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{{Short description|Chinese revolutionary and statesman (1866–1925)}} {{redirect|Sun Wen|the footballer|Sun Wen (footballer)}} {{Family name hatnote|[[Sun (surname)|Sun]]|lang=Chinese}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Sun Yat-sen | native_name = {{nobold|孫逸仙}} | native_name_lang = zh | image = 孙中山肖像.jpg | caption = Sun in 1922 | office = 1st [[Provisional President of the Republic of China|Provisional President of the<br />Republic of China]] | term_start = 1 January 1912 | term_end = 10 March 1912 | vicepresident = [[Li Yuanhong]] | predecessor = ''Office established'' | successor = [[Yuan Shikai]] | office2 = [[Premier of the Kuomintang]] | predecessor2 = ''Office established'' | successor2 = [[Zhang Renjie]] (as Chairman) | term_start2 = 10 October 1919 | term_end2 = 12 March 1925 | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1866|11|12}} | birth_place = [[Cuiheng]], [[Kwangtung]], China | birth_name = Sun Te-ming ({{lang|zh|孫德明}}) | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1925|3|12|1866|11|12}} | death_place = Peking, China | resting_place = [[Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum]] | party = [[Kuomintang]] | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Lu Muzhen]]|1885|1915|end=div}} * {{marriage|[[Kaoru Otsuki]]|1905|1906|end={{abbr|a.|abandoned}}}} * {{marriage|[[Soong Ching-ling]]|25 October 1915}} * [[Chen Cuifen]] ([[concubine]], 1892–1925) * [[Haru Asada]] (concubine, 1897–1902) }} | children = 4, including [[Sun Fo]] | mother = [[Madame Yang]] | father = Sun Da-cheng ({{lang|zh|孫達成}}) | signature = Signature of Sun Yat Sen - China Document 21 Jan 1912 - dark version.svg | blank1 = Signature (Chinese) | data1 = [[File:The signature of Sun Yat-sun.svg|50px|class=skin-invert|alt=孫文, Sun's signature in Chinese, from a piece of calligraphy in the National Palace Museum]] | branch = [[Republic of China Army]] | serviceyears = 1917–1925 | rank = ''[[Dayuanshuai]]'' | battles = * [[1911 Revolution]] * [[Second Revolution (Republic of China)|Second Revolution]] * [[Constitutional Protection Movement]] * [[Guangdong–Guangxi War]] * [[Warlord Era]] | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=民國13年 國父孫中山先生於廣州演講.oga|title=Sun Yat-sen's voice|type=speech|description=On the Three Principles of the People<br />Recorded in Guangzhou on 30 May 1924}} | module2 = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes|showflag=pj | name1 = Common name in English | t = 孫逸仙 | s = 孙逸仙 | p = Sūn Yìxiān | tp = Sun Yì-sian | hk = Suen Yat-sin | w = {{tonesup|Sun1 Yi4-hsien1}} | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|s|un|1|-|yi|4|.|x|ian|1}} | bpmf = {{bpmfsp|ㄙㄨㄣ|ㄧˋ|ㄒㄧㄢ}} | j = Syun1 Jat6-sin1 | ci = {{IPAc-yue|s|yun|1|-|j|at|6|-|s|in|1}} | y = Syūn Yaht-sīn | poj = Sun E̍k-sian | altname = Common name in Chinese | s2 = 孙中山 | t2 = 孫中山 | p2 = Sūn Zhōngshān | tp2 = Sun Jhong-shan | w2 = {{tonesup|Sun1 Chung1-shan1}} | mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|s|un|1|-|zh|ong|1|.|sh|an|1}} | bpmf2 = ㄙㄨㄣ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄕㄢ | j2 = Syun1 Zung1-saan1 | y2 = Syūn Jūng sāan | ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|s|yun|1|-|z|ung|1|-|s|aan|1}} | poj2 = Sun Tiong-san | altname3 = [[Courtesy name]] | t3 = 孫載之 | s3 = 孙载之 | p3 = Sūn Zàizhī | tp3 = Sun Zài-jhih | w3 = {{tonesup|Sun1 Tsai4-chih1}} | mi3 = {{IPAc-cmn|s|un|1|-|z|ai|4|.|zhi|1}} | bpmf3 = {{bpmfsp|ㄙㄨㄣ|ㄗㄞˋ|ㄓ}} | j3 = Syun1 Zoi3-zi1 | ci3 = {{IPAc-yue|s|yun|1|-|z|oi|3|-|z|i|1}} | y3 = Syūn Joi-jī }} | education = {{avoid wrap|[[Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese]] ([[M. D.|MD]])}} | honorific_prefix = {{ubl|''[[Father of the Nation]]''{{efn|{{lang-zh|t=國父|p=Guófù}}}}|''Forerunner of the Revolution''}} | profession = {{Hlist|Physician|statesman}} | otherparty = {{plainlist| * [[Chinese United League]] * [[Revive China Society]] }} }} '''Sun Yat-sen'''{{efn|{{lang-zh|t=孫逸仙|s=孙逸仙|p=Sūn Yìxiān|first=t}}{{pb}}Usually known as '''Sun Zhongshan''' ({{zhi|s=孙中山|t=孫中山|first=t}}) in Chinese; also known by [[Names of Sun Yat-sen|several other names]].}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ʊ|n||'|j|ɑː|t|ˈ|s|ɛ|n}};<ref>{{multiref| {{Cite dictionary |year=2020 |title=Sun Yat-sen |dictionary=Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/sun-yat-sen}} | {{Cite dictionary |year=2023 |title=Sun Yat-sen |dictionary=Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sun-yat-sen}} }}</ref> 12 November 1866{{snd}}12 March 1925) was a Chinese physician, revolutionary, statesman, and [[political philosopher]] who founded the [[Republic of China]] (ROC) and its first political party, the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT). As the paramount leader of the [[1911 Revolution]], Sun is credited with overthrowing the [[Qing dynasty|Qing imperial dynasty]] and served as the first president of the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)|Provisional Government of the Republic of China]] (1912) and as the inaugural [[Chairman of the Kuomintang|leader of the Kuomintang]].<ref name="Tung1" /> Born to a peasant family in [[Guangdong]], Sun was educated overseas in [[Hawaiian Kingdom|Hawaii]] and returned to China to graduate from medical school in [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. He led underground [[anti-Qing]] revolutionaries in [[South China]], the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] as one of the [[Four Bandits]] and rose to prominence as the founder of multiple [[resistance movements]], including the [[Revive China Society]] and the [[Tongmenghui]]. He is considered one of the most important figures of modern China, and his political life campaigning against [[Manchu]] rule in favor of a Chinese republic featured constant struggles and frequent periods of exile. After the success of the 1911 Revolution, Sun proclaimed the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|establishment of the Republic of China]] but had to relinquish the presidency to general [[Yuan Shikai]] who controlled the powerful [[Beiyang Army]], ultimately going into exile in Japan. He later returned to launch a revolutionary government in [[southern China]] to challenge the [[Warlord Era|warlords]] who controlled much of the country following Yuan's death in 1916. In 1923, Sun invited representatives of the [[Communist International]] to [[Guangzhou]] to reorganize the KMT and formed the [[First United Front]] with the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP). He did not live to see his party unify the country under his successor, [[Chiang Kai-shek]], in the [[Northern Expedition]]. While residing in [[Beijing]], Sun died of gallbladder cancer in 1925. Uniquely among 20th-century Chinese leaders, Sun is revered in both Taiwan (where he is officially the "[[Father of the Nation]]") and in the [[People's Republic of China]] (where he is officially the "Forerunner of the Revolution") for his instrumental role in ending Qing rule and overseeing the conclusion of the Chinese [[Dynasties of China|dynastic system]]. His political philosophy, known as the [[Three Principles of the People]], sought to modernise China by advocating for [[nationalism]], [[democracy]], and the [[Welfare state|livelihood of the people]] in [[Five Races Under One Union|an ethnically harmonious union]] (''[[Zhonghua minzu]]'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schoppa |first=R. Keith |title=The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-231-50037-1 |pages=73, 165, 186}}</ref> The philosophy is commemorated as the [[National Anthem of the Republic of China]], which Sun composed. == Names == {{Main|Names of Sun Yat-sen}} [[File:1 yuan - Sun Yat Sen - 1927.png|thumb|250px| [[Silver coin]]: 1 yuan – Sun Yat Sen, 1927]] Sun's genealogical name was '''Sun Deming''' ([[Cantonese]]: {{tlit|yue|Syūn Dāk-mìhng}}; {{lang|zh|孫德明}}).<ref name="singtao1">[[Singtao]] daily. Saturday edition. 23 October 2010. {{lang|zh|特別策劃}} section A18. Sun Yat-sen Xinhai revolution 100th anniversary edition {{lang|zh|民國之父}}.</ref><ref name="sunbook2">{{cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Ermin |author-mask=Wang Ermin (王爾敏) |script-title=zh:思想創造時代：孫中山與中華民國 |publisher=Showwe Information |isbn=978-9862217078 |page=274 |year=2011 |language=zh}}</ref> As a child, his [[milk name]] was Tai Tseung ({{tlit|yue|Dai-jeuhng}}; {{lang|zh|帝象}}).<ref name="singtao1" /> In school, a teacher gave him the name '''Sun Wen''' ({{tlit|yue|Syūn Màhn}}; {{lang|zh|孫文}}), which was used by Sun for most of his life. Sun's [[courtesy name]] was Zaizhi ({{tlit|yue|Jai-jī}}; {{lang|zh|載之}}), and his baptized name was Rixin ({{tlit|yue|Yaht-sān}}; {{lang|zh|日新}}).<ref name="Sunbook1">{{cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Shounan |author-mask= Wang Shounan (王壽南) |year=2007 |title=Sun Zhong-san |publisher=[[Commercial Press]] Taiwan |isbn=978-9570521566 |page=23}}</ref> While at school in [[British Hong Kong]], he got the [[art name]] Yat-sen ({{zhi|c=逸仙|p=Yìxiān}}).<ref name="book2006">{{cite book |last=You |first=Zixiang |author-mask= You Zixiang (游梓翔) |language=zh |year=2006 |script-title=zh:領袖的聲音: 兩岸領導人政治語藝批評, 1906–2006 |publisher=Wu-nan wenhua |isbn=978-9571142685 |page=82}}</ref> '''Sun Zhongshan''' ({{tlit|yue|Syūn Jūng-sāan}}; {{lang|zh|孫中山}}, also romanized ''Chung Shan''), the most popular of his Chinese names in China, is derived from his [[Japanese name]] ''Kikori Nakayama'' ({{Nihongo2|中山樵}}; {{tlit|ja|Nakayama Kikori}}), the pseudonym given to him by [[Tōten Miyazaki]] when he was in hiding in Japan.<ref name="singtao1" /> His birthplace city was renamed [[Zhongshan]] in his honour likely shortly after his death in 1925. Zhongshan is one of the few [[list of places named after people|cities named after people]] in China and has remained the official name of the city during Communist rule. == Early years == === Birthplace and early life === Sun Deming was born on 12 November 1866 to Sun Dacheng and [[Madame Yang]].<ref name="chron-nathall">{{Cite web |title=Chronology of Dr. Sun Yat-sen |url=http://www.yatsen.gov.tw/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=129 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192520/http://www.yatsen.gov.tw/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=129 |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=12 March 2014 |publisher=[[Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall (Taipei){{!}}]] |location=Taipei}}</ref> His birthplace was the village of [[Cuiheng]], [[Xiangshan County, Guangdong|Xiangshan County]] (now [[Zhongshan]] City), Canton Province (now [[Guangdong]]).<ref name=chron-nathall /> He was of [[Hakka]] and [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]]<ref name="作者:门杰丹">{{cite web |url=http://www.chinanews.com/n/2003-12-04/26/376869.html |script-title=zh:浓浓乡情系中原—访孙中山先生孙女孙穗芳博士 |trans-title=Central Plains Nostalgia-Interview with Dr. Sun Suifang, granddaughter of Sun Yat-sen |language=zh |author=门杰丹 |website=China News |date=4 December 2003 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708144937/http://www.chinanews.com/n/2003-12-04/26/376869.html| archive-date=8 July 2011| url-status=live}} {{Google translation|en|zh-CN|http://www.chinanews.com/n/2003-12-04/26/376869.html|Translate this Chinese article to English}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bohr |first1=P. Richard |title=Did the Hakka Save China? Ethnicity, Identity, and Minority Status in China's Modern Transformation |journal=Headwaters |date=2009 |volume=26 |issue=3 |page=16 |url=https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/headwaters/vol26/iss1/3/}}</ref> descent. His father owned very little land and worked as a tailor in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and as a journeyman and a porter.<ref>{{cite book |date=1998 |title=Sun Yat-sen |url=https://archive.org/details/sunyatsen00berg |url-access=registration|publisher=Stanford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/sunyatsen00berg/page/24 24] |isbn=978-0804740111 }}</ref> After finishing primary education and meeting childhood friend [[Lu Haodong]],<ref name="singtao1" /> he moved to [[Honolulu]] in the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]], where he lived a comfortable life of modest wealth supported by his elder brother [[Sun Mei]].<ref name="Maui">{{cite news | last = Kubota | first = Gary | title = Students from China study Sun Yat-sen on Maui | url = https://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/08/20/breaking-news/students-from-china-study-sun-yat-sen-on-maui/ | work = [[Star-Advertiser]] | location = Honolulu | date = 20 August 2017 | access-date = 21 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="KHON2SunMei">{{cite news | author = KHON web staff | title = Chinese government officials attend Sun Mei statue unveiling on Maui | url = https://khon2.com/2013/06/03/chinese-government-officials-attend-sun-mei-statue-unveiling-on-maui/ | work = [[KHON-TV|KHON2]] | location = [[Honolulu]] | date = 3 June 2013 | access-date = 21 August 2017 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170822100129/http://khon2.com/2013/06/03/chinese-government-officials-attend-sun-mei-statue-unveiling-on-maui/ | archive-date = 22 August 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="MauiSunPark">{{cite web | title = Sun Yat-sen Memorial Park | url = https://www.hawaii-guide.com/maui/sights/sun_yat_sen_memorial_park | work = Hawaii Guide | access-date = 21 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="MauiCountySunPark">{{cite web | title = Sun Yet Sen Park | url = https://co.maui.hi.us/Facilities/Facility/Details/Sun-Yet-Sen-Park-173 | website = [[Maui County, Hawaii|County of Maui]] | access-date = 21 August 2017 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Education === [[File:Sun Yat Sen's family 1901.png|left|thumb|Sun Yat-sen (back row, fourth from right) and his family|alt=Sun Yat-sen with his family in 1901]] During his stay in Honolulu, Sun began his education at the age of 10,<ref name="singtao1" /> attending secondary school in Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gonschor |first=Lorenz |date=2 January 2017 |title=Revisiting the Hawaiian Influence on the Political Thought of Sun Yat-sen |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2017.1319128 |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=52–67 |doi=10.1080/00223344.2017.1319128 |issn=0022-3344 |s2cid=157738017|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1878, after receiving a few years of local schooling, a 13-year-old Sun went to live with his elder brother [[Sun Mei]],<ref name="singtao1" /> who would later make major contributions to overthrowing the [[Qing dynasty]], and who financed Sun's attendance of the [[ʻIolani School]].<ref name="Maui" /><ref name="KHON2SunMei" /><ref name="MauiSunPark" /><ref name="MauiCountySunPark" /> There, he studied English, [[British history]], mathematics, science, and Christianity.<ref name="singtao1" /> Sun was initially unable to speak English, but quickly acquired it, received a prize for academic achievement from King [[Kalākaua]], and graduated in 1882.<ref name="DrSenIolaniSchool">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Sun Yat-Sen (class of 1882) |url=http://www.iolani.org/wn_aboutiolani_100305_cc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720185610/http://www.iolani.org/wn_aboutiolani_100305_cc.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |website=[[ʻIolani School]]}}</ref> He then attended [[Oahu College]] (now known as [[Punahou School]]) for one semester.<ref name="singtao1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Brannon |first=John |date=16 August 2007 |title=Chinatown park, statue honor Sun Yat-sen |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/16/ln/hawaii708160313.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004215858/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/16/ln/hawaii708160313.html |archive-date=4 October 2012 |access-date=17 August 2007 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |quote=Sun graduated from Iolani School in 1882, then attended Oahu College—now known as Punahou School—for one semester.}}</ref> By 1883, Sun's interest in Christianity had become deeply worrisome for his brother—who, seeing his conversion as inevitable, sent Sun back to China.