Editing Sumba

{{Short description|Indonesian island in Lesser Sunda Islands}}
{{About|the Indonesian island|the village in the Faroe Islands|Sumba, Faroe Islands}}
{{distinguish|Sumbawa}}
{{Infobox islands
| name               = Sumba
| image_name         = Sumba Topography.png
| image_caption      = 
| locator_map        = 
| native_name        = ''Humba'' / ''Hubba'' (in [[Sumba languages|Sumba]])
| native_name_link   = 
| location           = [[Indonesia]]
| coordinates        = {{Coord|9|40|S|120|00|E|region:ID_type:isle_scale:2500000|display=inline,title}}
| archipelago        = [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]
| total_islands      = 
| major_islands      = 
| area_km2           = 11243.78
| rank               = 73rd
| highest_mount      = [[Mount Wanggameti]]
| elevation_m        = 1225
| country            = Indonesia
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[East Nusa Tenggara]]
| country_largest_city = [[Waingapu]]
| country_largest_city_population = 73166<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.53)</ref> - comprising Kota Waingapu and Kambera Districts
| population         = 853,428
| population_as_of   = mid 2024 estimate<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.53)</ref>
| density_km2        = 75.9
| ethnic_groups      = Predominantly [[Sumba people|Sumbans]]
| languages          = Predominantly native [[Sumba languages]] ([[Kambera language|Kambera]], [[Mamboru language|Momboru]], [[Anakalang language|Anakalang]], [[Wanukaka language|Wanukaka]], [[Wejewa language|Wejewa]], [[Lamboya language|Lamboya]], [[Kodi language|Kodi]], and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (national language of Indonesia)
| demonym            = Sumbans; Sumbanese
}}

'''Sumba''' ({{langx|pey|Soemba-eiland}}; {{langx|id|pulau Sumba}}), natively also spelt as '''Humba''', '''Hubba''', '''Suba''', or '''Zuba''' (in [[Sumba languages]]) is an [[List of islands of Indonesia|Indonesian island]] (part of the [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Lesser Sunda Archipelago]] group) located in the Eastern Indonesia and administratively part of the [[East Nusa Tenggara]] provincial territory. Sumba has an area of {{convert|11243.78|km2|sqmi|abbr=off}}, about the same size as [[Jamaica]] or [[Hawaii (Island)]]. The population was 686,113 at the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and 779,049 at the 2020 Census;<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> the official estimate as of mid-2024 was 853,428 (comprising 436,845 males and 416,583 females).<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.53)</ref> To the northwest of Sumba is [[Sumbawa]], to the northeast, across the [[Sumba Strait]] (Selat Sumba), is [[Flores]], to the east, across the [[Savu Sea]] (including [[Savu Island]]), is [[Timor]], and to the south, across part of the [[Indian Ocean]], is [[Australia]].

== Nomenclature ==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Drie aanzienlijke vrouwen gekleed in een danskostuum Kanangar Soemba TMnr 10005880.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Native women of Sumba wearing the traditional Sumba clothing in Kanangar district of East Sumba, {{circa}} 1900s.]]

The name "Sumba" is derived from the native [[Sumba languages|Sumbanese]] word ''humba'' or ''hubba'' (in various Subanese dialects), which means “original”, “native”, “indigenous” or “no interference”; this was initially an [[ethnonym]] referring to the native inhabitants of this island who identified themselves as ''tau Humba'' or ''tau Hubba'' ({{lit|native people}} or 'original people'), to differentiate themselves from foreigners (non-Sumbanese people) who gradually and continuously came to occupy the island.
[[File:Hinggi (man's mantle) from Melolo village, Indonesia, Honolulu Museum of Art accession 12983.1.JPG|thumb|250px|The ''Hinggi'', typical cultural woven cloth of native Sumba men depicts the Sumba mythological creatures.]]
On the other hand, the Sumbanese cultural territory (Sumba Island and its surrounding seas including [[Savu Island]] to the southeast) are also known as ''tana wai humba'' or ''tana wae hubba'' (in Sumbanese languages), which means “our native land” or “the motherland of Sumba people”; these sentences appeared in ancient Sumbanese manuscripts that told the tale of ''Inya Nyale'' (a mermaid-like creature who used to live on land but then moved to the ocean), considered as a sacred figure in Sumbanese mythology.

