previous Sukhoi logo|right]] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, each of the multitude of bureaus and factories producing Sukhoi components was privatized independently. In the early 1990s, Sukhoi started diversifying its products and initiated '''Sukhoi Civil Aircraft''' to create a line of [[civil aviation]] projects for the company. The progress made by the new branch would lead to the development of the utility aircraft, the [[Sukhoi Su-80|Su-80]], and the agricultural aircraft, the [[Sukhoi Su-38|Su-38]], less than a decade later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/corporation/company/sukhoy/|title=JSC "Aviation Holding Company "Sukhoi"|website=www.uacrussia.ru|language=ru|access-date=2017-07-22|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620203836/http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/corporation/company/sukhoy/|archive-date=2017-06-20}}</ref> In 1996, the government re-gathered the major part of them forming '''Sukhoi Aviation Military Industrial Combine''' ('''Sukhoi AIMC''').<ref name="Austin">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFUiZB3Z60gC&q=omsk&pg=PA290|pages=291–292|title=The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia |isbn=9781860644856 |last=Austin| first=Greg| date=14 July 2000|publisher=I. B. Tauris | url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216021717/https://books.google.com/books?id=AFUiZB3Z60gC&pg=PA290&lpg=PA290&dq=omsk+tank+factory#v=snippet&q=omsk&f=false|archive-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> In parallel, other entities, including Ulan Ude factory, Tbilisi factory, Belarus and Ukraine factories, established alternate transnational '''Sukhoi Attack Aircraft''' (planning to produce e.g. [[Su-25]] TM).<ref name="Austin" /> The Sukhoi AIMC is composed of the [[joint-stock company]] Sukhoi Design Bureau and the JSC Sukhoi Civil Aircraft, located in [[Moscow]], the [[Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association]] (NAPA), located in [[Novosibirsk]], and the [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association]] (KnAAPO), located in [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]]. Sukhoi is headquartered in Moscow. Finmeccanica (since 2017, [[Leonardo S.p.A.|Leonardo]]) owns 25% + 1 share of Sukhoi's civil division.<ref name="bbg_20060221">"[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000085&sid=axP4efKbGkck&refer=europe Finmeccanica Will Buy 25% of Sukhoi Civil Aircraft] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206114322/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000085 |date=2006-02-06 }}." [[Bloomberg Television|Bloomberg.com]]. February 21, 2006.</ref> The Russian government merged Sukhoi with [[Mikoyan]], [[Ilyushin]], [[Irkut (aircraft manufacturer)|Irkut]], [[Tupolev]], and [[Yakovlev]] as a new company named [[United Aircraft Corporation]] in February 2006.<ref name="nyt_united_aircraft">"[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/22/business/worldbusiness/22air.html Russian Aircraft Industry Seeks Revival Through Merger] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609035154/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/22/business/worldbusiness/22air.html |date=2016-06-09 }}". ''[[The New York Times]].'' February 22, 2006.</ref> Mikoyan and Sukhoi were placed within the same operating unit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post:8c2173f8-2f61-473b-bca3-e668f48ddf44&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100321164415/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post:8c2173f8-2f61-473b-bca3-e668f48ddf44&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest|url-status=dead|title=Su-35 "In Parallel" With PAK-FA|archive-date=March 21, 2010}}</ref> In September 2007, Sukhoi launched its first modern [[Commerce|commercial]] [[regional]] [[airliner]]—the [[Sukhoi Superjet 100|Superjet 100]] (SSJ 100), a 78 to 98 seater, built by Sukhoi. It was unveiled at [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]].<ref>[http://investing.reuters.co.uk/news/articleinvesting.aspx?type=allBreakingNews&storyID=2007-09-23T095708Z_01_L23773850_RTRIDST_0_RUSSIA-SUPERJET-PREVIEW.XML Reuters, PREVIEW-Russia eyes new aviation glory with Superjet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014053622/http://investing.reuters.co.uk/news/articleinvesting.aspx?type=allBreakingNews&storyID=2007-09-23T095708Z_01_L23773850_RTRIDST_0_RUSSIA-SUPERJET-PREVIEW.XML |date=2007-10-14 }}</ref> The maiden flight was made on May 19, 2008.