<ref name="singtao1" /> Upon returning to China, a 17-year-old Sun met with his childhood friend Lu Haodong at the Beiji Temple ({{lang|zh|北極殿}}) in Cuiheng,<ref name="singtao1" /> where villagers engaged in traditional [[folk healing]] and worshipped an [[effigy]] of the [[Ziwei Emperor|North Star God]]. Feeling contemptuous of these practices,<ref name="singtao1" /> Sun and Lu incurred the wrath of their fellow villagers by breaking the wooden idol; as a result, Sun's parents felt compelled to dispatch him to Hong Kong.<ref name="singtao1" /><ref name="big5">{{Cite web |script-title=zh:基督教與近代中國革命起源:以孫中山為例 |url=http://big5.chinanews.com:89/hb/2011/04-02/2950599.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028210411/http://big5.chinanews.com:89/hb/2011/04-02/2950599.shtml |archive-date=28 October 2011 |access-date=26 September 2011 |publisher=Big5.chinanews.com:89}}</ref> In November 1883, Sun began attending the Diocesan Home and Orphanage on [[Eastern Street (Hong Kong)|Eastern Street]] (now the [[Diocesan Boys' School]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central and Western Heritage Trail |url=https://www.amo.gov.hk/en/trails_west1.php?tid=18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185852/https://www.amo.gov.hk/en/trails_west1.php?tid=18 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2017 |title=The Diocesan Home and Orphanage |url=https://www.sunyatsenhistoricaltrail.hk/en/spots2.html |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Sun Yat-sen Historic Trail}}</ref> and from 15 April 1884 he attended The Government Central School on [[Gough Street]] (now [[Queen's College, Hong Kong|Queen's College]]), until graduating in 1886.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:中山史蹟徑一日遊 |url=http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Monument/yfoh/b5/sun_yat_sen.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102031359/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Monument/yfoh/b5/sun_yat_sen.php |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=26 September 2011 |publisher=Lcsd.gov.hk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2018 |title=The Government Central School |url=https://www.sunyatsenhistoricaltrail.hk/en/spots5.html |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Sun Yat-sen Historic Trail}}</ref> In 1886, Sun studied medicine at the [[Guangzhou Boji Hospital]] under the Christian missionary [[John Glasgow Kerr]].<ref name="singtao1" /> According to his book "Kidnapped in London", in 1887 Sun heard of the opening of the [[Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese]] (the forerunner of the [[University of Hong Kong]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sun |first=Yat-sen |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kidnapped_in_London/Chapter_1 |title=Kidnapped in London |chapter=The Imbroglio}}</ref> He immediately sought to attend, and went on to obtain a license to practice medicine from the institution in 1892;<ref name="singtao1" /><ref name="book2006" /> out of a class of twelve students, Sun was one of two who graduated.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Growing with Hong Kong: the University and its graduates: the first 90 years |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-962-209-613-4}}</ref><ref name="singtao2">''[[Singtao]] Daily''. 28 February 2011. 特別策劃 section A10. "Sun Yat-sen Xinhai revolution 100th anniversary edition".</ref><ref name="scmp1999">''South China Morning Post. "Birth of Sun heralds dawn of revolutionary era for China". 11 November 1999.</ref> == Religious views and Christian baptism == In the early 1880s, Sun Mei had sent his brother to ʻIolani School, which was under the supervision of the [[Church of Hawaii]] and directed by an [[Anglican]] prelate, [[Alfred Willis]], with the language of instruction being English. At the school, the young Sun first came in contact with Christianity. Sun was later [[baptism|baptized]] in Hong Kong on 4 May 1884 by [[The Reverend|Rev.]] [[Charles Robert Hager]],<ref>"...At present there are some seven members in the interior belonging to our mission, and two here, one I baptized last Sabbath, a young man who is attending the Government Central School. We had a very pleasant communion service yesterday..." – Hager to Clark, 5 May 1884, ABC 16.3.8: South China v.4, no.17, p.3</ref><ref>"...We had a pleasant communion yesterday and received one Chinaman into the church..." – Hager to Pond, 5 May 1884, ABC 16.3.8: South China v.4, no.18, p.3 postscript</ref><ref>Rev. C. R. Hager, 'The First Citizen of the Chinese Republic', The Medical Missionary v.22 1913, p.184</ref> an American missionary of the [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational Church of the United States]] ([[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]]), to his brother's disdain. The minister would also develop a friendship with Sun.<ref>[[#Bergère|Bergère]]: 26</ref><ref name="Soong, 1997 p. 151–178">Soong, (1997) p. 151–178</ref> Sun attended To Tsai Church ({{lang|zh-hant|[[:zh:合一堂|道濟會堂]]}}), founded by the [[London Missionary Society]] in 1888,<ref name="Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum">{{citation|url=http://hk.drsunyatsen.museum/download/brochure_07_a.pdf |script-title=zh:孫中山先生史蹟徑 |trans-title=Dr Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail |language=zh, en |author=中西區區議會 [Central & Western District Council] |work=Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum |location=Hong Kong, China |date=November 2006 |page=30 |access-date=15 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224001159/http://hk.drsunyatsen.museum/download/brochure_07_a.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2012 }}</ref> while he studied medicine in [[Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese]]. Sun pictured a revolution as similar to the salvation mission of the [[Christian church]]. His conversion to Christianity was related to his revolutionary ideals and push for advancement.<ref name="Soong, 1997 p. 151–178" /> == Becoming a revolutionary == === Four Bandits === [[File:Si Da Kou.jpg|thumb|Sun (second from left) and his friends the [[Four Bandits]]: [[Yeung Hok-ling]] (left), [[Chan Siu-bak]] (middle), [[Yau Lit]] (right), and Guan Jingliang ({{lang|zh-hant|關景良}}, standing) at the [[Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese]], circa 1888]] During the Qing-dynasty rebellion around 1888, Sun was in Hong Kong with a group of revolutionary thinkers, nicknamed the [[Four Bandits]], at the [[Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese]].<ref name="bard">Bard, Solomon. ''Voices from the past: Hong Kong, 1842–1918''. (2002). HK University Press. {{ISBN|978-9622095748}}. p. 183.</ref> === From Furen Literary Society to Revive China Society === In 1891, Sun met revolutionary friends in Hong Kong including [[Yeung Ku-wan]] who was the leader and founder of the [[Furen Literary Society]].<ref name="Curthoys">Curthoys, Ann; Lake, Marilyn (2005). ''Connected worlds: history in transnational perspective''. ANU publishing. {{ISBN|978-1920942441}}. p. 101.</ref> The group was spreading the idea of overthrowing the Qing. In 1894, Sun wrote an 8,000-character petition to Qing [[Viceroy of Zhili|Viceroy]] [[Li Hongzhang]] presenting his ideas for modernizing China.<ref name="Wei">Wei, Julie Lee. Myers Ramon Hawley. Gillin, Donald G. (1994). ''Prescriptions for saving China: selected writings of Sun Yat-sen''. Hoover press. {{ISBN|978-0817992811}}.</ref><ref name="gtong146">{{cite book |author=王恆偉 |year=2006 |script-title=zh:中國歷史講堂 |script-chapter=zh:#5 清 |trans-chapter=Chapter 5. Qing dynasty |publisher=中華書局 |isbn=9628885286 |page=146}}</ref><ref>[[#Bergère|Bergère]]: 39–40</ref> He traveled to [[Tianjin]] to personally present the petition to Li but was not granted an audience.<ref>[[#Bergère|Bergère]]: 40–41</ref> After that experience, Sun turned irrevocably toward revolution. He left China for Hawaii and founded the [[Revive China Society]], which was committed to revolutionizing China's prosperity. It was the first Chinese nationalist revolutionary society.<ref name="Yang 2023">{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Zhiyi |title=Poetry, History, Memory: Wang Jingwei and China in Dark Times |publisher=University of Michigan Press |publication-place=Ann Arbor, MI |date=2023 |isbn=978-0-472-07650-5 |doi=10.3998/mpub.12697845 |id={{OCLC|1404445939|1417484741}}|page=31|url=https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/121550 }}</ref> Members were drawn mainly from Chinese expatriates, especially from the lower social classes. The same month in 1894, the Furen Literary Society was merged with the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive China Society.<ref name="Curthoys" /> Thereafter, Sun became the secretary of the newly merged Revive China Society, which Yeung Ku-wan headed as president.<ref name="yang-bio">(Chinese) Yang, Bayun; Yang, Xing'an (2010). ''Yeung Ku-wan – A Biography Written by a Family Member''. Bookoola. p. 17. {{ISBN|978-9881804167}}</ref> They disguised their activities in Hong Kong under the running of a business under the name "Kuen Hang Club"<ref>{{cite book|last=Faure|first=David|title=Society|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|date=1997|isbn=978-9622093935|url=https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto00davi}}, founder [[Tse Tsan-tai]]'s account</ref>{{rp|90}} ({{lang|zh-hant|乾亨行}}). === Heaven and Earth Society and overseas travels to seek financial support === A "Heaven and Earth Society" sect known as [[Tiandihui]] had been around for a long time.<ref name="Pina">João de Pina-Cabral. (2002). ''Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao''. Berg publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-8264-5749-3}}. p. 209.</ref> The group has also been referred to as the "three cooperating organizations", as well as the [[Triad society|triads]].<ref name="Pina" /> Sun mainly used the group to leverage his overseas travels to gain further financial and resource support for his revolution.<ref name="Pina" /> === First Sino-Japanese War === In 1895, China suffered a serious defeat during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]]. There were two types of responses. One group of intellectuals contended that the [[Manchu]] Qing government could restore its legitimacy by successfully modernizing.<ref name="Bevir">Bevir, Mark (2010). ''Encyclopedia of Political Theory''. Sage publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412958653}}. p 168.</ref> Stressing that overthrowing the Manchu would result in chaos and would lead to China being carved up by imperialists, intellectuals like [[Kang Youwei]] and [[Liang Qichao]] supported responding with initiatives like the [[Hundred Days' Reform]].<ref name="Bevir" /> In another faction, Sun Yat-sen and others like [[Zou Rong]] wanted a revolution to replace the dynastic system with a modern [[nation-state]] in the form of a [[republic]].<ref name="Bevir" /> The Hundred Days' reform turned out to be a failure by 1898.<ref>Lin, Xiaoqing Diana. (2006). Peking University: ''Chinese Scholarship And Intellectuals, 1898–1937''. SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0791463222}}. p. 27.</ref> == First uprising and exile == === First Guangzhou Uprising === [[File:Sun Yat-Sen plaque.JPG|thumb|Plaque in [[London]] marking the site of a house at 4 Warwick Court, WC1, in which Sun Yat-sen lived in exile]] [[File:Letter sun yat sen.PNG|thumb|Letter from Sun Yat-sen to [[James Cantlie]] announcing to him that he has assumed the Presidency of the Provisional Republican Government of China, dated 21 January 1912]] In the second year of the establishment of the Revive China Society, on 26 October 1895, the group planned and launched the [[Xinhai Revolution#First Guangzhou Uprising|First Guangzhou uprising]] against the Qing in [[Guangzhou]].<ref name="gtong146" /> [[Yeung Ku-wan]] directed the uprising starting from Hong Kong.<ref name="yang-bio" /> However, plans were leaked out, and more than 70 members, including [[Lu Haodong]], were captured by the Qing government. The uprising was a failure. Sun received financial support mostly from his brother, who sold most of his 12,000 acres of ranch and cattle in Hawaii.<ref name="Maui" /> Additionally, members of his family and relatives of Sun would take refuge at the home of his brother Sun Mei at Kamaole in [[Kula, Hawaii|Kula]], [[Maui]].<ref name="Maui" /><ref name="KHON2SunMei" /><ref name="MauiSunPark" /><ref name="MauiCountySunPark" /><ref name="MauiMagazine" /> === Exile in the United Kingdom === While in exile in [[London]] in 1896, Sun raised money for his revolutionary party and to support uprisings in China. While the events leading up to it are unclear, Sun Yat-sen was detained at the [[Embassy of China, London|Chinese Legation in London]], where the Chinese secret service planned to smuggle him back to China to execute him for his revolutionary actions.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sun-Yat-sen |title = Sun Yat-sen {{!}} Chinese leader |website = Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date = 31 March 2018}}</ref> He was released after 12 days by the efforts of [[James Cantlie]], ''[[The Globe (London newspaper)|The Globe]]'', ''[[The Times]]'', and the [[Foreign Office]], which left Sun a hero in the United Kingdom.{{efn|Contrary to a popular legend, Sun entered the Legation voluntarily although he was prevented from leaving. The Legation planned to execute him and to return his body to Beijing for ritual beheading. Cantlie, his former teacher, was refused a writ of ''[[habeas corpus]]'' because of the Legation's [[diplomatic immunity]], but he began a campaign through ''[[The Times]]''. Through diplomatic channels, the [[British Foreign Office]] persuaded the Legation to release Sun.<ref>{{cite book |title = The Origins of a Heroic Image: SunYat Sen in London, 1896–1987 |last = Wong |first = J.Y. |year = 1986 |publisher = Oxford University Press |location=Hong Kong}} <br /> as summarized in <br />{{cite book |title = The Most Fundamental Legal Right: Habeas Corpus in the Commonwealth |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B9rYW5xPYEwC&q=Chinese+Legation+London&pg=PA162 |last = Clark |first = David J. |author2=Gerald McCoy |year = 2000 |page = 162 |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Oxford|isbn = 978-0198265849}}</ref>}} James Cantlie, Sun's former teacher at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, maintained a lifelong friendship with Sun and later wrote an early biography of him<ref>{{cite book |last=Cantlie |first=James |title = Sun Yat Sen and the Awakening of China |year=1913 |publisher=Jarrold & Sons |location=London}}</ref> Sun wrote a book in 1897 about his detention, "Kidnapped in London."<ref name=":0" /> The bronze plaque of Sun is currently mounted on an outside wall of the building of "City Junior School" at 4 Gray's Inn Place. === Exile in Japan === Sun traveled by way of [[Canada]] to [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] to begin his exile there. He arrived in [[Yokohama]] on 16 August 1897 and met with the Japanese politician [[Tōten Miyazaki]]. Most Japanese who actively worked with Sun were motivated by a [[pan-Asian]] opposition to [[Western imperialism in Asia|Western imperialism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.japanfocus.org/_Sato_Kazuo-Sun_Yat_sen_s_1911_Revolution_had_Its_Seeds_in_Tokyo |title=JapanFocus |publisher=Old.japanfocus.org |access-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316134631/http://old.japanfocus.org/_Sato_Kazuo-Sun_Yat_sen_s_1911_Revolution_had_Its_Seeds_in_Tokyo |archive-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref> In Japan, Sun also met [[Mariano Ponce]], a diplomat of the [[First Philippine Republic]].<ref>Thornber, Karen Laura. (2009). ''Empire of Texts in Motion: Chinese, Korean, and Taiwanese Transculturations of Japanese Literature''. Harvard University Press. p. 404.