The letter '[[h]]' in later time (around [[12th century]]) replaced by '[[s]]' due to the mass migration of [[Javanese people]] from the island of [[Java]], because the word ''humba'' sounds so similar to the [[Javanese language|Javanese]] word of ꦲꦸꦩ꧀ꦧꦃ (''umbah'', but written as ''humbah'' according to [[Javanese script|Javanese writing system]]), meaning "to wash" or "to cleanse".

==History==
===Oral traditions ===
According to Sumbanese historians, Sumba Island was once connected to the neighbouring islands to the north, namely [[Flores]] and [[Sumbawa Island|Sumbawa]]. 

Flores and Sumba were connected by the ''Kataka Lindiwatu'' (in Sumba languages), an ancient stone bridge built by the native of Sumba and Flores.<ref name="KW">{{cite web |title= Kampung Wunga, Tanah Kelahiran Masyarakat Sumba |trans-title= Wunga Settlement, The Birthplace of Sumba Community |language= id |year= 2014 |url= https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbbali/kampung-wunga-tanah-kelahiran-masyarakat-sumba/ }}</ref> Due to the high level of socialization around the ''Kataka Lindiwatu'' which connected both islands, civilization was thought to arise from around those regions (which nowadays correspond to northern Sumba and to part of [[East Sumba Regency|East Sumba]] regency territory). This story belongs to the Sumba oral traditions as was written down by Umbu Pura Woha (2007) in his book {{lang|id|Sejarah, Musyawarah dan Adat Istiadat Sumba Timur}} ({{lit|History, Deliberation and Customs of East Sumba}}).<ref name="KW"/>

===Ancient civilization ruins===
[[File:111. Graf met daarvoor een monolieth met tot een masker verloopen lijk-ornament, te Katakiri, be-W.Z.W. van bivak Wai Bakoel (landschap Anakalang, West Soemba) vergelijk no. 109. op den achtergrond, KITLV 503298.tiff|thumb|left|250px|One of the monolith structures in West Sumba.]]
The ruins of the historical civilization of the Sumba people dates back to the [[Before Christ|BC]] era; [[megalithic tomb|megalithic burials]] were found on the central regions of the island (Central Sumba) which go back to thousands of years ago. These stone-based burial traditions are still kept alive by the Sumba people and have become a 'living ancient tradition' that still can be observed by scholars in modern days.<ref name="RichterCarpenter2012">{{cite book|last1=Richter|first1=Anne|last2=Carpenter|first2=Bruce W.|last3=Carpenter|first3=Bruce|author4=Sundermann, Jorg |title=Gold Jewellery of the Indonesian Archipelago|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBv6du4tKwYC&pg=PA119|access-date=2 February 2013|date=16 May 2012|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|isbn=978-981-4260-38-1|page=119}}</ref> The megalithic remains found on Sumba Island include dolmen tombs, upright stones, megalithic statues, stone enclosures, and levelled terraces. The Sumba megalithic tradition itself was characterized by the old megaliths built and carved with high quality standards.<ref name="KT">{{cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbali/kampung-tarung-sumba/|title=Kampung Tarung Sumba|language=id|trans-title=Tarung Settlement of Sumba|year=2018}}</ref> Some ancient tools are also found on the island. Notable findings are quadrangular [[adze]]s unearthed in the [[Anakalang]] area (a cultural region of Anakalang Sumba, a subethnic group of Sumba people).<ref name="Simanjuntak2006">{{cite book|last=Simanjuntak|first=Truman|title=Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSFfD0dpdS4C&pg=PA288|access-date=2 February 2013|year=2006|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia|isbn=978-979-26-2499-1|page=288}}</ref>

