Editing Super 8 film

{{Short description|Small motion picture film format}}
{{about|the film format|the type of camera|Super 8 film camera|other uses|Super 8 (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}

[[File:8mm and super8.png|thumb|Super 8 and 8&nbsp;mm film formats{{snd}} magnetic sound stripes are shown in gray.]]

'''Super 8&nbsp;mm film''' is a motion-picture [[film formats|film format]] released in 1965<ref>{{cite book |last=Lenny |first=Lipton |title=The Super 8 Book |year=1975 |publisher=Straight Arrow Books |location=San Francisco |isbn=0-87932-091-5 |page=11 |quote=In May 1965, super 8 in its stubby, coaxial plastic cartridge arrived loaded with Type A indoor balanced Kodachrome II, billed as a universal film.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lipton |first=Lenny |title=Independent Filmmaking |year=1973 |publisher=Straight Arrow Books |location=San Francisco |isbn=0-87932-010-9 |edition=5. print (revised) |page=[https://archive.org/details/independentfilmm00lipt/page/26 26] |quote=After several years of research, Kodak offered super 8 format film in Instamatic cartridges in 1965. |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/independentfilmm00lipt/page/26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kodak |title=Super 8 mm Film History |url=http://motion.kodak.com/motion/Products/Production/Spotlight_on_Super_8/Super_8mm_History/index.htm |publisher=Kodak |access-date=12 February 2013|quote=In April of 1965, this revolutionary new format was introduced...}}</ref> by [[Eastman Kodak]] as an improvement over the older [[8 mm film|"Double" or "Regular" 8&nbsp;mm]] [[home movie]] format. The formal name for Super 8 is '''8-mm Type S''', distinguishing it from the older double-8 format, which is called 8-mm Type R. Unlike [[Super 35]] (which is generally compatible with standard 35&nbsp;mm equipment), the film stock used for Super&nbsp;8 is not compatible with [[standard 8&nbsp;mm film]] cameras.

The film is [[Real versus nominal value|nominally]] 8&nbsp;mm wide, the same as older formatted 8&nbsp;mm film, but the dimensions of the rectangular sprocket hole perforations along one edge are smaller, which allows for a larger image area. The Super&nbsp;8 standard also allocates the border opposite the perforations for an [[oxide]] stripe upon which sound can be [[Magnetic tape sound recording|magnetically recorded]].

[[Fujifilm]] released a competing system named Single-8, also in 1965, which used the same film, image frame, and perforation dimensions, but with a different film base and incompatible cartridge format. The Kodak Super 8 system was adopted by more manufacturers and proved to be the more popular home movie format until it was displaced by video camera and recorder systems.

== Super 8 System ==
[[File:S8cartridg.jpg|thumb|right|Kodachrome 40 KMA464P Super&nbsp;8 cartridge]]
Starting in 1963, Kodak privately invited manufacturers of home movie equipment to inform them about a new 8&nbsp;mm format under development. After [[Bell & Howell]] learned about it, they began developing cameras and projectors as the ''Earlybird'' project, despite incomplete details about the cartridge and film size.<ref name=PopSci-6506/>{{rp|52–53}}

Launched in May 1965 by Eastman Kodak at that year's International Photo Exposition,<ref name=PopSci-6506>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=It's here: The new Super 8 system {{!}} Kodak's Revolution in Home Movies |first=Everett H. |last=Ortner |date=June 1965 |magazine=Popular Science |volume=186 |number=12 |pages=50–54;206 |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref name=PopSci-6507>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=IPEX REPORT: International Photo Exposition kicks off—War of the Photo Systems |first=Everett H. |last=Ortner |date=July 1965 |magazine=Popular Science |volume=187 |number=1 |pages=88 |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref> held simultaneously with the ongoing [[1964 New York World's Fair]], Super&nbsp;8 film comes in plastic light-proof cartridges containing coaxial supply and take-up spools loaded with {{convert|50|ft|m}} of film, with 72 frames per foot, for a nominal total of {{#expr:50*72}} frames per film cartridge. This is enough film for {{#expr:50*72/24/60}}&nbsp;minutes at the professional motion picture standard of 24 frames per second, and for {{#expr:50*72/18/60 round 2}}&nbsp;minutes of continuous filming at 18 frames per second (upgraded from the 16&nbsp;frames per second rate of [[Standard 8 mm film|standard 8&nbsp;mm]]) for amateur use. 

In 1973, the system was supplemented with a larger cartridge, containing mag stripe film, which allowed sound cameras to record monaural sync-sound audio on the main strip.{{notetag|A narrower "balance strip" could be used in postproduction, but its main purpose was to cause the even spooling of the film.}}<ref name=PopSci-7310/> In 1975, an even larger {{convert|200|ft|m|adj=on}} cartridge became available, which could be used in specifically designed cameras. The sound and the 200-foot cartridge system are no longer available, but the 50-foot silent cartridge system is still manufactured.