</ref> During the [[Philippine Revolution]] and the [[Philippine–American War]], Sun helped Ponce procure weapons that had been salvaged from the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] and ship the weapons to the Philippines. By helping the Philippine Republic, Sun hoped that the Filipinos would retain their independence so that he could be sheltered in the country in staging another Chinese revolution. However, as the war ended in July 1902, the United States emerged victorious from a bitter three-year war against the Republic. Therefore, Sun did not have the opportunity to ally with the Philippines in his revolution in China.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ocampo|first1=Ambeth|title=Looking Back 2|date=2010|publisher=Anvil Publishing|location=Pasig|pages=8–11}}</ref> In 1897, through an introduction by [[Miyazaki Toten]], Sun Yat-sen met [[Tōyama Mitsuru]] of the political organization [[Genyosha]]. Through Tōyama, he received financial support for his activities and living expenses in Tokyo from {{ill|Hiraoka Kotarō|lt=|ja|平岡浩太郎}}. Additionally, his residence, a 2,000-square-meter mansion in Waseda-Tsurumaki-cho, was arranged by [[Inukai Tsuyoshi]]. In 1899, the [[Boxer Rebellion]] occurred.<ref>義和団事件 大辞林 第三版</ref> The following year, Sun Yat-sen attempted another uprising in Huizhou, but it ended in failure. In 1902, despite already having a wife in China, he married the [[Japanese people|Japanese]] teenage girl [[Kaoru Otsuki]].<ref name="Bunji-2010">{{Cite journal|author=久保田文治|year=2010|title=孫文と大月薫・宮川冨美子|journal=孫文研究|volume=47|page=}}</ref> Furthermore, he kept {{ill|Asada Haru|lt=|ja|浅田春}} as a mistress and frequently had her accompany him. == From failed uprisings to revolution == === Huizhou Uprising === On 22 October 1900, Sun ordered the launch of the [[Xinhai Revolution#Huizhou Uprising|Huizhou Uprising]] to attack [[Huizhou]] and provincial authorities in Guangdong.<ref>Gao, James Zheng. (2009). ''Historical dictionary of modern China (1800–1949)''. Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|978-0810849303}}. Chronology section.</ref> That came five years after the failed Guangzhou Uprising. This time, Sun appealed to the [[triad (organized crime)|triads]] for help.<ref>[[#Bergère|Bergère]]: 86</ref> The uprising was another failure. Miyazaki, who participated in the revolt with Sun, wrote an account of the revolutionary effort under the title "33-Year Dream" ({{lang|zh-hant|三十三年之夢}}) in 1902.<ref>{{cite book |author=劉崇稜 |year=2004 |script-title=zh:日本近代文學精讀 |isbn=978-9571136752 |page=71|publisher=五南圖書出版股份有限公司 }}</ref><ref>Frédéric, Louis. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia''. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0674017535}}. p. 651.</ref><ref>[https://taiwanebook.ncl.edu.tw/zh-tw/book/NTUL-0207761/reader 三十三年落花夢] Taiwan Ebook, [[National Central Library]]</ref> === Getting support from Siamese Chinese === In 1903, Sun made a secret trip to [[Bangkok]] in which he sought funds for his cause in Southeast Asia. His loyal followers published newspapers, providing invaluable support to the dissemination of his revolutionary principles and ideals among [[Siamese Chinese]] in [[Siam]]. In Bangkok, Sun visited [[Yaowarat Road]], in the city's [[Chinatown, Bangkok|Chinatown]]. On that street, Sun gave a speech claiming that [[Overseas Chinese]] were "the Mother of the Revolution." He also met the local Chinese merchant Seow Houtseng,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dspace.wul.waseda.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2065/39825/3/AjiaTaiheiyoTokyu_21_Murashima.pdf|title=The Origins of Chinese Nationalism in Thailand|author=Eiji Murashima|publisher=Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies (Waseda University)|access-date=30 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330180058/https://dspace.wul.waseda.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2065/39825/3/AjiaTaiheiyoTokyu_21_Murashima.pdf|archive-date=30 March 2017}}</ref> who sent financial support to him. Sun's speech on Yaowarat Road was commemorated by the street later being named "Sun Yat Sen Street" or "Soi Sun Yat Sen" ({{langx|th|ซอยซุนยัตเซ็น}}) in his honour.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Lim|url=http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/soi-sun-yat-sen.html |title=Soi Sun Yat Sen the legacy of a revolutionary|publisher=Tour Bangkok Legacies |access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref> ===Getting support from American Chinese=== According to Lee Yun-ping, chairman of the Chinese historical society, Sun needed a certificate to enter the United States since the [[Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882]] would have otherwise blocked him.<ref name="sfworldjournal">{{cite news |script-title=zh:孫中山思想 3學者演說精采 |url=http://sf.worldjournal.com/view/full_sf/12160552/article-孫中山思想-3學者演說精采?instance=top_rec |work=World journal |date=4 March 2011 |access-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513181852/http://sf.worldjournal.com/view/full_sf/12160552/article-%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3-3%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85%E6%BC%94%E8%AA%AA%E7%B2%BE%E9%87%87?instance=top_rec |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> In March 1904, while residing in [[Kula, Hawaii|Kula]], [[Maui]], Sun Yat-sen obtained a Certificate of Hawaiian Birth, issued by the [[Territory of Hawaii]], stating that "he was born in the [[Hawaiian Islands]] on the 24th day of November, A.D. 1870."<ref name="Certificate of Live Birth in Hawaii">{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/9830547/Sun-Yatsen-Certification-of-Live-Birth-in-Hawaii |title=Sun Yat-sen: Certification of Live Birth in Hawaii |publisher=[[Scribd]] |location=San Francisco, CA, US |access-date=15 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=smys00honu /> He renounced it after it served its purpose to circumvent the Chinese Exclusion Act.<ref name="smys00honu">Smyser, A.A. (2000). [http://archives.starbulletin.com/2000/03/16/editorial/smyser.html ''Sun Yat-sen's strong links to Hawaii'']. Honolulu Star Bulletin. "Sun renounced it in due course. It did, however, help him circumvent the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which became applicable when Hawaii was annexed to the United States in 1898."</ref> Official files of the United States show that Sun had United States nationality, moved to China with his family at age 4, and returned to Hawaii 10 years later.<ref name="NARA">{{cite web |url=http://media.nara.gov/pacific/san-francisco/gallery/9995-Cabin-Sun-Yat-Sen.pdf |title=Immigration Arrival Investigation case file for SunYat Sen, 1904–1925 |author=Department of Justice. Immigration and Naturalization Service. San Francisco District Office |author-link=Immigration and Naturalization Service |work=<!-- https://research.archives.gov/description/414 --> Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787–2004 ] |id={{NARA catalog record|296446|Immigration Arrival Investigation case file for SunYat Sen, 1904–1925}} |pages=92–152 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |location=Washington, DC, US |access-date=15 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016060255/http://media.nara.gov/pacific/san-francisco/gallery/9995-Cabin-Sun-Yat-Sen.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2013}} Note that one immigration official recorded that Sun was born in [[Kula, Hawaii|Kula]], a district of [[Maui]], Hawaii.</ref> On 6 April 1904, on his first attempt to enter the United States, Sun Yat-sen landed in [[San Francisco]]. He was detained and faced with possible deportation.<ref name="sfworldjournal" /> Sun, represented by the law firm of Ralston & Siddons, based in [[Washington DC]], filed an appeal with the Commissioner-General of Immigration on 26 April 1904. On 28 April 1904, the acting secretary of the [[Department of Commerce and Labor]] in a four-page decision contained in the case file, set aside the order of deportation and ordered the Commissioner of Immigration in San Francisco to "permit the said Sun Yat-sen to land." Sun was then freed to embark on his fundraising tour in the United States.<ref name="sfworldjournal" /> === Returned to exile in Japan === In 1900, Sun Yat-sen temporarily [[exile]]d himself to Japan again. During his stay in Japan, he expressed his thoughts to [[Inukai Tsuyoshi]], saying, "The [[Meiji Restoration]] is the first step of the Chinese revolution, and the Chinese revolution is the second step of the Meiji Restoration."<ref>『孫文選集（第三巻）』社会思想社、1989、 {{ISBN|4-390-60280-2}}</ref> Around this time, Sun married [[Soong Ching-ling]], the second daughter of [[Charlie Soong| Soong Jiashu]], who was also a Hakka like him. There are various theories about the year of their marriage, but it is generally believed to have taken place between [[1913]] and [[1916]] while Sun was exiled in Japan. The arrangement of their marriage was supported by [[Umeya Shokichi]], a Japanese supporter who provided financial aid.<ref name="NHK2007-02-25">2007年2月25日NHK BS1 『世界から見たニッポン～大正編』</ref><ref name="yomiuri2002-10">{{Cite book|editor=読売新聞西部本社|editor-link=読売新聞|date=October 2002|title=梅屋庄吉と孫文 盟約ニテ成セル|publisher=海鳥社|isbn=4-87415-405-0|ref=読売新聞2002}}</ref> At that time, [[Fusanosuke Kuhara]], a prominent figure in Japan's political and business circles, invited Sun to his villa, the Nihonkan, located where the current restaurant "Kochuan" in Shirokane Happo-en stands. Kuhara offered Sun the newly built "Orchid Room" to encourage and support his friend living in a foreign land. The Orchid Room was equipped with a secret escape route known as "Sun Yat-sen's Escape Passage." This precautionary measure included a hidden door behind the fireplace, which led to an underground tunnel, providing an escape route in case of emergencies. ===Unifying forces of Tongmenghui in Tokyo=== {{Main|Tongmenghui}} [[File:The document bearing Sun Yat Sen's official seal.png|thumb|A letter with Sun's seal commencing the [[Tongmenghui]] in Hong Kong]] In 1904, Sun Yat-sen came about with the goal "to expel the [[Tatars|Tatar]] barbarians (specifically, the Manchu), to revive [[Names of China#Zhongguo and Zhonghua|Zhonghua]], to establish a Republic, and to [[Land reform|distribute land]] equally among the people" ({{lang|zh-hant|驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權}}).<ref name="chinahistvol1">計秋楓, 朱慶葆. (2001). 中國近代史, Volume 1. Chinese University Press. {{ISBN|978-9622019874}}. p. 468.</ref> One of Sun's major legacies was the creation of his political philosophy of the [[Three Principles of the People]]. These Principles included the principle of nationalism (minzu, {{lang|zh|民族}}), of democracy (minquan, {{lang|zh-hant|民權}}), and of welfare (minsheng, {{lang|zh|民生}}).<ref name="chinahistvol1" /> On 20 August 1905, Sun joined forces with revolutionary Chinese students studying in Tokyo to form the unified group [[Tongmenghui]] (United League), which sponsored uprisings in China.<ref name="chinahistvol1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/china/history/imperial_china/the_manchu_qing_dynasty_1644-1911/internal_threats.htm |title=Internal Threats – The Manchu Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) – Imperial China – History – China – Asia |publisher=Countriesquest.com |access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> By 1906 the number of Tongmenghui members reached 963.<ref name="chinahistvol1" /> === Getting support from Malayan Chinese === {{Main|Chinese revolutionary activities in Malaya}} [[File:Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall 22, Aug 06.JPG|thumb|Interior of the [[Wan Qing Yuan]] featuring Sun's items and photos]] [[File:Sun Yat-sen Penang Base.JPG|thumb|The [[Sun Yat-sen Museum Penang|Sun Yat-sen Museum]] in [[George Town, Penang]], Malaysia, where he planned the [[Xinhai Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Streets of George Town, Penang|url=https://archive.org/details/streetsofgeorget00khoo|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=Areca Books|isbn=978-9839886009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/streetsofgeorget00khoo/page/34 34]–}}</ref>]] Sun's notability and popularity extended beyond the [[Greater China]] region, particularly to [[Nanyang (geographical region)|Nanyang]] (Southeast Asia), where a large concentration of [[overseas Chinese]] resided in [[British Malaya|Malaya]] ([[Malaysia]] and Singapore). In Singapore, he met the local Chinese merchants Teo Eng Hock ({{lang|zh-hant|張永福}}), Tan Chor Nam ({{lang|zh-hant|陳楚楠}}) and Lim Nee Soon ({{lang|zh-hant|林義順}}), which mark the commencement of direct support from the [[Nanyang (region)|Nanyang]] Chinese. The Singapore chapter of the Tongmenghui was established on 6 April 1906,<ref name="yanq">Yan, Qinghuang. (2008). ''The Chinese in Southeast Asia and beyond: socioeconomic and political dimensions''. World Scientific publishing.{{ISBN|978-9812790477}}. pp. 182–187.</ref> but some records claim the founding date to be end of 1905.<ref name="yanq" /> The [[villa]] used by Sun was known as [[Wan Qing Yuan]].<ref name="yanq" /><ref name="wanqingyuan1">{{cite web |url=http://www.wanqingyuan.org.sg/ |title=Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall |publisher=Wanqingyuan.org.sg |access-date=7 May 2015 |archive-date=20 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820170031/http://www.wanqingyuan.org.sg/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Singapore then was the headquarters of the Tongmenghui.<ref name="yanq" /> After founding the Tongmenghui, Sun advocated the establishment of the ''[[Chong Shing Yit Pao]]'' as the alliance's mouthpiece to promote revolutionary ideas. Later, he initiated the establishment of reading clubs across Singapore and Malaysia to disseminate revolutionary ideas by the lower class through public readings of newspaper stories. The United Chinese Library, founded on 8 August 1910, was one such reading club, first set up at leased property on the second floor of the Wan He Salt Traders in North Boat Quay.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Chinese Library |url=https://roots.sg/Content/Places/historic-sites/united-chinese-library |website=Roots |publisher=National Heritage Board |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203123922/https://roots.sg/Content/Places/historic-sites/united-chinese-library |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first actual United Chinese Library building was built between 1908 and 1911 below Fort Canning, on 51 Armenian Street, and commenced operations in 1912. The library was set up as a part of the 50 reading rooms by the Chinese republicans to serve as an information station and liaison point for the revolutionaries. In 1987, the library was moved to its present site at Cantonment Road. === Uprisings === On 1 December 1907, Sun led the [[Xinhai Revolution#Zhennanguan Uprising|Zhennanguan Uprising]] against the Qing at [[Friendship Pass]], which is the border between [[Guangxi]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref name="Khoo">Khoo, Salma Nasution. (2008). ''Sun Yat Sen in Penang''. Areca publishing. {{ISBN|978-9834283483}}.</ref> The uprising failed after seven days of fighting.<ref name="Khoo" /><ref>Tang Jiaxuan (2011). ''Heavy Storm and Gentle Breeze: A Memoir of China's Diplomacy''. HarperCollins publishing. {{ISBN|978-0062067258}}.</ref> In 1907, there were a total of four failed uprisings, including [[Xinhai Revolution#Huanggang Uprising|Huanggang uprising]], [[Xinhai Revolution#Huizhou Qinühu Uprising|Huizhou seven women lake uprising]] and [[Xinhai Revolution#Qinzhou Uprising|Qinzhou uprising]].<ref name="yanq" /> In 1908, two more uprisings failed: the [[Xinhai Revolution#Qin-lian Uprising|Qin-lian Uprising]] and [[Xinhai Revolution#Hekou Uprising|Hekou Uprising]].<ref name="yanq" /> === Anti-Sun factionalism === Because of the failures, Sun's leadership was challenged by elements from within the Tongmenghui who wished to remove him as leader. In Tokyo, members from the recently merged [[Guangfuhui|Restoration society]] raised doubts about Sun's credentials.<ref name="yanq" /> [[Tao Chengzhang]] and [[Zhang Binglin]] publicly denounced Sun in an open leaflet, "A declaration of Sun Yat-sen's Criminal Acts by the Revolutionaries in Southeast Asia",<ref name="yanq" /> which was printed and distributed in reformist newspapers like ''Nanyang Zonghui Bao''.