One significant archaeological discovery was that of the urn burial site in Melolo<ref>{{cite web |title= Melolo, map |website= google.com/maps |url= https://www.google.com/maps/place/Melolo,+Watu+Hadang,+Umalulu,+Kabupaten+de+Sumba+oriental,+Nusa+Tenggara+oriental,+Indon%C3%A9sie/@-9.8685018,120.5595301,11.92z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x2c4c5bba5a49a347:0xc221a09fd33d22e5!8m2!3d-9.896948!4d120.652496!16s%2Fg%2F1tg37hyb?entry=ttu }}</ref> in the 1920s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Handini |first1= Retno |last2= Noerwidi |first2= Sofwan |last3= Sofian |first3= Harry Octavianus |last4= Fauzi |first4= Ruly |last5= Prasetyo |first5= Unggul |last6= Geria |first6= I Made |last7= Ririmasse |first7= Marlon |last8= Nasution |first8= Devi Ayu Aurora |last9= Rahayuni |first9= Restu Ambar |last10= Simanjuntak |first10= Truman |date= July–August 2023 |title= New evidence on the early human occupation in Sumba Islands |trans-title= Nouvelles preuves de l’occupation humaine précoce dans les îles de Sumba |journal= L'Anthropologie |volume= 127 |issue= 3 |pages= |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003552123000389 |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}</ref> dated around 2,870 [[Common Era|BCE]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Koesbardiati |first1= Toetik |last2= Murti |first2= Delta Bayu |last3= Herina |first3= Dessytri Ayu |last4= Sari |first4= Ayu Ambar |date= 2018 |title= The occurrence of enamel hypoplasia, porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia in three prehistoric skeletal assemblages from Indonesia |journal= Bull Int Assoc Paleodont. |volume= 12 |issue= 2 |pages= 33-40 |url= https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/313414 |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}</ref>

===Javanese power===
Around the 12th century, the kingdom of [[Singhasari]] in eastern Java gained more power over the maritime Southeast Asian territory after the kingdom defeated the [[Mongol invasion of Java|Mongols]]; since then, this kingdom evolved into the [[empire]] known as [[Majapahit]]. Sumba Island was a subject of Majapahit's dominion, and the word "''Sumba''" itself was first officially used during the Majapahit era (mentioned in the ancient Javanese manuscripts of ''Pararaton'' and ''Sumpah Palapa'' oath of [[Gajah Mada]]); the word itself was thought as the closest substitution in Javanese for the native name of the island according to native Sumba people, which is ''Humba'' or ''Hubba''. The Javanese people was predicted to arrived on the Sumba Island via the [[Madura]] and [[Kangean Islands|Kangean]] route, it was examined through the analysis on the DNA of chicken species on Sumba that are naturally only [[endemic]] to the eastern regions of Java and its neighbouring islands (which in these case, most probably Kangean Island).<ref name="LIPI">{{cite web|url=http://lipi.go.id/lipimedia/antara-majapahit-sumba-dan-ayam-jantan-merah/17281|title=Antara Majapahit, Sumba, dan Ayam Jantan Merah|language=id|trans-title=(Connecting the Dots) Between Majapahit, Sumba, and the Red Rooster|year=2016|work=Indonesian Institute of Sciences}}</ref>