Historically, Super&nbsp;8 film was a [[Reversal film|reversal stock]] for home projection used primarily for the creation of home movies. It became an extremely popular consumer product in the late 1960s through the 1970s, but was largely replaced in the 1980s by the use of video tape. 

During the mid-to-late 1980s Super&nbsp;8 began to re-emerge as an alternative method for movie production, beginning with its use in [[MTV]] music videos in 1981. In 1993, the company Super8 Sound, now called Pro8mm, pioneered the use of the color negative in Super&nbsp;8 by custom perforating and loading a variety of 35&nbsp;mm film stocks into the Super&nbsp;8 film cartridge.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Dave |date=1996 |title=Transforming Super 8 |url=http://www.chaffey.edu/broadcast/1992_colorne_americancine.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320054306/http://www.chaffey.edu/broadcast/1992_colorne_americancine.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-20 |url-status=live |journal=American Cinematographer}}</ref> This included emulsions from Kodak, [[Fujifilm|Fuji]] and [[Ilford Photo|Ilford]]. Today Super&nbsp;8 color negative film is the main color stock used. There are also Super&nbsp;8 reversal films available, including 100D Kodak Ektachrome and 200D Agfa color, as well as [[black-and-white]] (B&W) from [[Foma Bohemia|Foma]], [[ADOX]], [[ORWO]] and Kodak.

===Design===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"
|+Comparison of Super 8 and standard 8&nbsp;mm formats
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 {{diagonal split header |Format |Dimension}}
! rowspan=2 | Frame (W×H)
! rowspan=2 | Film width
! colspan=3 | Perforation
! rowspan=2 | Film edge to nearest perforation edge
|-
! W×H !! Corner radius !! Pitch
|-
! [[Standard 8 mm film|Std 8&nbsp;mm]]<ref>ANSI/SMPTE ST 239: Motion-Picture Film (16-mm) - Perforated 8-mm Type R, 2R (supersedes ANSI PH22.17)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/4531.html |title=ISO 486:1988 {{!}} Cinematography — 16 mm motion-picture film perforated 8 mm Type R — Cutting and perforating dimensions |date=November 1988 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref>
| [[File:8 mm film (std single).svg|frameless|upright=0.7|alt=Basic dimensions and layout of the standard 8 mm film format]]
| {{cvt|4.8|*|3.5|mm|in|3|disp=br}} || {{cvt|7.975|±|0.060|mm|in|3|disp=br}}
| {{cvt|1.829|*|1.270|±|0.010|mm|in|4|disp=br}} || {{cvt|0.25|±|0.03|mm|in|3|disp=br}}
| {{cvt|3.81|±|0.013|mm|in|4|disp=br}}
| {{cvt|0.90|±|0.05|mm|in|3|disp=br}}
|-
! Super 8<ref>ANSI/SMPTE ST 149: Motion-Picture Film (8-mm Type S) - Perforated 1R (supersedes ANSI PH22.151)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.9535.1980 |title=Indian Standard 9535: Dimensions for 8 mm Type S Motion-Picture Raw Stock Film |date=1981 |publisher=Indian Standards Institution |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref>
| [[File:8 mm film (S8).svg|frameless|upright=0.7|alt=Basic dimensions and layout of the Super 8 (8 mm) film format]]
| {{cvt|5.46|*|4.01|mm|in|3|disp=br}} || {{cvt|7.975|±|0.040|mm|in|3|disp=br}}
| {{cvt|0.914|*|1.143|±|0.010|mm|in|4|disp=br}} || {{cvt|0.13|±|0.025|mm|in|4|disp=br}}
| {{cvt|4.234|±|0.010|mm|in|4|disp=br}}
| {{cvt|0.51|±|0.05|mm|in|3|disp=br}}
|}
Super 8 film and frame dimensions are specified by standards published by ANSI/SMPTE and ISO, including ISO 1700<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/6317.html |title=ISO 1700:1988 {{!}} Cinematography — 8 mm Type S motion-picture raw stock film — Cutting and perforating dimensions |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |date=1988}}</ref> and 3645;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/6414.html |title=ISO 3645:1984 {{!}} Cinematography — Image area produced by 8 mm Type S motion-picture camera aperture and maximum projectable image area — Positions and dimensions |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |date=1984}}</ref> and ANSI/SMPTE ST&nbsp;149 (superseding ANSI PH22.149) and ANSI/SMPTE ST&nbsp;157 (superseding ANSI PH22.156M and PH22.157).