<ref name="yanq" /><ref>Nanyang Zonghui bao. The Union Times paper. 11 November 1909 p2.</ref> The goal was to target Sun as a leader leading a revolt only for [[profiteering (business)|profiteering]].<ref name="yanq" /> The revolutionaries were polarized and split between pro-Sun and anti-Sun camps.<ref name="yanq" /> Sun publicly fought off comments about how he had something to gain financially from the revolution.<ref name="yanq" /> However, by 19 July 1910, the Tongmenghui headquarters had to relocate from Singapore to Penang to reduce the anti-Sun activities.<ref name="yanq" /> It was also in Penang that Sun and his supporters would launch the first Chinese "daily" newspaper, the ''[[Kwong Wah Yit Poh]]'', in December 1910.<ref name="Khoo" /> === 1911 revolution === {{Main|Wuchang Uprising|Xinhai Revolution}} [[File:Wuchangqiyi paobing.JPG|thumb|left|The Revolutionary Army of the [[Wuchang Uprising]] fighting in the [[Battle of Yangxia]]]] To sponsor more uprisings, Sun made a personal plea for financial aid at the [[1910 Penang conference|Penang conference]], held on 13 November 1910 in Malaya.<ref name="Bergere188">[[#Bergère|Bergère]]: 188</ref> The high-powered preparatory meeting of Sun's supporters was subsequently held in Ipoh, Singapore, at the villa of Teh Lay Seng, the chairman of the Tungmenghui, to raise funds for the [[Huanghuagang Uprising]], also known as the Yellow Flower Mound Uprising.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chan|first=Sue Meng|title=Road to Revolution: Dr. Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh. Singapore|publisher=Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall|year=2013|isbn=978-9810782092|location=Singapore|page=17}}</ref> The Ipoh leaders were Teh Lay Seng, Wong I Ek, Lee Guan Swee, and Lee Hau Cheong.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khoo & Lubis|first=Salma Nassution & Abdur-Razzaq|title=Kinta Valley: Pioneering Malaysia's Modern Development|publisher=Areca Books|year=2005|page=231}}</ref> The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the [[Malay Peninsula]]<ref name=Bergere188 /> and raised [[HK$]]187,000.<ref name=Bergere188 /> On 27 April 1911, the revolutionary [[Huang Xing]] led the [[Second Guangzhou Uprising|Yellow Flower Mound]] Uprising against the Qing. The revolt failed and ended in disaster. The bodies of only 72 revolutionaries were identified of the 86 that were found.<ref name="gtong195">王恆偉. (2005) (2006) 中國歷史講堂 No. 5 清. 中華書局. {{ISBN|9628885286}}. pp. 195–198.</ref> The revolutionaries are remembered as [[Martyrdom in Chinese culture|martyrs]].<ref name="gtong195" /> Despite the failure of this uprising, which was due to a leak, it was successful in triggering off the trend of nation-wide revolts.<ref>[https://youtube.com/shorts/rugEtlGtOCk?si=tDssz_14f3n8xW2k Bronze Relief of the 1911 Guangzhou (廣州) Uprising in Taipei Revolutionary Martyrs’ Shrine (YouTube)]</ref> On 10 October 1911, the military [[Wuchang Uprising]] took place and was led again by Huang Xing. The uprising expanded to the [[Xinhai Revolution]], also known as the "Chinese Revolution", to overthrow the last emperor, [[Puyi]].<ref>Carol, Steven. (2009). ''Encyclopedia of Days: Start the Day with History''. iUniverse publishing. {{ISBN|978-0595482368}}.</ref> Sun had no direct involvement in it, as he was in [[Denver]], [[Colorado]], and had spent much of the year in the United States in search of support from [[Chinese Americans]]. That put Huang in charge of the revolution that ended over 2000 years of imperial rule in China. On 12 October, when Sun learned of the successful rebellion against the Qing emperor from press reports, he returned to China from the United States and was accompanied by his closest foreign advisor, the American "General" [[Homer Lea]], an adventurer whom Sun had met in London when they attempted to arrange British financing for the future Chinese republic. Both sailed for China, arriving there on 21 December 1911.<ref>[[#Bergère|Bergère]]: 210</ref> {{clear left}} == Republic of China with multiple governments == === Provisional government === {{Main|Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)}} [[File:李鐵夫孫中山12345.jpg|thumb|''Portrait of Sun Yat-sen'' (1921) by [[Li Tiefu]]]] On 29 December 1911, a meeting of representatives from provinces in Nanjing elected Sun as the [[list of leaders of the Republic of China|provisional president]].<ref>Lane, Roger deWardt. (2008). ''Encyclopedia Small Silver Coins''. {{ISBN|978-0615244792}}.</ref> 1 January 1912 was set as the [[epoch (reference date)|epoch]] of the new [[Minguo calendar|republican calendar]].<ref name="Well">Welland, Sasah Su-ling. (2007). ''A Thousand Miles of Dreams: The Journeys of Two Chinese Sisters''. Rowman Littlefield Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0742553149}}. p. 87.</ref> [[Li Yuanhong]] was made provisional vice-president, and Huang Xing became the minister of the army. It was argued Sun was a 'compromise candidate' to end an impasse and power struggle between Li Yuanhong and Huang Xing over the role of the Generalissimo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Esherick |first=Joseph |title=China in Revolution |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2022 |isbn=9781538162774 |pages=160 |language=English}}</ref> A new [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)|provisional government]] for the Republic of China was created, along with a [[Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China|provisional constitution]]. Sun is credited for funding the revolutions and for keeping revolutionary spirit alive, even after a series of false starts. His successful merger of smaller revolutionary groups into a single coherent party provided a better base for those who shared revolutionary ideals. Under Sun's provisional government, several innovations were introduced, such as the aforementioned calendar system, and fashionable [[Mao suit|Zhongshan suits]]. === Beiyang government === {{Main|Beiyang government}} [[Yuan Shikai]], who was in control of the [[Beiyang Army]], had been promised the position of president of the Republic of China if he could get the Qing court to abdicate.<ref name="Fu" /> On 12 February 1912, the Emperor did abdicate the throne.<ref name="Well" /> Sun stepped down as president, and Yuan became the new provisional president in Beijing on 10 March 1912.<ref name="Fu" /> The provisional government did not have any military forces of its own. Its control over elements of the new army that had mutinied was limited, and significant forces still had not declared against the Qing. Sun Yat-sen sent telegrams to the leaders of all provinces to request them to elect and to establish the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)| National Assembly]] in 1912.<ref>[[#Bergère|Bergère]]: 226</ref> In May 1912, the legislative assembly moved from Nanjing to Beijing, with its 120 members divided between members of the Tongmenghui and a republican party that supported Yuan Shikai.<ref name="chien">Ch'ien Tuan-sheng. ''The Government and Politics of China 1912–1949''. Harvard University Press, 1950; rpr. Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0804705516}}. pp. 83–91.</ref> Many revolutionary members were already alarmed by Yuan's ambitions and the northern-based [[Beiyang government]]. === New Nationalist party in 1912, failed Second Revolution and new exile === The Tongmenghui member [[Song Jiaoren]] quickly tried to control the assembly. He mobilized the old Tongmenghui at the core with the mergers of a number of new small parties to form a new political party, the [[Kuomintang]] (Chinese Nationalist Party, commonly abbreviated as "KMT") on 25 August 1912 at [[Huguang Guild Hall]], Beijing.<ref name="chien" /> The [[1912 Republic of China National Assembly elections|1912–1913 National assembly election]] was considered a huge success for the KMT, which won 269 of the 596 seats in the lower house and 123 of the 274 seats in the upper house.<ref name="Fu">Fu, Zhengyuan. (1993). ''Autocratic tradition and Chinese politics''(Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0521442282}}). pp. 153–154.</ref><ref name="chien" /> In retaliation, the KMT leader [[Song Jiaoren]] was assassinated, almost certainly by a secret order of Yuan, on 20 March 1913.<ref name="Fu" /> The [[Second Revolution (China)|Second Revolution]] took place by Sun and KMT military forces trying to overthrow Yuan's forces of about 80,000 men in an armed conflict in July 1913.<ref>Ernest Young, "Politics in the Aftermath of Revolution", in John King Fairbank, ed., ''The Cambridge History of China: Republican China 1912–1949'', Part 1 (Cambridge University Press, 1983; {{ISBN|978-0521235419}}), p. 228.</ref> The revolt against Yuan was unsuccessful. In August 1913, Sun fled to Japan, where he later enlisted financial aid by the politician and industrialist [[Fusanosuke Kuhara]].<ref>Altman, Albert A., and Harold Z. Schiffrin. "Sun Yat-Sen and the Japanese: 1914–16." Modern Asian Studies, vol. 6, no. 4, 1972, pp. 385–400. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/311539</ref> === Warlords chaos === In 1915, Yuan proclaimed the [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Empire of China]] with himself as [[Emperor of China]]. Sun took part in the [[National Protection War]] of the [[Constitutional Protection Movement]] and also supported bandit leaders like [[Bai Lang Rebellion|Bai Lang]] during the [[Bai Lang Rebellion]], which marked the beginning of the [[Warlord Era]]. In 1915, Sun wrote to the [[Second International]], a [[socialist]]-based organization in [[Paris]], and asked it to send a team of specialists to help China set up the world's first socialist republic.<ref>''South China Morning post''. Sun Yat-sen's durable and malleable legacy. 26 April 2011.</ref> The same year, Sun received the [[India]]n communist [[M.N. Roy]] as a guest.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thampi |first1=Madhavi |title=India and China in the Colonial World |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=229}}</ref> There were then [[federalism in China|many theories and proposals]] of what China could be. In the political mess, both Sun Yat-sen and [[Xu Shichang]] were announced as president of the Republic of China.<ref>South China morning post. 1913–1922. 9 November 2003.</ref> == Alliance with Communist Party and Northern Expedition == {{Further|Northern Expedition}} === Guangzhou militarist government === [[File:Whampoa3.jpg|thumb|(L-R): [[Liao Zhongkai]], [[Chiang Kai-shek]], Sun Yat-sen and [[Soong Ching-ling]] at the founding of the [[Whampoa Military Academy]] in 1924]] China had become divided among regional military leaders. Sun saw the danger and returned to China in 1916 to advocate [[Chinese reunification (1928)|Chinese reunification]]. In 1921, he started a [[Government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou|self-proclaimed military government]] in [[Guangzhou]] and was elected [[Dayuanshuai|Grand Marshal]].<ref name="Bergere273">[[#Bergère|Bergère & Lloyd]]: 273</ref> According to historian William C. Kirby, between 1912 and 1927, three governments were set up in South China: the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)|Provisional government in Nanjing (1912)]], the [[Army and Navy Marshal stronghold of the Republic of China|Military government in Guangzhou (1923–1925)]], and the [[Nationalist government|National government in Guangzhou and later Wuhan]] (1925–1927).<ref>Kirby, William C. [2000] (2000). ''State and economy in republican China: a handbook for scholars'', volume 1. Harvard publishing. {{ISBN|978-0674003682}}. p. 59.</ref> The governments in the south were established to rival the Beiyang government in the north.<ref name=Bergere273 /> Yuan Shikai had banned the KMT. The short-lived [[Chinese Revolutionary Party]] was a temporary replacement for the KMT. On 10 October 1919, Sun resurrected the KMT with the new name [[Names of China|Chung-kuo]] [[Kuomintang]], or "Nationalist Party of China."<ref name="chien" /> === First United Front === {{Main|First United Front}} [[File:Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek.jpg|thumb|left|Sun Yat-sen (seated) and [[Chiang Kai-shek]]]] Sun was now convinced that the only hope for a unified China lay in a military conquest from his base in the south, followed by a period of {{ill|Outline of the Founding of the National Government|lt=political tutelage|zh|國民政府建國大綱}}, which would culminate in the transition to democracy. To hasten the conquest of China, he began a policy of active co-operation with the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP). Sun and the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Adolph Joffe]] signed the [[Sun-Joffe Manifesto]] in January 1923.<ref name="Tung1">Tung, William L. (1968). ''The political institutions of modern China''. Springer publishing. {{ISBN|978-9024705528}}. pp. 92, 106.</ref> Sun received help from the [[Comintern]] for his acceptance of communist members into his KMT. Sun received assistance from Soviet advisor [[Mikhail Borodin]], whom Sun described as his "[[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]]".<ref name="Crean">{{Cite book |last=Crean |first=Jeffrey |title=The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-23394-2 |edition= |series=New Approaches to International History series |location=London, UK |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=54}} The Russian revolutionary and socialist leader [[Vladimir Lenin]] praised Sun and his KMT for its ideology, principles, attempts at social reformation, and fight against foreign imperialism.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2cSSVPogpoC&q=lenin+sun+principles+of+the+people&pg=PA22|title=Mao Tse-tung: Ruler of Red China|author=Robert Payne|year=2008|publisher=Read Books|page=22|isbn=978-1443725217|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnOFYI3g-N4C&q=Lenin,+who+viewed+the+revolutionary+struggle+of+the+Chinese+people+with+great+sympathy,+had+a+high+regard+for+Sun+Yat-sen's+work+and+referred+to+him+as+%22a+revolutionary+democrat,+endowed+with+nobility+and+heroism%22|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia|page=237|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1980|last1=Ross|first1=Harold Wallace|last2=White|first2=Katharine Sergeant Angell}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mF0NAQAAMAAJ&q=Lenin,+who+viewed+the+revolutionary+struggle+of+the+Chinese+people+with+great+sympathy,+had+a+high+regard+for+Sun+Yat-sen's+work+and+referred+to+him+as+%22a+revolutionary+democrat,+endowed+with+nobility+and+heroism%22&pg=PA237|title=Great Soviet encyclopedia, Volume 25|author=Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov|year=1982|publisher=Macmillan|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> Sun also returned the praise by calling Lenin a "great man" and indicated that he wished to follow the same path as Lenin.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSVK8qxOsG8C&q=lenin+sun+principles+of+the+people&pg=PA170|title=Aunt Mae's China|author=Bernice A Verbyla|year=2010|publisher=Xulon Press|page=170|isbn=978-1609574567|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> In 1923, after having been in contact with Lenin and other Moscow communists, Sun sent representatives to study the [[Red Army]], and in turn, the Soviets sent representatives to help reorganize the KMT at Sun's request.<ref>{{cite book |title=M.N. Roy's Mission to China |publisher=University of California Press |pages=19–20}}</ref> With the Soviets' help, Sun was able to develop the military power needed for the [[Northern Expedition]] against the military at the north. He established the [[Whampoa Military Academy]] near Guangzhou with [[Chiang Kai-shek]] as the [[commandant]] of the [[National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA).<ref>Gao. James Zheng. (2009). ''Historical dictionary of modern China (1800–1949)''. Scarecrow press. {{ISBN|978-0810849303}}. p. 251.</ref> Other Whampoa leaders include [[Wang Jingwei]] and [[Hu Hanmin]] as political instructors. This full collaboration was called the [[First United Front]]. === Financial concerns === In 1924 Sun appointed his brother-in-law [[T. V. Soong]] to set up the first Chinese central bank, the [[Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)|Canton Central Bank]].