===European colonizations===
In [[1522]], the native Sumba came into contact with the Europeans (Portuguese) who arrived on the island by ships to exploit the natural resources of the island. Later, it also attracted the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch VOC]] to come in the region in circa [[1600s (decade)|1600s]] era. Historically, [[sandalwood]] was the main commodity exported to Europe from this island, thus the Sumba Island back then colloquially also known as the ''Sandalwood Island''<ref>Goodall, George (editor) (1943) ''Philips' International Atlas'', London, George Philip and Son map 'East Indies' pp.91-92</ref> or ''Sandel Island'' (in English).
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Steen met de motieven van het Nederlandse wapen en de schedelboom (andung) in Watuhadang TMnr 20018328.jpg|thumb|250px|The governmental seal of Dutch colonization at Watuhadang of Umalulu district in East Sumba.]]
As the time goes by, in [[1866]], the island of Sumba was later transferred to and dominated by the following [[Dutch East Indies]] colonization power. The well-known [[Christianization]] of the natives of Sumba Island was started in 1886 by the Dutch under the Douwe Wielenga Jesuits missionary program in the district of Laura in [[West Sumba Regency|West Sumba]].<ref name="Barker2009">{{cite book|last=Barker|first=Joshua|title=State of Authority: The State in Society in Indonesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kqZjVElfS8C&pg=PA123|access-date=2 February 2013|date=1 July 2009|publisher=SEAP Publications|isbn=978-0-87727-780-4|page=123}}</ref>

==Geography, climate and ecology==
[[File:SundaIslands.A2003242.0225.500m.jpg|thumb|August 2003 NASA satellite photograph of the Lesser Sunda Islands; Sumba is in the bottom centre]]
The largest town on the island is the main port of [[Waingapu]] near the mouth of the [[Kambaniru River]], with a population of 71,752<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.53)</ref> (including the adjoining district of Kambera) in mid 2023.

The landscape is low, limestone hills, rather than the steep volcanoes of many Indonesian islands. There is a dry season from May to November and a rainy season from December to April. The western side of the island is more fertile and more heavily populated than the east.

Although generally thought to be originally part of the [[Gondwana]] southern hemisphere supercontinent, recent research suggests that the island might have detached from the South East Asia margin. 
Most of it was originally covered in [[deciduous]] [[monsoon]] forest while the south-facing slopes, which remain moist during the dry season, were evergreen [[rainforest]].<ref name="Wikramanayake2002"/>
The northern part of the island is extremely arid; the soils have been depleted from deforestation and erosion.<ref name="sum_info">{{cite web |title= Sumba |website= sumba-information.eu |language= fr |url= https://www.sumba-information.eu/ |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}</ref>
Sumba is in the [[Wallacea]] region, having a mixture of plants and animals of [[Asia]]n and [[Australasia]]n origin. 
Due to its distinctive flora and fauna, Sumba has been categorised by the [[World Wildlife Fund]] as the Sumba deciduous forests [[ecoregion]].<ref name="Wikramanayake2002">{{cite book |last=Wikramanayake|first=Eric D.|title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: A Conservation Assessment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC&pg=PA532|access-date=2 February 2013|year=2002|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-55963-923-1|page=532}}</ref>

===Fauna===
[[File:Village-Sumba.jpg|thumb|right|A village in Sumba]]
There are a number of mammals, but the island is particularly rich in bird-life with nearly 200 birds, of which seven [[Endemism|endemic]] species and a number of others are found only here and on some nearby islands. The endemic birds include the endangered [[Sumba eclectus|Sumba eclectus parrot]], four vulnerable species — the secretive [[Sumba boobook]] owl, [[Sumba buttonquail]], [[red-naped fruit-dove]], and [[Sumba hornbill]] — as well as three more common species: the [[Sumba green pigeon]], [[Sumba flycatcher]], and [[apricot-breasted sunbird]].<ref name="Wikramanayake2002"/> [[Saltwater crocodile]]s can still be found in some areas.

The [[Sumba hornbill]] or ''Julang Sumba'' (''Rhyticeros everetti'') is under increasing threat of extinction. Indiscriminate deforestation is threatening their survival. The population is estimated at less than 4,000 with an average density of six individuals per square kilometre. A hornbill can fly to and from over an area of up to 100 square kilometres.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/72874/sumba-hornbills-under-increasing-threat-of-extinction|title=Sumba Hornbills under increasing threat of extinction|publisher=Antara News|access-date=2 February 2013}}</ref>

===Threats and preservation===
Most of the original forest has been cleared for the planting of [[maize]], [[cassava]], and other crops so only small isolated patches remain. Furthermore, this clearance is ongoing due to the growing population of the island and this represents a threat to the birds.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=aa0203|name=Sumba deciduous forests}}</ref>

In 1998 two national parks were designated on the island for the protection of endangered species: the [[Laiwangi Wanggameti National Park]] and [[Manupeu Tanah Daru National Park]].