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} In March 2008, Sukhoi was selected to design and produce the [[carbon fiber composite]] wings for [[Irkut Corporation|Irkut's]] [[Irkut MC-21|MC-21]]'s airframe.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} Sukhoi is also working on what is to be Russia's [[fifth-generation fighter|fifth-generation stealth fighter]], the [[Sukhoi Su-57]]. The maiden flight took place on the 29 January 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/ulkomaat/2010/01/venajalla_esiteltiin_uusi_havittajakone_1405552.html|title=Venäjällä esiteltiin uusi hävittäjäkone|website=Yle Uutiset|date=29 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606224356/http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/ulkomaat/2010/01/venajalla_esiteltiin_uusi_havittajakone_1405552.html|archive-date=2011-06-06}}</ref> As of January 2015, Sukhoi is working on a family of the regional airliner: the [[Sukhoi Superjet 100]], such as the jet airliner [[Sukhoi Superjet 130|Superjet 130]], which would have a seating capacity of 130 to 145 seats, and to bridge the gap of Russian aircraft between the Superjet Stretch and the [[Irkut MC-21]]. ===Integration of the Irkut Corporation=== At the end of November 2018, [[United Aircraft Corporation]] transferred {{abbr|SCAC|Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Co.}} from Sukhoi to the Irkut Corporation, to become UAC's [[airliner]] division, as [[Leonardo S.p.A.]] pulled out in early 2017 because of Superjet's poor financial performance.<!--<ref name=ATW11dec2018>--> Irkut will manage the [[Superjet 100]], the [[MC-21]] and the Russo-Chinese [[CR929]] widebody, but the [[Il-114]] passenger turboprop and modernized [[Ilyushin Il-96]]-400 widebody will stay with [[Ilyushin]].<!--<ref name=ATW11dec2018>--> The new commercial division will also include the [[Yakovlev Design Bureau]], avionics specialist UAC—Integration Center and composite manufacturer AeroComposit.<ref name=ATW11dec2018>{{cite news |url= http://atwonline.com/manufacturers/uac-moves-superjet-100-sukhoi-irkut-company-restructure |title= UAC moves Superjet 100 from Sukhoi to Irkut in company restructure |date= 11 December 2018 |author= Maxim Pyadushkin |work= Aviation Week Network |access-date= 19 February 2021 |archive-date= 29 December 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181229001645/http://atwonline.com/manufacturers/uac-moves-superjet-100-sukhoi-irkut-company-restructure |url-status= live }}</ref> Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company (SCAC), a developer and manufacturer of SuperJet aircraft, ceased operations as an independent legal entity and became a branch of IRKUT Corporation, changing its name to Regional aircraft. This is stated on the company's website. "Within the implementation of the strategy uniting civil aircraft companies into one Civil Aviation Division JSC “SCA” has been integrated into Irkut Corporation since February 17, 2020. JSC “SCA” Shareholders adopted the decision on June 27, 2019. '''Regional Aircraft – Branch of the Irkut Corporation''' shall resume the continuity of business in the areas of development, production and aftersales support of the aircraft," - it is stated on corporate website in the section "Company".<ref>https://www.ruaviation.com/news/2020/2/27/14754/#:~:text=Sukhoi%20Civil%20Aircraft%20Company%20(SCAC,its%20name%20to%20Regional%20aircraft.&text=The%20decision%20was%20adopted%20by,Shareholders%20on%20June%2027%2C%202019 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209111529/https://www.ruaviation.com/news/2020/2/27/14754/?h#:~:text=Sukhoi%20Civil%20Aircraft%20Company%20(SCAC,its%20name%20to%20Regional%20aircraft.&text=The%20decision%20was%20adopted%20by,Shareholders%20on%20June%2027%2C%202019 |date=2021-12-09 }} Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company changed its name to Regional Aircraft. Publicated in 17 February 2020.</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scac.ru/en/the-company/|title=The Company – Sukhoi Civil Aircraft|access-date=2021-02-26|archive-date=2022-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314060207/http://www.scac.ru/en/the-company/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2023 patents for a new design of a single-engine [[Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate|Su-75 stealth fighter]] were filed and given the codename "Checkmate". The design has taken three years, and test aircraft are under construction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sukhoi Reshapes The Su-75 Checkmate |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/sukhoi-reshapes-su-75-checkmate |date=10 July 2023}}</ref> On 23 February 2024, smoke was seen emerging from a warehouse located on the site of Sukhoi Design Bureau's headquarters in [[Moscow]].