<ref>[[Jonathan Spence|Spence, Jonathan D.]] [1990] (1990). ''[[The search for modern China]]''. [[WW Norton & company publishing]]. {{ISBN|978-0-393-30780-1}}. p. 345.</ref> To establish national capitalism and a banking system was a major objective for the KMT.<ref>Ji, Zhaojin. (2003). ''A history of modern Shanghai banking: the rise and decline of China's finance capitalism''. M.E. Sharpe Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0765610034}}. p. 165.</ref> However, Sun met opposition by the [[Canton Merchant Volunteers Corps Uprising]] against him. == Final years== === Final speeches === [[File:Sun and Soong in Kobe.jpg|thumb|Sun (seated, right) and his wife [[Soong Ching-ling]] (seated next to him) in [[Kobe]], Japan in 1924]] In February 1923, Sun made a presentation to the [[Students' Union]] in [[Hong Kong University]] and declared that the corruption of China and the [[peace, order, and good government]] of Hong Kong had turned him into a revolutionary.<ref>Ho, Virgil K.Y. (2005). ''Understanding Canton: Rethinking Popular Culture in the Republican Period''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199282714}}</ref><ref>Carroll, John Mark. ''Edge of Empires:Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong''. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0674017013}}</ref> The same year, he delivered a speech in which he proclaimed his [[Three Principles of the People]] as the foundation of the country and the [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Five-Yuan Constitution]] as the guideline for the political system and bureaucracy. Part of the speech was made into the [[National Anthem of the Republic of China]]. On 10 November 1924, Sun traveled north to [[Tianjin]] and delivered a speech to suggest a gathering for a "national conference" for the Chinese people. He called for the end of warlord rules and the abolition of all [[unequal treaties]] with the [[Western powers]].<ref>Ma Yuxin (2010). ''Women journalists and feminism in China, 1898–1937''. Cambria Press. {{ISBN|978-1604976601}}. p. 156.</ref> Two days later, he traveled to Beijing to discuss the future of the country despite his deteriorating health and the ongoing civil war of the warlords. Among the people whom he met was the Muslim warlord General [[Ma Fuxiang]], who informed Sun that he would welcome Sun's leadership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elycn.com/gs/lx/015/003.htm |script-title=zh:马福祥,临夏回族自治州马福祥,马福祥介绍{{snd}}走遍中国|website=www.elycn.com|access-date=23 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513183437/http://www.elycn.com/gs/lx/015/003.htm|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> On 28 November 1924 Sun traveled to Japan and gave a [[s:Sun Yat Sen's speech on Pan-Asianism|speech on Pan-Asianism]] at [[Kobe]], Japan.<ref>Calder, Kent; Ye, Min (2010). ''The Making of Northeast Asia''. Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0804769228}}.</ref> === Illness and death === For many years, it was popularly believed that Sun died of [[liver cancer]]. On 26 January 1925, Sun underwent an [[exploratory laparotomy]] at [[Peking Union Medical College Hospital]] (PUMCH) to investigate a long-term illness. It was performed by the head of the Department of Surgery, Adrian S. Taylor, who stated that the procedure "revealed extensive involvement of the liver by [[carcinoma]]" and that Sun had only about ten days to live. Sun was hospitalized, and his condition was treated with [[radium]].<ref name="barth:5">{{Cite journal|last1=Barth|first1=Rolf F. |last2=Chen |first2=Jie |date=1 January 2016 |title=What did Sun Yat-sen really die of? A re-assessment of his illness and the cause of his death |journal=Chinese Journal of Cancer |volume=35 |issue=1 |page=81 |doi=10.1186/s40880-016-0144-9 |doi-access=free |issn=1944-446X |pmc=5009495 |pmid=27586157}}</ref> Sun survived the initial ten-day period, and on 18 February, against the advice of doctors, he was transferred to the KMT headquarters and treated with [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. That was also unsuccessful, and he died on 12 March, at the age of 58.<ref name=":2">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1925/03/12/archives/dr-sun-yatsen-dies-in-peking-r-chinese-leader-had-failed-steadily.html | title=Dr. Sun Yat-sen Dies in Peking | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=12 March 1925 | access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Contemporary reports in ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref name=":2" /> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'',<ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881448,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504164917/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881448,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 May 2008|title=Lost Leader|date=23 March 1925|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|quote=A year ago his death was prematurely announced; but it was not until last January that he was taken to the Rockefeller Hospital at Peking and declared to be in the advanced stages of cancer of the liver.|access-date=3 August 2008}}</ref> and the Chinese newspaper ''Qun Qiang Bao'' all reported the cause of death as liver cancer, based on Taylor's observation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sun Yat-sen: His life and times|last=Sharman|first=L.|publisher=Stanford University Press|orig-year=1934|year=1968|location=Stanford, California|pages=305–306, 310}}</ref> He also left a [[:zh:總理遺囑|short political will]] ({{lang|zh-hant|總理遺囑}}), penned by [[Wang Jingwei]], which had a widespread influence in the subsequent development of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] and [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vincentpoon.com/founding-father-s-will-------.html |trans-title=Founding Father's Will |script-title=zh:國父遺囑 |website=Vincent's Calligraphy |language=en-GB |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-date=7 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807205937/http://www.vincentpoon.com/founding-father-s-will-------.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Sun Yat-sen on death bed picture at The Museum of Dr. Sun Yat-sen in Cuiheng.jpg|thumb|Sun Yat-sen on death bed. Picture at The Museum of Dr. Sun Yat-sen in [[Cuiheng]]]] His body then was preserved in [[mineral oil]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The oil prince's legacy: Rockefeller philanthropy in China|last=Bullock|first=M.B.|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0804776882|location=Redwood City, CA|page=81}}</ref> and taken to the [[Temple of Azure Clouds]], a [[Buddhist]] shrine in the [[Western Hills]] a few miles outside Beijing.<ref name="Leinwand2002">{{cite book|last=Leinwand|first=Gerald|title=1927: High Tide of the 1920s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d302Xl1llE4C&pg=PA101|access-date=29 December 2017|date= 2002|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-1568582450|page=101}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A glass-covered steel coffin was sent by the [[Soviet Union]] to the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall at Temple of Azure Clouds as a permanent repository for the body but was ultimately declined by the family as unsuitable.<ref name="australia">{{cite news |date=25 April 1925 |title=The Sydney Morning Herald. Sun Yat-Sen's Coffin. Soviet's Tawdry Gift. |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/16200354 |work=National Library of Australia. |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref> The body was embalmed for preservation by [[Peking Union Medical College]] who reportedly guaranteed its preservation for 150 years.<ref name="australia"/> In 1926, construction began on a majestic mausoleum at the foot of [[Purple Mountain (Nanjing)|Purple Mountain]] in Nanjing, which was completed in the spring of 1929. On 1 June 1929, Sun's remains were moved from Beijing and interred in the [[Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum]]. By pure chance, in May 2016, an American pathologist, Rolf F. Barth, was visiting the [[Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall (Guangzhou)|Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall]] in [[Guangzhou]] when he noticed a faded copy of the original autopsy report on display. The autopsy was performed immediately after Sun's death by James Cash, a pathologist at PUMCH. Based on a [[sampling (medicine)|tissue sample]], Cash concluded that the cause of death was an [[adenocarcinoma]] in the [[gallbladder]] that had [[metastasis|metastasized]] to the liver. In modern China, liver cancer is far more common than [[gallbladder cancer]]. Although the incidence rates for either one in 1925 are not known, if one assumes that they were similar to modern rates, the original diagnosis by Taylor was a reasonable conclusion. From the time of Sun's death to the appearance of Barth's report<ref name="barth:5" /> in the ''[[Chinese Journal of Cancer]]'' in September 2016, Sun's true cause of death was not reported in any English-language publication. Even in Chinese-language sources, it appeared in only one non-medical online report in 2013.<ref name="barth:5" /><ref>{{cite news | title=Clinical record copies from the Peking Union Medical College Hospital decrypt the real cause of death of Sun Yat-sen | work=[[Nanfang Daily]] | date=11 November 2013 | url=http://epaper.southcn.com/nfdaily/html/2013-11/11/content_7243697.htm | language=zh | access-date=28 December 2017 | archive-date=7 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107094205/http://epaper.southcn.com/nfdaily/html/2013-11/11/content_7243697.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Legacy == === Power struggle === [[File:NRA Generals Northern Expedition.jpg|thumb|333px|Chinese generals at the [[Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum]] in 1928 after the [[Northern Expedition]]. From right: [[He Chengjun|Cheng Jin]] ({{lang|zh|何成浚}}), [[Zhang Zuobao]] ({{lang|zh-hant|張作寶}}), [[Chen Diaoyuan]] ({{lang|zh-hant|陳調元}}), [[Chiang Kai-shek]], [[Woo Tsin-hang]], [[Yan Xishan]], [[Ma Fuxiang]], [[Ma Sida]] ({{lang|zh-hant|馬四達}}), and [[Bai Chongxi]].]] After Sun's death, a power struggle between his young protégé [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and his old revolutionary comrade [[Wang Jingwei]] split the KMT. At stake in the struggle was the right to lay claim to Sun's ambiguous legacy. In 1927, Chiang married [[Soong Mei-ling]], a sister of Sun's widow [[Soong Ching-ling]], and he could now claim to be a brother-in-law of Sun. When the [[12 April Incident|Communists and the Kuomintang split]] in 1927, which marked the start of the [[Chinese Civil War]], each group claimed to be his true heirs, and the conflict that continued until [[World War II]]. Sun's widow, [[Soong Ching-ling]], sided with the Communists during the Chinese Civil War and was critical of Chiang's regime since the [[Shanghai massacre]] in 1927. She served from 1949 to 1981 as vice-president (or vice-chairwoman) of the People's Republic of China and as honorary president shortly before her death in 1981.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?Type=5&SerialNo=127914 | title=她是中華民國國父的妻子 但是全力支持中國共產黨 -- 上報 / 生活 }}</ref> === Personality cult === A [[personality cult]] in the Republic of China was centered on Sun and his successor, [[Generalissimo]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. The cult was created after Sun Yat-sen died. Chinese Muslim generals and imams participated in the personality cult and the [[one-party state]], with Muslim General [[Ma Bufang]] making people bow to Sun's portrait and listen to the national anthem during a [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] and [[Mongol people|Mongol]] religious ceremony for the [[Qinghai Lake]] god.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=ma+bufang+lake+god+scarves|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity |author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=51|isbn=0742511448|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> Quotes from the [[Qur'an]] and the [[Hadith]] were used by [[Hui people|Hui]] Muslims to justify Chiang's rule over China.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&q=jiang+hadith+jieshi+leader&pg=PA135|title=Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication |author1= Stéphane A. Dudoignon |author2= Hisao Komatsu |author3= Yasushi Kosugi |year=2006 |publisher= Taylor & Francis |pages=134, 375 |isbn=978-0415368353 |access-date= 28 June 2010 }}</ref> The Kuomintang's constitution designated Sun as the party president. After his death, the Kuomintang opted to keep that language in its constitution to honor his memory forever. The party has since been headed by a director-general (1927–1975) and a chairman (since 1975), who discharge the functions of the president.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Though he took a stance against [[idolatry]] in life, Sun sometimes became [[Apotheosis|worshiped as a god]] among people. For example, a KMT committee member Hsieh Kun-hong controversially referred to Sun as having "[[Xian (Taoism)|become immortal]]" after death under the posthumous name of "Great Merciful True Monarch" ({{lang-zh|偉慈真君}}) in 2021. Sun is already worshipped in the syncretic Vietnamese religion of [[Caodaism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://international.thenewslens.com/article/150241|title=KMT Divided Over God-Status of Founder Sun Yat-sen|work=[[The News Lens]]|date=28 April 2021}}</ref> === Father of the Nation === [[File:Sun-jat-sen nanjing 140883.jpg|thumb|Statue of Sun's Mausoleum in Nanjing, with a [[Kuomintang]] flag on the ceiling]] Sun Yat-sen remains unique among 20th-century Chinese leaders for having a high reputation in both [[Mainland China]] and [[Taiwan]]. In Taiwan, he is seen as the Father of the [[Republic of China]] and is known by the [[posthumous name]] ''[[Father of the Nation]], Mr. Sun Zhongshan'' ({{lang-zh|t=國父 孫中山先生|links=no}}, and the [[Tai tou|one-character space]] is a traditional homage symbol).<ref name="sunbook2" /> === Forerunner of revolution === [[File:五一天安门广场孙中山像.jpg|thumb|Sun Yat-sen tribute in [[Tiananmen Square]] in front of the [[Monument to the People's Heroes]], 2021]] In Mainland China, Sun is seen as a Chinese nationalist, a proto-socialist, and the first president of a Republican China and is highly regarded as the Forerunner of the Revolution ({{lang|zh|革命先行者}}).<ref name="Tung1" /> He is even mentioned by name in the [[:wikisource:Constitution of the People's Republic of China|preamble]] to the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China]]. In recent years, the leadership of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] has increasingly invoked Sun, partly as a way of bolstering [[Chinese nationalism]] in light of the [[Chinese economic reform]] and partly to increase connections with supporters of the Kuomintang on Taiwan, which the [[People's Republic of China]] sees as allies against [[Taiwan independence]]. [[Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum|Sun's tomb]] was one of the first stops made by the leaders of both the Kuomintang and the [[People First Party (Republic of China)|People First Party]] on their [[2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China|pan-blue visit to mainland China in 2005]].<ref>Rosecrance, Richard N. Stein, Arthur A. (2006). ''No more states?: globalization, national self-determination, and terrorism''. Rowman & Littlefield publishing. {{ISBN|978-0742539440}}. p. 269.</ref> A massive portrait of Sun continues to appear in [[Tiananmen Square]] for May Day and [[National Day of the People's Republic of China|National Day]]. In 1956, [[Mao Zedong]] said, "Let us pay tribute to our great revolutionary forerunner, Dr. Sun Yat-sen!... he bequeathed to us much that is useful in the sphere of political thought."<ref>{{cite book |title=Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung: Volume 5, Volume 5 |date=2014 |page=333}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dimitrakis |first1=Panagiotis |title=The Secret War for China: Espionage, Revolution and the Rise of Mao |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=4}}</ref> [[Xi Jinping]] incorporates Sun's legacy into his discourse on national rejuvenation.