==Administration==
Sumba is part of the [[East Nusa Tenggara]] Province, and there is no single administrative body at the island level. The island and the very small offshore islands administered with it are split into four [[Regency (Indonesia)|regencies]] (local government regions), following re-organisation on 2 January 2007 when two new regencies were created from parts of West Sumba Regency. The four regencies are [[West Sumba Regency|Sumba Barat]] (West Sumba), [[Southwest Sumba Regency|Sumba Barat Daya]] (Southwest Sumba), [[Central Sumba Regency|Sumba Tengah]] (Central Sumba) and [[East Sumba Regency|Sumba Timur]] (East Sumba), which together accounted for 14.7% of the provincial population in 2023. The regencies are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and the 2020 Census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> together with the official estimates as at mid 2024.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.53)</ref> The provincial capital is not on Sumba Island, but in [[Kupang]] on [[West Timor]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
! Kode <br>Wilayah|| Name of<br>City or<br>Regency !! Statute <br />(including year <br />when established) !! Area<br />in<br />km<sup>2</sup> !! Pop'n <br /> 2010 <br /> Census !! Pop'n <br /> 2020 <br />Census !! Pop'n <br /> mid 2024 <br />Estimate !! Capital !! [[Human Development Index|HDI]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntt.bps.go.id/indicator/26/46/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia-ipm-menurut-kabupaten-kota.html|title=[New Method] Human Development Index by Regency/City 2020-2022|publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]]|date=2022|language=id|access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref><br />2022 estimate
|-
| 53.11 || [[East Sumba Regency]]<br />(Sumba Timur)|| UU 69/1958 ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 7000.50}} ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 227732}} ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 244820}} ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 277290}} || [[Waingapu]] || 0.6617 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 53.12 || [[West Sumba Regency]]<br />(Sumba Barat) || UU 69/1958 ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 737.42}} ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 110993}} ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 145097}} ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 155013}} || [[Waikabubak]] || 0.6443 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 53.17 || [[Central Sumba Regency]]<br />(Sumba Tengah)|| UU 3/2007 ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 2,060.54}} ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 62485}} ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 85482}} ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 92,354}} || [[Waibakul]] || 0.6271 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 53.18 || [[Southwest Sumba Regency]]<br />(Sumba Barat Daya)|| UU 16/2007 ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 1445.32}} ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 284903}} ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 303650}} ||align="right"|  {{formatnum: 328771}} || [[Tambolaka]]|| 0.6315 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| || '''''Sumba''''' || ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''11243.78'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''686113'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''779049'''}}'' ||align="right"|  ''{{formatnum: '''853428'''}}'' || ||
|}

==Culture==
[[File:Houses bondokodi sumba.JPG|thumb|[[Sumbanese traditional house|Traditional Sumbanese houses]] near Bondokodi, West Sumba]]
[[File:KatholiekeKerkWaungapu.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Catholic]] church in [[Waingapu]], [[East Sumba Regency]]]]
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Sumba (2023)<ref>{{cite web | url= https://e-database.kemendagri.go.id/dataset/1203/tabel-data?page=23| title=Religion in Indonesia }}</ref>
|label2 = [[Roman Catholic]]
|value2 = 29.82
|color2 = Purple
|label1 = [[Protestantism]]
|value1 = 62.88
|color1 = Blue
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|value3 = 4.05
|color3 = DarkGreen
|label4 = [[Marapu]] and others
|value4 = 3.15
|color4 = Red
|label5 = [[Hinduism]]
|value5 = 0.10
|color5 = DarkOrange
|label6 = [[Buddhism]]
|value6 = 0.00
|color6 = Yellow
}}