<ref>https://www.newsweek.com/russia-ukraine-jets-sukhoi-crash-1873037. See 3rd paragraph. Published Feb 24, 2024</ref> On 14 June 2024, another fire, this time more serious, broke out in a different building at the same site in Moscow, collapsing the roof of the latter. An area of some 800 square meters was destroyed. However, officials said the building wasn't in use then. Over 70 firefighters and 25 units were used to put out this fire.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Moscow, leading aircraft manufacturer on fire|website=RBC-Ukraine |author=KATERYNA DANISHEVSKA|url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/in-moscow-leading-aircraft-manufacturer-on-1718323107.html |date=10 July 2023}}</ref> == Organization == * JSC Sukhoi Company ** CJSC Sukhoi Civil Aircraft (now acquired by [[Irkut Corporation]] and renamed:'''Regional Aircraft – Branch of the Irkut Corporation'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ruaviation.com/news/2020/2/27/14754/#:~:text=Sukhoi%20Civil%20Aircraft%20Company%20(SCAC,its%20name%20to%20Regional%20aircraft.&text=The%20decision%20was%20adopted%20by,Shareholders%20on%20June%2027%2C%202019|title=Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company changed its name to Regional Aircraft - RUSSIAN AVIATION|access-date=2021-02-26|archive-date=2021-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209111529/https://www.ruaviation.com/news/2020/2/27/14754/?h#:~:text=Sukhoi%20Civil%20Aircraft%20Company%20(SCAC,its%20name%20to%20Regional%20aircraft.&text=The%20decision%20was%20adopted%20by,Shareholders%20on%20June%2027%2C%202019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>) ** JSC Sukhoi Design Bureau ** JSC Sukhoi Holdings ** Branches *** [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association]] (KnAAPO) *** [[Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association]] (NAPO) == Corporate governance == === Chairman of Board of Directors === * Yury B. Slyusar, [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[United Aircraft Corporation|UAC]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sukhoi.org/company/people/pers/|title=ПАО "Компания "Сухой" - О компании - Люди компании - Персоналии|last=www.3ebra.com|first=IT-Bureau Zebra -|website=www.sukhoi.org|access-date=2017-08-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818085909/http://www.sukhoi.org/company/people/pers/|archive-date=2017-08-18}}</ref> === General Director === * Igor Y. Ozar<ref name=":1" /> === Members of Board of Directors === Members are elected by the annual general meeting of shareholders of the PJSC Sukhoi Company, with the election recently on June 28, 2017.<ref name=":1" /> * Ivan M. Goncharenko * Oleg Y. Demidov * Oleg F. Demchenko * Sergei N. Konosov * Nikolai F. Nikitin * Igor Y. Ozar, General Director of the PJSC Sukhoi Company * Yuri B. Slyusar, [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[United Aircraft Corporation|UAC]] * Alexander V. Tulyakov * Sergei V. Yarkovoy ==See also== {{Portal bar|Russia|Companies|Aviation}} * [[List of Sukhoi aircraft]] *[[List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS]] ==References== '''Notes''' {{Reflist}} '''Bibliography''' * Bull, Stephan (2004). ''Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation''. Greenwood. {{ISBN|1-57356-557-1}}. * Duffy, Paul (December 1996). ''Tupolev: The Man and His Aircraft''. Society of Automotive Engineers. {{ISBN|1-56091-899-3}}. * [[Yefim Gordon|Gordon, Yefim]] (2008). ''Soviet Air Power in World War II''. Midland Publishing. {{ISBN|1-85780-304-3}}. * Pederson, Jay (1998). ''International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 24''. St James Press. {{ISBN|1-55862-365-5}}. ==External links== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.sukhoi.org/ Sukhoi website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402082018/http://www.sukhoi.org}} (in Russian) *[http://www.scac.ru/en/ Sukhoi Civil Aircraft website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315084613/http://www.scac.ru/en/ |date=2021-03-15 }} (in English) {{Sukhoi aircraft}} {{United Aircraft Building Corporation}} [[Category:Sukhoi| ]] [[Category:United Aircraft Corporation]] [[Category:Aircraft manufacturers of Russia]] [[Category:Aircraft manufacturers of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Design bureaus]]
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