<ref name=":Shan2">{{Cite book |last=Shan |first=Patrick Fuliang |title=China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment |publisher=[[Leiden University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9789087284411 |editor-last=Fang |editor-first=Qiang |pages=41 |chapter=What Did the CCP Learn from the Past? |editor-last2=Li |editor-first2=Xiaobing}}</ref> Xi describes Sun as the first person to propose a method for Chinese revival, including adopting the first blueprint for China's modernization.<ref name=":Shan2" /> === New Three Principles of the People === {{main|Three Principles of the People}} Sun's Three Principles of the People has been reinterpreted by the Chinese Communist Party to argue that communism is a necessary conclusion of them and thus provide legitimacy for the government. This reinterpretation of the Three Principles of the People is commonly referred to as the New Three Principles of the People ({{Lang-zh|c=新三民主義}}, also translated as "neo-tridemism"), a word coined by Mao's 1940 essay ''[[On New Democracy]]'' in which he argued that the Communist Party is a better enforcer of the Three Principles of the People compared to the bourgeois Kuomintang and that the new three principles are about allying with the communists and the Russians (Soviets) and supporting the peasants and the workers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mao |first=Zedong |title=On New Democracy |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_26.htm |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref> Proponents of the New Three Principles of the People claim that Sun's book Three Principles of the People acknowledges that the principles of welfare is inherently socialistic and communistic.<ref>{{Cite wikisource|title=三民主义|wslanguage=zh|chapter=民生主义第一讲}}</ref> During the 90th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution in 2001, former CCP General Secretary [[Jiang Zemin]] claimed that Sun supposedly advocated for the "New Three Principles of the People."<ref name="shanghaiist">{{cite web |author=Kenneth Tan |url=http://shanghaiist.com/2011/10/03/granddaughter_of_sun_yat-sen_accuse.php#photo-1 |title=Granddaughter of Sun Yat-Sen accuses China of distorting his legacy |publisher=Shanghaiist |date=3 October 2011 |access-date=8 October 2011 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011110026/http://shanghaiist.com/2011/10/03/granddaughter_of_sun_yat-sen_accuse.php#photo-1 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://china.dwnews.com/news/2011-10-01/58179861.html |script-title=zh:国父孙女轰中共扭曲三民主义愚民_多维新闻网 |language=zh |publisher=China.dwnews.com |date=1 October 2011 |access-date=8 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007154343/http://china.dwnews.com/news/2011-10-01/58179861.html |archive-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2001, Sun's granddaughter Lily Sun said that the Chinese Communists were distorting Sun's legacy. She again voiced her displeasure in 2002 in a private letter to Jiang about the distortion of history.<ref name="shanghaiist" /> In 2008 Jiang Zemin was willing to offer US$10 million to sponsor a Xinhai Revolution anniversary celebration event. According to ''[[Ming Pao]]'', she did not take the money because then she would not "have the freedom to properly communicate the Revolution."<ref name="shanghaiist" /> === KMT emblem removal case === In 1981, Lily Sun took a trip to Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing. The emblem of the KMT had been removed from the top of his sacrificial hall at the time of her visit but was later restored. On another visit in May 2011, she was surprised to find the four-character "General Rules of Meetings" ({{lang|zh-hant|會議通則}}), a document that Sun wrote in reference to [[Robert's Rules of Order]] had been removed from a stone carving.<ref name="shanghaiist" /> ===Founding father of the nation debate=== In 1940, the Republic of China (ROC) government had bestowed the title of "father of the nation" on Sun. However, after 1949, as a result of the Chiang regime's arrival in Taiwan, his "father of the nation" designation continued only in Taiwan.<ref name="foundingfatherdebate">{{cite web |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2016/02/29/2003640454 |title=Is Sun Yat-sen the 'founding father'? |work=Taipei Times |date=29 February 2016 |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229233559/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2016/02/29/2003640454 |archive-date=29 December 2019}}</ref> Sun visited Taiwan briefly on only three occasions (in 1900, 1913, and 1918) or four by counting 1924, when his boat had stopped in Keelung Harbor, but he did not disembark.<ref name="foundingfatherdebate"/> In November 2004, the [[Ministry of Education (Taiwan)|Taiwanese Ministry of Education]] proposed that Sun was not the father of Taiwan. Instead, Sun was a foreigner from mainland China.<ref name="twp1">{{cite web |url=http://tw.people.com.cn/GB/14810/14858/2991721.html |script-title=zh:人民网—孙中山遭辱骂 "台独"想搞"台湾国父" |work=People's Daily |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513125548/http://tw.people.com.cn/GB/14810/14858/2991721.html |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Taiwanese Education Minister [[Tu Cheng-sheng]] and the [[Examination Yuan]] member {{Interlanguage link|Lin Yu-ti|zh|3=林玉体}}, both of whom supported the proposal, had their portraits pelted with eggs in protest.<ref name="tai2004">{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2004/11/24/2003212375/1 |title=History should be based on facts |work=Taipei Times |date=5 October 2011 |page=8 |author=Chiu Hei-yuan}}</ref> At a Sun Yat-sen statue in [[Kaohsiung]], a 70-year-old retired soldier of the Republic of China committed suicide on Sun's birthday, 12 November, to protest the ministry's proposal.<ref name="twp1" /><ref name="tai2004" /> == Views == {{Three Principles of the People|People}} {{Republicanism sidebar}} ===Western culture=== As a lifelong Christian who never left Christianity, Sun Yat-sen was a loyal follower of Western modernity and Christianity<ref name="v769">{{cite book | last1=Lu | first1=P.C. | last2=Brown | first2=J.R. | title=Ways of Confucius and of Christ: From Prime Minister of China to Benedictine Monk | publisher=Ignatius Press | year=2023 | isbn=978-1-64229-279-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psLaEAAAQBAJ | access-date=29 July 2024 | page=}}</ref> and saw it as the best way to develop the Chinese nation. He went on foreign trips to gather support and resources of Western and Christian nations.<ref name="e553">{{cite web | last=Doyle | first=G. Wright | title=Sun Yat-sen | website=BDCC | date=10 October 1911 | url=https://bdcconline.net/en/stories/sun-yat-sen/ | access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> He was highly critical of anything from ancient Chinese which did not confirm to Western standards and idols. This led him and his group to break idols and denounce Chinese medicine amongst other things.<ref name="j828">{{cite book | last1=Ruokanen | first1=M. | last2=Huang | first2=P. | last3=Huang | first3=B. | title=Christianity and Chinese Culture | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-8028-6556-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWDgm6xehI8C&pg=PA93 | access-date=29 July 2024 | page=93}}</ref><ref name="e624">{{cite book | last=Schiffrin | first=H. | title=Sun Yat-Sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution | publisher=University of California Press | year=2023 | isbn=978-0-520-35101-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8U_hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 | access-date=29 July 2024 | page=14}}</ref> ===Economic development=== Sun Yat-sen spent years in Hawaii as a student in the late 1870s and early 1880s and was highly impressed with the economic development that he saw there. He used the Kingdom of Hawaii as a model to develop his vision of a technologically modern, politically independent, actively [[anti-imperialist]] China.<ref>Lorenz Gonschor, "Revisiting the Hawaiian Influence on the Political Thought of Sun Yat-sen." ''Journal of Pacific History'' 52.1 (2017): 52–67.</ref> Sun, an important pioneer of international development, proposed in the 1920s international institutions of the sort that appeared after World War II. He focused on China, with its vast potential and weak base of mostly local entrepreneurs.<ref>Eric Helleiner, "Sun Yat-sen as a Pioneer of International Development." ''History of Political Economy'' 50.S1 (2018): 76–93.</ref> His key proposal was socialism. He proposed: :The State will take over all the large enterprises; we shall encourage and protect enterprises which may reasonably be entrusted to the people; the nation will possess equality with other nations; every Chinese will be equal to every other Chinese both politically and in his opportunities of economic advancement.<ref>Stephen Shen, and Robert Payne, ''Sun Yat-Sen: A Portrait'' (1946) p 182</ref> He also proposed, "If we use existing foreign capital to build up a future communist society in China, half the work will bring double the results."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Unger |first1=Jonathan |title=Using the Past to Serve the Present: Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China |date=2015 |page=248 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Godley |first1=Michael R. |title=Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: Sun Yatsen and the International Development of China |journal=The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs |year=1987 |volume=18 |issue=18 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.2307/2158585 |jstor=2158585 |s2cid=155947428 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/2158585?journalCode=austjchinaffa|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Far East in the Modern World |date=1975 |publisher=Dryden Press |page=384}}</ref> He also said, "It is my idea to make capitalism create socialism in China."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Westad |first1=Odd Arne |title=Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750 |date=2012 |publisher=Random House |page=155}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=France-Malone |first1=Derek |title=Political Dissent: A Global Reader: Modern Sources |date=2011 |publisher=Lexington Books |page=175}}</ref> Sun promoted the ideas of the economist [[Henry George]] and was influenced by [[Georgism|Georgist]] ideas on land ownership and a [[land value tax]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Sun Yat-sen |date=1998 |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Peng |first1=Chun |title=Rural Land Takings Law in Modern China: Origin and Evolution |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=135}}</ref> ===Culture=== Sun supported [[natalism]] and had [[eugenic]] ideals.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Rodriguez |first=Sarah Mellors |url= |title=Reproductive realities in modern China : birth control and abortion, 1911-2021 |date=2023 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1009027335 |location=Cambridge|oclc=1366057905}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=41}} He favored premarital health examinations, [[sterilization (medicine)|sterilization]] of those perceived as unfit, and other programs for socially engineering China's population.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|pages=41–42}} In Sun's view, China had only endured Western invasions and colonial rule because of its large population.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|pages=41}} Those views led him to oppose the use of [[birth control]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|pages=41}} ===Pan-Asianism=== Sun was a proponent of [[Pan-Asianism]]. He said that Asia was the "cradle of the world's oldest civilisation" and that "even the ancient civilisations of the West, of Greece and Rome, had their origins on Asiatic soil." He thought that it was only in recent times that Asians "gradually degenerated and become weak."<ref>{{cite book |title=Pan-Asianism A Documentary History, 1920–Present |date=2011 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |page=78}}</ref> For Sun, "Pan-Asianism is based on the principle of the Rule of Right, and justifies the avenging of wrongs done to others." He advocated overthrowing the Western "Rule of Might" and "seeking a civilisation of peace and equality and the emancipation of all races."<ref>{{cite book |title=Pan-Asianism A Documentary History, 1920–Present |date=2011 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |page=85}}</ref> ==Relationship with Japan== ===Meiji Restoration and Sun Yat-sen's Revolutionary Views=== According to {{ill|Hosaka Masayasu|lt=|ja|保阪正康}}, one of the reasons why figures like [[Miyazaki Toten]], {{ill|Yamada Yoshimasa|lt=|ja|山田良政}}, and {{ill|Yamada Junzaburo|lt=|ja|山田純三郎}} supported Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary movement was because the ideals of the [[Meiji Restoration]] or the [[Freedom and People's Rights Movement]] could not be realized in Japan, and they sought to compensate for that failure.<ref>{{Cite book|author=保坂正康|authorlink=保阪正康|year=2009|title=孫文の辛亥革命を助けた日本人|series=ちくま文庫|publisher=筑摩書房|isbn=978-4-480-42634-5|ref=保坂2009}}</ref> However, Sun Yat-sen himself stated the following in [[1919]]: :The Chinese Nationalist Party is, after all, the revolutionaries of Japan from 50 years ago. Japan, a weak country in the East, was fortunate to have revolutionaries from the Meiji Restoration, who, for the first time, rallied and transformed Japan from a weak country to a strong one. Our revolutionaries also followed the path of Japan's revolutionaries, seeking to transform China.<ref>「中国の青島回収につき朝日新聞記者に回答せる書簡」1919年,『孫文選集』第三巻所収</ref> In [[1923]], he also said: :Japan's Meiji Restoration was the cause of the Chinese revolution, and the Chinese revolution was the result of Japan's Meiji Restoration. Both are originally connected and work together to achieve the revival of East Asia.<ref>「犬養毅への書簡」1923年,『孫文選集』第三巻所収</ref> Based on his empathy for the Meiji Restoration, Sun Yat-sen sought collaboration between Japan and China. For him, Japan's Twenty-One Demands on China represented a betrayal of the "revolutionary aspirations" of the Meiji patriots and advanced Japan's policy of aggression against China.<ref>{{Cite book|author=清水美和|authorlink=清水美和|year=2003|title=中国はなぜ「反日」になったか|isbn=4-16-660319-1|page= 62 f|publisher=文藝春秋 |ref=清水}}</ref> === Relationship with the Japanese === During his lifetime, Sun Yat-sen had a wide range of relationships with Japanese people.<ref>[https://www2.nhk.or.jp/archives/movies/?id=D0009010843_00000 Series: The 100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution - NHK Classics (Video and Still Images) NHK Archives]</ref> Through the mediation of [[Inukai Tsuyoshi]], he became acquainted with [[Miyazaki Toten]],<ref>{{Cite book|author=宮崎滔天|authorlink=宮崎滔天|others=[[島田虔次]]・[[近藤秀樹]]校注|date=1993-05-17|title=三十三年の夢|series=[[岩波文庫]]|publisher=岩波書店|isbn=4-00-331221-X|url=http://www.iwanami.co.jp/.BOOKS/33/X/3312210.html|ref=宮崎1993}}</ref> [[Tōyama Mitsuru]], and [[Uchida Ryōhei]], with whom he also had ideological exchanges and received financial support.<ref>{{Cite book|author=頭山統一|authorlink=頭山統一|date=September 1977|title=筑前玄洋社|publisher=[[葦書房]]|isbn=978-4-7512-0035-3|ref=頭山統一}}</ref> In addition, he received financial aid from businessmen such as [[Matsukata Kōjirō]], {{ill|Yasukawa Keiichirō|lt=|ja|安川敬一郎}}, stock trader {{ill|Suzuki Kugorou|lt=|ja|鈴木久五郎}}, and [[Umeya Shōkichi]].<ref name="NHK2007-02-25" /><ref name="yomiuri2002-10" /> One of his supporters during his stay in Japan was also the great-grandfather of manga artist {{ill|Shibata Ami|lt=|ja|柴田亜美}}. Additionally, [[Sasaki Tōichi]] of the Imperial Japanese Army served as a military advisor to Sun. He also became friends with [[Minakata Kumagusu]], and their friendship deepened after they met while Sun was in exile in London.