The west part of Sumba is inhabited by segmentary societies made of clans and of politically autonomous villages, while Sumba North and East are occupied by stratified societies<ref name="jeun_6">{{cite journal |last1= Jeunesse |first1= Christian |last2= Bec-Drelon |first2= Noisette |last3= Boulestin |first3= Bruno |last4= Denaire |first4= Anthony |date= 2021 |title= Aspects de la gestion des dolmens et des tombes collectives actuels dans les sociétés de l’île de Sumba (Indonésie) |trans-title= Ethnoarchaeology of funeral practices: aspects of the management of current dolmens and collective tombs in the tribal societies of Sumba Island (Indonesia) |journal= Préhistoires méditerranéennes |volume= 9 |issue= 2 |pages= 165-179 (see § 6) |url= https://journals.openedition.org/pm/3098 |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}</ref>  (based on [[caste]]s<ref name="Forshee2006">{{cite book |last= Forshee |first= Jill |year= 2006 |title= Culture and Customs of Indonesia |publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn= 978-0-313-33339-2 |page= 41 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y0xVkgXZOfUC&pg=PA41 |access-date= 2 February 2013 }}</ref>) made of clan confederations and led by a dominant clan from which a “king” (''raja'') is chosen, who yields a real political power.<ref name="jeun_6"/>
Thus West Sumba is more ethnically and linguistically diverse.<ref name="Müller1997 2">{{cite book |last= Müller |first= Kal |year= 1997 |title= East of Bali: From Lombok to Timor |publisher= Tuttle Publishing |isbn= 978-962-593-178-4 |page= 170 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DSmqaNFttVkC&pg=PA170 |access-date= 2 February 2013 }}</ref> Both systems exist simultaneously with a 3-tier class system (aristocracy, common people and slaves) assimilated in such a way that - paradoxically - it does not impair the egalitarian functioning of the Western segmentary societies.<ref name="jeun_6"/> <br>
Villages almost always include members of several clans, because at each generation many of the youngest ones settle in villages other than the one they originated from - which may belong to an allied clan and not their own original clan and lineage.{{sfn|Jeunesse|Bec-Drelon|Boulestin|Denaire|2021|loc= § 7 }}

As of 2021, Sumba is the last place on Earth where societies have remained close to the traditions of South-East Asian hill tribes and still build megalithic monuments such as dolmens for collective burials:{{sfn|Jeunesse|Bec-Drelon|Boulestin|Denaire|2021|loc= § 3 }} more 100 megalithic tombs are still built each year on the island. But this too reflects the East / West difference: the Western segmentary societies built many more dolmens than the Eastern stratified societies; and dolmens in the east are larger, more richly ornated and are reserved to the royal clan.{{sfn|Jeunesse|Bec-Drelon|Boulestin|Denaire|2021|loc= § 8 }} [[Waingapu]], a Kodi{{efn|The Kodi are one of the 24 ethnic groups that inhabit Sumba.{{sfn|Jeunesse|Bec-Drelon|Boulestin|Denaire|2021|loc= § 4 }} }} village in the west of Sumba, has some 1,400 dolmens - one of the highest concentrations on the island.{{sfn|Jeunesse|Bec-Drelon|Boulestin|Denaire|2021|loc= § 8 }}

The [[Sumba people|Sumbanese]] have a mixture of [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] and [[Melanesia]]n ancestry.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} Sumba is home to 24 ethnic groups who speak nine [[Austronesian languages]], some of these including several dialects.{{sfn|Jeunesse|Bec-Drelon|Boulestin|Denaire|2021|loc= § 4 }} The largest language group is the [[Kambera language]], spoken by a quarter of a million people in the eastern half of Sumba.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Twenty-five to thirty percent of the population practices the animist [[Marapu]] religion. The remainder are [[Christianity|Christian]], a majority being Dutch [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] with a substantial minority being [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]. A small number of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] can be found along the coastal areas.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
The younger generations seem to reject Marapu. This may be at least in part because the only functioning schools are Catholic and embracing that religion is required to attend school. Whatever the cause, the difference is significant compared to some other traditional places such as [[Waerebo]], where the locals have a Christian first name and a traditional second name.<ref>{{cite web |title= Marapu and other weird things in Sumba |website= whatsnextnaomi.com |url= http://www.whatsnextnaomi.com/2016/06/marapu-and-other-weird-things-in-sumba.html |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}</ref>

Sumba is famous for ''ikat'' [[Textiles of Sumba|textiles]], particularly very detailed hand-woven ''[[ikat]]''. The process of dyeing and weaving ''ikat'' is labor-intensive and one piece can take months to prepare.<ref>{{cite news |last= Sertori |first= Trisha |date= 30 August 2012 |title= Sumba on show in Bali |url= http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/08/30/sumba-show-bali.html |work= The Jakarta Post |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}</ref> Ikat from West Sumba is notably different to that produced in the East: its only designs are geometric motifs and it usually includes a part that imitates a reticulated python skin.<ref>{{cite web |title= Ikat from West Sumba, Indonesia |website= ikat.us |url= https://ikat.us/ikat_sumba_west%20sumba.php |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}</ref>

==Development and living standards==
Sumba is one of the poorer islands of Indonesia.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===Health===
A relatively high percentage of the population suffers from [[malaria]], although the illness is almost eradicated in the western part of the island. [[Infant mortality]] is high.

===Water===
Access to water is one of the major challenges in Sumba. During the dry season, many streams dry out and villagers depend on wells for scarce supplies of water.<ref>{{cite news |last= Hoepfner |first= Maren |date= 4 March 2010 |title= Taking Sumba by surprise |url= http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/03/04/taking-sumba-surprise.html |work= The Jakarta Post |location= |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}</ref> Villagers have to travel several kilometres several times a day to fetch water. It is mainly the women and children who are sent for water, while the men are at work. The [[Sumba Foundation]] has been active in raising sponsorship to drill wells in villages and attempting to reduce poverty on the island. As of February 2013, the Sumba Foundation was responsible for 48 wells and 191 water stations, supplying 15 schools with water and sanitation, and reducing malaria rates by some 85%.<ref>{{cite web |title= The Sumba Foundation |website= sumbafoundation.org |url= http://www.sumbafoundation.org/ |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}</ref>

===Electricity===
Electricity mainly comes from diesel generators.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Oswal |first1= R. |last2= Jain |first2= P. |last3= Muljadi |first3= E. |last4= Hirsch |first4= B. |last5= Castermans |first5= B. |last6= Chandra |first6= J. |last7= Raharjo |first7= |last8= Hardison |first8= R. |date= January 2016 |title= System Impact Study of the Eastern Grid of Sumba Island, Indonesia. Steady-State and Dynamic System Modeling for the Integration of One and Two 850-kW Wind Turbine Generators |type= Technical Report NREL/TP-5D00-65458 |publisher= US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) |page= 1 |url= https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65458.pdf }}</ref> New projects include 3 MW Bayu wind power plant (PLTB) in Kadumbul, East Sumba by PT Hywind.  Another is the Bodo Hula Biomass Power Plant (PLTBm), West Sumba. 1 MW capacity. Other existing renewable electricity projects involve solar PV and micro-hydroelectricity.<ref>{{cite web |title= 100% Renewable energy Atlas: Sumba Island, Indonesia |website= 100-percent.org |url= https://www.100-percent.org/sumba-indonesia/ |access-date= 21 April 2020 }}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Air Terjun Tanggedu, Sumba Timur.jpg|thumb|Tanggedu Waterfall, East Sumba]]