<ref>日本孫文研究会『孫文と南方熊楠』『孫文と華僑』『孫文とアジア―1990年8月国際学術討論会報告集』[[汲古書院]]</ref> === Great Asianism Lecture === The Great Asianism Lecture refers to the speech given by Sun Yat-sen on November 29, 1924, the day after his meeting with [[Tōyama Mitsuru]] in Kobe. It was delivered at the auditorium of the Kobe Prefectural Girls' High School, located where the current Hyogo Prefectural Government Office is, to five organizations, including the Kobe Chamber of Commerce. This speech distinguished between the "kingly way" of the East and the "hegemonic way" of the West, praising the kingly way of the East, and condemning Japan's tilt towards hegemonic ways due to excess, while also praising Japan's modernization as a leader in this regard.<ref>Chen De-ren & Yasui Mikio (Eds.) "Sun Yat-sen Lecture 'Great Asianism' Document Collection - 1924 November, Japan and China at a Crossroads" Hōritsu Bunka-sha, 1989</ref><ref>[https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASSCR3RZMSCRPTIL00WM.html 孫文の「大アジア主義」講演会から100年、舞台の神戸で記念行事 朝日新聞]</ref> :You Japanese people have adopted the hegemonic cultural ways of the West, while also possessing the essence of the kingly way of Asian culture. However, as you look toward the future of world culture, the question remains: will you ultimately become the tools of the Western hegemonic ways, or will you stand as a barrier to the Eastern kingly way? This depends on your careful consideration and deliberate choices.<ref>[https://web.tohoku.ac.jp/modern-japan/wp-content/uploads/%E5%AD%AB%E6%96%87%E3%80%80%E5%A4%A7%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%82%99%E3%82%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-PDF.pdf 東北大学 大アジア主義演説 全文]</ref> This speech criticized Western [[colonialism]] while praising Japan's modernization and civilization. It also criticized Japan for becoming a follower of Western colonialism and advocated for cooperation among Asians. == Family == {{Main|Family tree of Sun Yat-sen}} [[File:Lumuzhenp.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Lu Muzhen]], Sun's first wife]] [[File:Kaoru Otsuki 1900.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Kaoru Otsuki]], Sun's Japanese teenage wife]] [[File:Miyagawa Fumiko 0.jpg|thumb|120px|Fumiko, daughter of Sun and Kaoru]] Sun Yat-sen was born to Sun Dacheng ({{lang|zh-hant|孫達成}}) and his wife, [[Madame Yang|Lady Yang]] ({{lang|zh-hant|楊氏}}) on 12 November 1866.<ref name="family background and schooling">{{cite web |url=http://sun.yatsen.gov.tw/content.php?cid=S01_01_02_01 |script-title=zh:孫中山學術研究資訊網 – 國父的家世與求學 |trans-title=Dr. Sun Yat-sen's family background and schooling |language=zh |work=[sun.yatsen.gov.tw/ sun.yatsen.gov.tw] |date=16 November 2005 |access-date=2 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924031005/http://sun.yatsen.gov.tw/content.php?cid=S01_01_02_01 |archive-date=24 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the time, his father was 53, and his mother was 38 years old. He had an older brother, Sun Dezhang ({{lang|zh-hant|孫德彰}}), and an older sister, Sun Jinxing ({{lang|zh-hant|孫金星}}), who died at the early age of 4. Another older brother, Sun Deyou ({{lang|zh-hant|孫德祐}}), died at the age of 6. He also had an older sister, Sun Miaoqian ({{lang|zh-hant|孫妙茜}}), and a younger sister, Sun Qiuqi ({{lang|zh-hant|孫秋綺}}).<ref name="singtao2" /> At age 20, Sun had an [[arranged marriage]] with the fellow villager [[Lu Muzhen]]. She bore a son, [[Sun Fo]], and two daughters, Sun Jinyuan ({{lang|zh-hant|孫金媛}}) and Sun Jinwan ({{lang|zh-hant|孫金婉}}).<ref name="singtao2" /> Sun Fo was the grandfather of Leland Sun, who spent 37 years working in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] as an actor and [[stuntman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-09/11/c_131132949.htm |title=Sun Yat-sen's descendant wants to see unified China |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=11 September 2011 |access-date=2 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030220844/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-09/11/c_131132949.htm |archive-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> Sun Yat-sen was also the godfather of Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger, an American author and poet who wrote under the name [[Cordwainer Smith]]. Sun's first [[concubine]], the Hong Kong-born [[Chen Cuifen]], lived in [[Taiping, Perak]] (now in [[Malaysia]]) for 17 years. The couple adopted a local girl as their daughter. Cuifen subsequently relocated to China, where she died.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emily2u.com/antong-cafe-oldest-coffee-mill-in-malaysia/|title=Antong Cafe, The Oldest Coffee Mill in Malaysia|access-date=12 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112160148/http://www.emily2u.com/antong-cafe-oldest-coffee-mill-in-malaysia/|archive-date=12 January 2018}}</ref> During Sun's exile in Japan, he had relationships with two Japanese women: the 15-year-old [[Haru Asada]], whom he took as a concubine up to her death in 1902, and another 15-year-old schoolgirl, [[Kaoru Otsuki]], whom Sun married in 1905 and abandoned the next year while she was pregnant.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Japan-Revolution|url=https://www.asiasentinel.com/p/japan-revolution|access-date=31 January 2022|website=www.asiasentinel.com}}</ref> Otsuki later had their daughter, Fumiko, adopted by the Miyagawa family in Yokohama, who did not discover her parentage until 1951,<ref name=":1" /> 26 years after Sun's death. On 25 October 1915 in Japan, Sun married [[Soong Ching-ling]], one of the [[Soong sisters]].<ref name="singtao2" /><ref>Isaac F. Marcosson, Turbulent Years (1938), p.249</ref> Soong Ching-ling's father was the American-educated [[Methodist]] minister [[Charles Soong]], who made a fortune in banking and in printing of Bibles. Although Charles had been a personal friend of Sun, he was enraged by Sun announcing his intention to marry Ching-ling because while Sun was a Christian, he [[bigamy|kept two wives]]: Lu Muzhen and Kaoru Otsuki. Soong viewed Sun's actions as running directly against their shared religion. Soong Ching-Ling's sister, [[Soong Mei-ling]], later married [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. == Cultural references == === Memorials and structures in Asia === [[File:Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall.jpg|thumb|Aerial perspective of Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall, in central Singapore, taken in 2016]] In most major [[Chinese cities]], one of the main streets is [[list of streets named after Sun Yat-sen|Zhongshan Lu]] ({{lang|zh-Hani|中山路}}) to celebrate Sun's memory. There are also numerous parks, schools, and geographical features named after him. Xiangshan, Sun's hometown in Guangdong, was renamed [[Zhongshan]] in his honor, and there is a hall dedicated to his memory at the [[Temple of Azure Clouds]] in Beijing. There are also a series of [[Sun Yat-sen stamps]]. Other references to Sun include the [[Sun Yat-sen University]] in Guangzhou and [[National Sun Yat-sen University]] in [[Kaohsiung]]. Other structures include [[Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum]], [[Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall Station (Guangzhou)|Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall subway station]], [[Sun Yat-sen House (Nanjing)|Sun Yat-sen house]] in Nanjing, [[Dr Sun Yat-sen Museum]] in Hong Kong, [[Chung-Shan Building]], [[Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall (Guangzhou)|Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall]] in [[Guangzhou]], [[Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall]] in [[Taipei]] and [[Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall]] in Singapore. [[Zhongshan Memorial Middle School]] has also been a name used by many schools. [[Zhongshan Park]] is also a common name used for a number of places named after him. The first highway in Taiwan is called the [[National Highway No. 1 (Taiwan)|Sun Yat-sen expressway]]. Two ships are also named after him; the [[Chinese gunboat Chung Shan]] and the [[Chinese cruiser Yat Sen]]. The old Chinatown in [[Calcutta]] (now known as [[Kolkata]]), India, has the prominent Sun Yat-sen Street. In Russia, a village in [[Mikhaylovsky District, Primorsky Krai|Mikhaylovsky District]] of [[Primorsky Krai]] was named [[:ru:Сунятсенское сельское поселение|Sunyatsenskoe]] in honor of him. There are streets named after him in [[Astrakhan]], [[Ufa]] and [[Aldan, Russia|Aldan]]. There was a street that was named after Sun in the Russian city of [[Omsk]] until 2005, when it was renamed in honor of the recipient of the title [[Hero of Soviet Union]] Mikhail Ivanovich Leonov.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mapdata.ru/astrahanskaya-oblast/astrahan/ulica-sun-yat-sena/|title=Россия, Астраханская область, Астрахань, улица Сун Ят-Сена|newspaper=mapdata.ru |access-date= 11 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mapdata.ru/bashkortostan/ufa/ulica-sun-yat-sena/|title=Россия, Башкортостан, Уфа, улица Сун-Ят-Сена|newspaper=mapdata.ru |access-date= 11 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mapdata.ru/yakutiya/aldanskiy-ulus/aldan/ulica-sun-yat-sena/|title=Россия, Якутия, Алданский улус, Алдан, улица Сунь-ят-Сена|newspaper=mapdata.ru |access-date= 11 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://omsknews.ru/?p=26299|title=ЮБИЛЕЙНЫЕ ПЕРЕИМЕНОВАНИЯ|date=16 May 2005|newspaper=omsknews.ru|access-date= 11 October 2020}}</ref> In [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], Penang, [[Malaysia]], the Penang Philomatic Union had its premises at 120 [[Armenian Street, George Town|Armenian Street]] in 1910, while Sun spent more than four months in [[Penang]] and convened the historic "Penang Conference" to launch the fundraising campaign for the Huanghuagang Uprising and founded the ''Kwong Wah Yit Poh''. The house, which has been preserved as the [[Sun Yat-sen Museum Penang|Sun Yat-sen Museum]] (formerly called the Sun Yat Sen Penang Base), was visited by President-designate [[Hu Jintao]] in 2002. The Penang Philomatic Union subsequently moved to a bungalow at 65 [[Macalister Road, George Town|Macalister Road]], which has been preserved as the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Centre Penang. As a dedication, the 1966 [[Chinese Cultural Renaissance]] was launched on Sun's birthday on 12 November.<ref>Guy, Nancy. (2005). ''Peking Opera and Politics in Taiwan''. University of Illinois Press. {{ISBN|0252029739}}. p. 67.</ref> The [[Nanyang (region)|Nanyang]] Wan Qing Yuan in Singapore have since been preserved and renamed as the [[Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall]].<ref name="wanqingyuan1" /> A Sun Yat-sen heritage trail was also launched on 20 November 2010 in Penang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunyatsenpenang.com/website/news17.htm |title=Sun Yet Sen Penang Base – News 17 |publisher=Sunyatsenpenang.com |date=19 November 2010 |access-date=2 October 2011}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> Sun's Hawaiian birth certificate, which claimed that he was not born in China but in the United States, was on public display at the [[American Institute in Taiwan]] on [[US Independence Day]] on 4 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/07/03/2003507303 |title=Sun Yat-sen's US birth certificate to be shown |work=Taipei Times |date=2 October 2011 |access-date=8 October 2011 |page=3}}</ref> A street in [[Medan]], [[Indonesia]], is named "Jalan Sun Yat-Sen" in honor of him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Jl.+Sun+Yat+Sen,+Medan+Kota,+Kota+Medan,+Sumatera+Utara+20211,+Indonesia/@3.5832583,98.689976,19.25z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x303131b3ac788419:0x5263731b3be58a57|title=Google Maps|access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref> A street named "Tôn Dật Tiên" (the [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Vietnamese]] name for Sun Yat-Sen) is located in [[Phú Mỹ Hưng urban area|Phú Mỹ Hưng Urban Area]], [[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Vietnam]]. The "Trail of Dr. Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh"<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaur|first=Manjit|date=2 January 2020|title=On the trail of Sun Yat Sen and comrades|work=The Star}}</ref> was established in 2019, based on the book "Road to Revolution: Dr. Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chan|first=Sue Meng|title=Road to Revolution: Dr. Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh|publisher=Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall|year=2013|isbn=978-9810782092|location=Singapore}}</ref> ==== Gallery ==== <gallery widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:sun yatse mausoleum.jpg|[[Mausoleum of Sun Yat-sen]], [[Nanjing]]. File:Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall Guangzhou.jpg|[[Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall (Guangzhou)|Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall]], [[Guangzhou]]. File:Sun Yat Sen Memorial Hall in Taipei.jpg|[[Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall]], [[Taipei]]. File:Sun Yat-sen Centre.JPG|Sun Yat-sen Memorial Centre, [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], Penang, Malaysia. File:HK Central Gage Street Pak Tsz Lane Sun Yat Sen Historical Trail 2.JPG|A marker on the [[Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail]] on [[Hong Kong Island]]. File:Bys szsjnt.jpg|Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall at [[Temple of Azure Clouds]] in [[Beijing]], China. File:Bys szsjnt1.jpg|Coffin (unused) for Sun Yat-sen, gifted by the [[СССР]], in [[Temple of Azure Clouds]]. File:Sun Yat-sen University statue.jpg| Bronze statue in the Kang Le Yuan Garden at the South Guangzhou Campus of [[Sun Yat-sen University]]. Originally presented by [[Umeya Shokichi]] at [[Guangzhou]] National Sun Yat-sen University Shipai Campus, which is now home to the [[South China University of Technology]]. File:Memorial Museum of Sun Yat-sen, Zhongshan.jpg| The Museum of Dr. Sun Yat-sen in [[Cuiheng]] </gallery> === Memorials and structures outside Asia === [[File:La-chinatown-sunyatsen2.jpg|left|thumb|Sun Yat-Sen monument in Chinatown area of Los Angeles, California]] [[File:Joe Rosenthal Sun Yat-sen Toronto.jpg|right|thumb|180px|Sun Yat-Sen sculpture by Joe Rosenthal at Riverdale Park in Toronto, Ontario]] [[St. John's University (New York City)|St. John's University]], in [[New York City]], has a facility built in 1973, the Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hall, which built to resemble a traditional Chinese building in honor of Sun.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youvisit.com/tour/59965/80170/|title=Queens Campus|website=www.youvisit.com|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518080842/http://www.youvisit.com/tour/59965/80170/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden]], located in [[Vancouver]], is the largest classical Chinese gardens outside Asia. The Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Park is in [[Chinatown, Honolulu]].<ref>{{cite web |title= City to Dedicate Statue and Rename Park to Honor Dr. Sun Yat-Sen |date= 12 November 2007 |publisher= The City and County of Honolulu |url= http://www.honolulu.gov/csd/publiccom/honnews07/statueandparktohonordrsunyatsennov807.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111027130506/http://www1.honolulu.gov/csd/publiccom/honnews07/statueandparktohonordrsunyatsennov807.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 27 October 2011 |access-date=9 April 2010 }}</ref> On the island of [[Maui]], the little Sun Yat-sen Park at Kamaole is near where his older brother had a ranch on the slopes of [[Haleakala]] in the [[Kula, Hawaii|Kula]] region.<ref name="KHON2SunMei" /><ref name="MauiSunPark" /><ref name="MauiCountySunPark" /><ref name="MauiMagazine">{{cite web|url=https://mauimagazine.net/the-other-maui-sun/|title=The Other Maui Sun|author=Paul Wood|publisher=[[Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine|Maui Nō Ka ʻOi Magazine]]|location=[[Wailuku, Hawaii]]|date=November–December 2011|access-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> In [[Chinatown, Los Angeles|Los Angeles]], there is a seated statue of him in Central Plaza.