=== Areas of interest ===
* Tanggedu Waterfall (''Air Terjun Tanggedu''), 50 kilometres north-west of [[Waingapu]], the capital city of the [[East Sumba Regency]] (the itinerary to the waterfall goes through Purukambera on the coast).<ref name="bintang">{{cite web |author= Annabel Symonds |date= 9 March 2017 |title= 7 Tips For Visiting Tanggedu Waterfall In Sumba Indonesia |website= londonerinsydney.com |url= https://londonerinsydney.com/tanggedu-waterfall-in-sumba-indonesia/ |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}</ref>
* Puru Kambera Beach, 30 kilometres north-west of Waingapu (one-hour drive)
* Tarimbang Bay, 87 kilometres south-west of Waingapu<ref>{{cite web |title= Tarimbang to Waingapu, itinerary |website= google.com/maps |url= https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Waingapu,+Wangga,+Kambera,+Kabupaten+de+Sumba+oriental,+Nusa+Tenggara+oriental,+Indon%C3%A9sie/Pantai+Tarimbang,+Tarimbang,+Tabundung,+East+Sumba+Regency,+East+Nusa+Tenggara,+Indon%C3%A9sie/@-9.8216143,119.9637153,11.29z/data=!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x2c4c9b4f1424fbad:0xa6f0d3458cae3156!2m2!1d120.266899!2d-9.662806!1m5!1m1!1s0x2c4b9b197a75258b:0x7e882d8dc051e9b1!2m2!1d119.9458569!2d-9.9728579?entry=ttu }}</ref> (three-hour drive), is a surfers paradise with 2- to 3-meter tall waves between June and September.
* Watu Mandorak Cove, a white sandy beach with cliffs 42 kilometers south-west of Tambolaka (two-hour drive in the dry season ; in the rainy season, the journey takes longer and is not recommended).<ref>{{cite web |title= Sumba |website= komodotouristic.com |url= https://www.komodotouristic.com/sumba/ |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}</ref>
* Walakiri Beach, 24 km east of Waingapu, for  its famed "dancing trees".<ref>{{cite web |title= "Dancing trees" of Walakiri Beach, photo |website= vikaschander.com |url= https://www.vikaschander.com/dancing-trees-of-sumba/ |access-date= 2024-06-23 }}</ref>
* The Sumba Hospitality Foundation is located in [[West Sumba Regency|West Sumba]] (Sumba Barat). This organization is dedicated to providing vocational education in hospitality to underprivileged students hailing from all across Sumba.<ref>{{cite web |title= Sumba Hospitality Foundation |url= https://www.sumbahospitalityfoundation.org/about-us/ |website= sumbahospitalityfoundation.org |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}</ref>

=== Resorts ===
[[NIHI Sumba]] has been ranked as one of the world's five best eco-hotels and was awarded the world's best hotel of 2016 and 2017 from ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' for its native ambiance and authentic local experience.<ref>{{cite web |author= Intan Tanjung |date= July 12, 2016 |title= Indonesia home to 'world's best hotel' of 2016 |website= thejakartapost.com |url= http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2016/07/12/indonesia-home-to-worlds-best-hotel-of-2016.html |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Islands}}
* [[Soemba Mission]]
* [[List of islands of Indonesia]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last1=Paccou-Martellière |first1=Véronique |first2=Thomas H. |last2=Hinterseer|title=Arts and traditions of Sumba|date=2016|publisher=Le Livre D Art|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-355-32241-9}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
*[http://www.sumba-information.com/ Sumba tourist and social information (private website)]
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sumba|short=x}}

=== Maps ===
* {{cite web |title= Tourist and Road Map of Sumba |website= files.creatr.de |url= https://files.creatr.de/f8/f7/f8f78496-6e4a-46ef-b8f9-56921e3d053d.jpg |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}
<!-- dead link *[https://mk0investislandylkyq.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Sumba-island-infographic-1.jpg Sumba Islands maps] -->
* {{cite web |title= High-resolution map of West Sumba with contour lines |type= made by the US Army Map service |website= maps.lib.utexas.edu |url= https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/indonesia/txu-oclc-21752461-sc50-8.jpg |access-date= 2024-06-15 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sumba| ]]
[[Category:Australasian ecoregions]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Malesia]]
[[Category:Islands of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Landforms of East Nusa Tenggara]]
[[Category:Lesser Sunda Islands]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:Wallacea]]
[[Category:Islands of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Populated places in Indonesia]]