<ref name="Sun Yat-sen">{{cite web|url=http://www.publicartinla.com/Downtown/Chinatown/sunyatsen1.html|title=Sun Yat-sen|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020030224/http://www.publicartinla.com/Downtown/Chinatown/sunyatsen1.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In [[Sacramento]], California, there is a bronze statue of Sun in front of the Chinese Benevolent Association of Sacramento. Another statue of Sun, by [[Joe Rosenthal (sculptor)|Joe Rosenthal]], can be found at [[Riverdale Park (Toronto)|Riverdale Park]] in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and there is another statue in Toronto's downtown [[Chinatown, Toronto|Chinatown]]. There is also the [[Moscow Sun Yat-sen University]]. In [[Chinatown, San Francisco]] is a 12-foot [[statue of Sun Yat-sen (San Francisco)|statue of Sun]] on [[Saint Mary's Square]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanfranciscochinatown.com/attractions/stmaryssquare.html|title=St. Mary's Square in San Francisco Chinatown – The largest chinatown outside of Asia|access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref> In late 2011, the Chinese Youth Society of [[Melbourne]], in celebration of the [[100th Anniversary of the Republic of China|100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China]], unveiled in a [[lion dance]] blessing ceremony a [[Statue of Sun Yat-sen (Melbourne)|memorial statue of Sun]] outside the [[Chinese Museum, Melbourne|Chinese Museum]] in the [[Chinatown, Melbourne|city's Chinatown]] on the spot that its traditional [[Chinese New Year]] lion dance always ends.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cysm.org/events.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729011713/http://www.cysm.org/events.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2012 |title=Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne |work=www.cysm.org |publisher=Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne |access-date=23 January 2012 }}</ref> [[File:Place Sun Yat-Sen - Montreal - 01.jpg|thumb|Sun Yat-Sen plaza in the Chinese Quarter of Montreal, Quebec, Canada]] In 1993, [[family tree of Sun Yat-sen|Lily Sun]], one of Sun Yat-sen's granddaughters, donated books, photographs, artwork and other memorabilia to the [[Kapiʻolani Community College]] library as part of the Sun Yat-sen Asian Collection.<ref name="kcc">{{cite web |url=http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/char/news/archive/newsletter4.htm |title=Char Asian-Pacific Study Room |publisher=Library.kcc.hawaii.edu |date=23 June 2009 |access-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402232255/http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/char/news/archive/newsletter4.htm |archive-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During October and November every year the entire collection is shown.<ref name="kcc" /> In 1997, the Dr Sun Yat-sen Hawaii Foundation was formed online as a virtual library.<ref name="kcc" /> In 2006, the [[NASA]] [[Mars Exploration Rover]] [[Spirit Rover|Spirit]] called one of the hills that was explored "Zhongshan."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marsrover.nasa.gov/gallery/press/spirit/20060710a.html |title=Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Press Release Images: Spirit |publisher=Marsrover.nasa.gov |access-date=2 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607091400/http://marsrover.nasa.gov/gallery/press/spirit/20060710a.html |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, a [[Statue of Sun Yat-sen (New York City)|statue of Dr. Sun Yat-sen]] by Lu Chun-Hsiung and Michael Kang was permanently installed in the northern plaza of Manhattan's [[Columbus Park (Manhattan)|Columbus Park]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maisel |first=Todd |date=12 November 2019 |title=Chinatown park plaza renamed for Dr. Sun Yat-Sen with bronze statue |url=https://www.amny.com/news/chinatown-park-plaza-renamed-for-dr-sun-yat-sen-with-bronze-statue/ |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=www.amny.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=Sydney |date=6 February 2019 |title=Chinese Revolutionary Honored With LES Statue |url=https://patch.com/new-york/lower-east-side-chinatown/chinese-revolutionary-honored-les-statue |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=Lower East Side-Chinatown, NY Patch |language=en}}</ref> == In popular culture == === Opera === ''[[Dr. Sun Yat-sen (opera)|Dr. Sun Yat-sen]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-09/07/c_131114060.htm |title=Opera Dr Sun Yat-sen to stage in Hong Kong |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=7 September 2011 |access-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101171800/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-09/07/c_131114060.htm |archive-date=1 November 2014 }}</ref> ({{lang-zh|c=中山逸仙|p=ZhōngShān yì xiān|labels=no}}) is a 2011 [[Chinese-language western-style opera]] in three acts by the New York-based American composer [[Huang Ruo]], who was born in China and is a graduate of [[Oberlin College]]'s Conservatory as well as the Juilliard School. The libretto was written by [[Candace Chong Mui Ngam|Candace Mui-ngam Chong]], a recent collaborator with playwright [[David Henry Hwang]].<ref>Gerard Raymond, [http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2011/10/between-east-and-west-an-interview-with-david-henry-hwang/ "Between East and West: An Interview with David Henry Hwang"] on slantmagazine.com, 28 October 2011</ref> It was performed in Hong Kong in October 2011 and was given its [[North America]] premiere on 26 July 2014 at the [[Santa Fe Opera]]. === Television series and films === Sun Yat-sen's life is portrayed in various films, mainly ''[[The Soong Sisters (film)|The Soong Sisters]]'' and ''[[Road to Dawn]]''. A fictionalized assassination attempt on his life was featured in ''[[Bodyguards and Assassins]]''. He is also portrayed during his struggle to overthrow the Qing dynasty in ''[[Once Upon a Time in China II]]''. The television series ''[[Towards the Republic]]'' features [[Ma Shaohua]] as Sun. In ''[[1911 (film)|1911]]'', a film commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Chinese Revolution, [[Winston Chao]] played Sun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-09/13/c_131136497.htm |title=Commemoration of 1911 Revolution mounting in China |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |access-date=2 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126204109/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-09/13/c_131136497.htm |archive-date=26 November 2013 }}</ref> In [[Space: Above and Beyond]], one of the starships of the China Navy is named the ''Sun Yat-sen''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?tv-show=space-above-and-beyond&episode=s01e22|title=Space: Above and Beyond s01e22 Episode Script SS|publisher=www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215210245/http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?tv-show=space-above-and-beyond&episode=s01e22|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Performances === In 2010, the theatrical play ''Yellow Flower on Slopes'' ({{lang|zh-hant|斜路黃花}}) was created and performed.<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hant |url=http://www.takungpao.com/history/top/2011-04-05/687483.html |script-title=zh:《斜路黃花》向革命者致意 |publisher=Takungpao.com |access-date=12 October 2011}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> In 2011, the [[Mandopop]] group Zhongsan Road 100 ({{lang|zh-hant|中山路100號}}) was known for singing the song "Our Father of the Nation" ({{lang|zh-hant|我們國父}}).<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hant |url=http://www.cm.yzu.edu.tw/ebba/news.aspx?tb_index=565 |script-title=zh:元智大學管理學院 |publisher=Cm.yzu.edu.tw |access-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402232906/http://www.cm.yzu.edu.tw/ebba/news.aspx?tb_index=565 |archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref> == Works == * ''Kidnapped in London'' (1897) * ''The Outline of National Reconstruction/Chien Kuo Ta Kang'' (1918) * ''The Fundamentals of National Reconstruction/Jianguo fanglue'' (1924) * ''The Principle of Nationalism'' (1953) == See also == {{Portal|China|Taiwan|Biography}} * [[Chiang Kai-shek]] * [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] * [[History of the Republic of China]] * [[Politics of the Republic of China]] * [[Sun Yat-sen Museum Penang]] * [[United States Constitution and worldwide influence]] * [[Zhongshan suit]] * [[Kuomintang]] * [[Three Principles of the People]] == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Further reading == * {{cite book | last= Bergère| first= Marie-Claire| year= 2000 | title= Sun Yat-sen| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vh7M1u4IGFkC&q=sun+yat-sen+li+hongzhang | publisher= Stanford University Press| isbn= 0804740119| ref=Bergère |ol=18557273M}} * [[Pearl S. Buck|Buck, Pearl S.]], ''The Man Who Changed China: The Story of Sun Yat-sen'' (1953) [https://archive.org/details/manwhochangedchi00buck online] * Chen, Stephen, and [[Robert Payne (author)|Robert Payne]]. ''Sun Yat Sen: A Portrait'' (1946) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.350966 online] * Cheng, Chu-yuan ed. ''Sun Yat-sen's Doctrine In The Modern World'' (1989) * D'Elia, Paschal M. ''Sun Yat-sen. His Life and Its Meaning, a Critical Biography'' (1936) * Du, Yue. "Sun Yat-sen as Guofu: Competition over Nationalist Party Orthodoxy in the Second Sino-Japanese War." ''Modern China'' 45.2 (2019): 201–235. * Jansen, Marius B. ''The Japanese and Sun Yat-sen'' (1967) [https://archive.org/details/japanesesunyatse0000jans online] * Kayloe, Tjio. ''The Unfinished Revolution: Sun Yat-Sen and the Struggle for Modern China'' (2017). [https://www.amazon.com/Unfinished-Revolution-Tjio-Kayloe-ebook/dp/B077Z91HPG/ excerpt] * Khoo, Salma Nasution. ''Sun Yat Sen in Penang'' (Areca Books, 2008). * {{cite book|author=|title=Sun Yat-Sen, Nanyang and the 1911 Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtB4YAcmjekC&pg=PR1|year=2011|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-9814345460|editor-last=Lee|editor-first=Lai To|editor-last2=Lee|editor-first2=Hock Guan}} * Linebarger, Paul M. A. ''Political Doctrines Of Sun Yat-sen'' (1937) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503202/page/n5 online free] * Martin, Bernard. ''Sun Yat-sen's vision for China'' (1966) * Restarick, Henry B., ''Sun Yat-sen, Liberator of China.'' (Yale UP, 1931) * [[Harold Zvi Schiffrin|Schiffrin, Harold Z.]] "The Enigma of Sun Yat-sen" in Mary Wright, ed., ''China in Revolution: The First Phase 1900-1913'' (1968) pp 443–476. * Schiffrin, Harold Z. ''Sun Yat-sen: Reluctant Revolutionary'' (1980) * Schiffrin, Harold Z. ''Sun Yat-sen and the origins of the Chinese revolution'' (1968). * Shen, Stephen and Robert Payne. ''Sun Yat-Sen: A Portrait'' (1946) [https://archive.org/download/sunyatsenaportra006424mbp/sunyatsenaportra006424mbp.pdf online free] * Soong, Irma Tam. "Sun Yat-sen's Christian Schooling in Hawai'i." ''The Hawaiian Journal of History,'' vol. 31 (1997) [http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/527/JL31157.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010032454/http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/527/JL31157.pdf |date=10 October 2019 }} * [[C. Martin Wilbur|Wilbur, Clarence Martin]]. ''Sun Yat-sen, frustrated patriot'' (Columbia University Press, 1976), a major scholarly biography [https://archive.org/details/sunyatsenfrustra0000wilb online] * Yu, George T. "The 1911 Revolution: Past, Present, and Future", ''Asian Survey'', 31#10 (1991), pp. 895–904, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645062 online] historiography == External links == {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource|Author:Sun Yat-sen}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = 43141}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname = Sun Yat-sen }} * {{Librivox author |id=17745}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060718060848/http://www.yatsen.gov.tw/english/index.php National Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall Official Website] {{in lang|en|zh}} {{S-start}} {{S-off}} {{s-bef |before = The [[Xuantong Emperor]] |as = [[Emperor of the Qing dynasty]] }} {{s-ttl |title = [[List of Presidents of China|Head of state of China]]<br /><small>as [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)|Provisional Government of the Republic of China]]</small> |years = 1912 }} {{s-aft |after = [[Yuan Shikai]] |as = Provisional President of the Republic of China }} {{s-bef |before = Office created }} {{s-ttl |title = [[Generalissimo]] of the Military Government of Nationalist China |years = 1917–1918 }} {{s-aft |after = Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China}} {{s-bef |before = Himself |as = Generalissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China }} {{s-ttl |title = Member of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China |years = 1918 }} {{s-aft |after = [[Cen Chunxuan]] |as = Chairman of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China }} {{s-bef |before = [[Cen Chunxuan]] |as = Chairman of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China }} {{s-ttl |title = Extraordinary President of Nationalist China |years = 1921–1922 }} {{s-aft |after = Himself |as =Generalissimo of the [[National Government of the Republic of China]] }} {{s-bef |before = Office created }} {{s-ttl |title = Generalissimo of the National Government of the Republic of China |years = 1923–1925 }} {{s-aft |after = [[Hu Hanmin]]<br /><small>Acting</small>}} {{S-ppo}} {{s-bef |before = [[Song Jiaoren]] |as = [[Kuomintang|President of the Kuomintang]] }} {{s-ttl |title = Premier of the Kuomintang |years = 1913–1914 }} {{s-aft |after = Himself |as = Premier of the [[Chinese Revolutionary Party]] }} {{s-bef |before = Himself |as = Premier of the Chinese Revolutionary Party }} {{s-ttl |title = Premier of the Kuomintang |years = 1919–1925}} {{s-aft |after = [[Zhang Renjie]] |as = Chairman }} {{S-end}} {{Sun Yat-sen}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Sun Yat-sen |list = {{Presidents of the Republic of China}} {{KMTleaders}} {{Political philosophy}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sun, Yat-sen}} [[Category:Sun Yat-sen| ]] [[Category:Three Principles of the People|*]] [[Category:1866 births]] [[Category:Cantonese people]] [[Category:1925 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Chinese heads of government]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Hong Kong]] [[Category:Asian Christian socialists]] [[Category:Chinese Christians]] [[Category:Burials in Nanjing]] [[Category:Cao Dai saints]] [[Category:Chinese Congregationalists]] [[Category:Chinese expatriates in Hong Kong]] [[Category:Chinese expatriates in Japan]] [[Category:Chinese expatriates in the Hawaiian Kingdom]] [[Category:Chinese Nationalist heads of state]] [[Category:Chinese political philosophers]] [[Category:Chinese revolutionaries]] [[Category:Chinese nationalists]] [[Category:Chinese social democrats]] [[Category:Chinese socialists]] [[Category:Chinese Zionists]] [[Category:Congregationalist socialists]] [[Category:Progressivism in China]] [[Category:Converts to Christianity]] [[Category:Deaths from cancer in China]] [[Category:Hakka people]] [[Category:Deaths from liver cancer]] [[Category:Asian democratic socialists]] [[Category:Flag designers]] [[Category:Foreign supporters of Korean independence]] [[Category:Generalissimos]] [[Category:ʻIolani School alumni]] [[Category:Marshals of China]] [[Category:Natalists]] [[Category:National anthem writers]] [[Category:Pan-Asianists]] [[Category:People educated at Diocesan Boys' School]] [[Category:People from Kula, Hawaii]] [[Category:People from Oahu]] [[Category:People of the 1911 Revolution]] [[Category:Philosophers from Guangdong]] [[Category:Physicians from Guangdong]] [[Category:Political party founders]] [[Category:Politicians from Zhongshan]] [[Category:Presidents of the Republic of China]] [[Category:Alumni of Queen's College, Hong Kong]] [[Category:Republic of China politicians from Guangdong]] [[Category:Family of Sun Yat-sen]] [[Category:Tongmenghui members]] [[Category:Kuomintang presidential nominees]]
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