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;text-align:center;"
|+Super 8 film cartridge dimensions
! colspan=2 | Dimension
! [[File:S8 cartridge (silent label).svg|frameless|upright=0.38]]<br/>50-ft, silent<ref name=ISO-3654:1983>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/9101.html |title=ISO 3654:1983 {{!}} Cinematography — Motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm Type S, Model I — Cartridge-camera interface and take-up core drive — Dimensions and specifications |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |date=December 1983}}</ref>
! [[File:S8 cartridge (sound label).svg|frameless|upright=0.38]]<br/>50-ft, sound<ref name=ISO-5759:1980>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/11888.html |title=ISO 5759:1980 {{!}} Cinematography — Sound motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm Type S, Model I — Cartridge-camera interface and take-up core drive — Dimensions and specifications |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |date=October 1985}}</ref>
! [[File:S8 cartridge (sound label 200).svg|frameless|upright=0.825]]<br/>200-ft (60&nbsp;m)<ref name=ISO-6903:1984>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/13424.html |title=ISO 6903:1984 {{!}} Cinematography — Motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm Type S, Model I (capacity 60 m) — Cartridge-camera interface and take-up core drive — Dimensions and specifications |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |date=July 1984}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=2 | Width
| {{cvt|24.23|±|0.25|mm|in|3}}
| {{cvt|23.98–24.89|mm|in|3}}
| {{cvt|{{#expr:27.28+4.19}}|±|0.51|mm|in|3}}
|-
! colspan=2 | Height
| {{cvt|70.62|±|0.50|mm|in|3}}
| {{cvt|{{#expr:35.31+50.80}}|±|0.50|mm|in|3}}
| {{cvt|{{#expr:83.19+133.02+50.80}}|±|0.25|mm|in|3}}
|-
! colspan=2 | Length
| colspan=2 | {{cvt|75.9|±|0.3|mm|in|2}}
| {{cvt|165.10|mm|in|3}}, max
|-
| colspan=5 style="font-size:10%;background:#ddd;" | &nbsp;
|-
! colspan=5 | Notching scheme<ref name=ISO-3067:1983>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/13424.html |title=ISO 6903:1984 {{!}} Cinematography — Motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm Type S, Model I — Notches for film speed, film identification and colour-balancing filter — Dimensions and positions |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |date=December 1983}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=13 | [[File:S8 cartridge (silent edge).svg|frameless|upright=0.7]]
! rowspan=10 | ''{{math|s}}'', Film speed
! Daylight film !! Tungsten film !! ''X'', notch width
|-
| 10 || 16 || {{cvt|{{#expr:27.94-25.40}}|mm|in|3}}
|-
| 16 || 25 || {{cvt|{{#expr:27.94-22.86}}|mm|in|3}}
|-
| 25 || 40 || {{cvt|{{#expr:27.94-20.32}}|mm|in|3}}
|-
| 40 || 64 || {{cvt|{{#expr:27.94-17.78}}|mm|in|3}}
|-
| 64 || 100 || {{cvt|{{#expr:27.94-15.24}}|mm|in|3}}
|-
| 100 || 160 || {{cvt|{{#expr:27.94-12.70}}|mm|in|3}}
|-
| 160 || 250 || {{cvt|{{#expr:27.94-10.16}}|mm|in|3}}
|-
| 250 || 400 || {{cvt|{{#expr:27.94-7.62}}|mm|in|3}}
|-
| 400 || 640 || {{cvt|{{#expr:27.94-5.08}}|mm|in|3}}
|-
! ''{{math|L}}'', Cartridge locator
| colspan=3 | At centerline of cartridge, tapered notch {{cvt|3.91|±|0.10|mm|in|3}} at surface
|-
! ''{{math|ID}}'', Film identification
| colspan=3 | 6 locations for notches, total of 63 potential values using one through six (inclusive) notches
|-
! ''{{math|f}}'', Daylight filter
| colspan=3 | Present (tungsten film) or not present (daylight film), approximately {{cvt|{{#expr:27.94-23.19}}|mm|in|3}} wide
|}
[[File:Super8mm reels1.jpg|thumb|right|A Super 8 film cartridge (Eastman Ektachrome) beside a [[compact audio cassette]] for scale]]

The standard Super 8 cartridge is a rectangular box approximately {{cvt|3|*|2+3/4|*|15/16|in}} and contains 50&nbsp;feet of film.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68 |title=How to Get Started in HOME MOVIES |first=Paul |last=Wahl |date=December 1968 |magazine=Popular Science |pages=68–71;184 |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref>{{rp|69}}

The Super 8 plastic cartridge is probably the fastest loading film system ever developed, as it can be loaded into the Super&nbsp;8 camera in less than two seconds without the need to directly thread or touch the film. In addition, coded notches cut into the Super&nbsp;8 film cartridge exterior allow the camera to recognize the film speed automatically.<ref name=PopSci-6506/>{{rp|54}} Not all cameras can read all the notches correctly, however, and there is some debate about which notches actually deliver the best results.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://super8wiki.com/index.php/Super_8_Cartridge_Notch_Ruler|title=Super 8 Cartridge Notch Ruler - Super8wiki|website=super8wiki.com}}</ref> Canon keeps an exhaustive list of their Super&nbsp;8 cameras with detailed specifications on what film speeds can be used with their cameras.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canon.com/camera-museum/camera/cine/series_8mc.html |title=Canon Camera Museum. Camera Hall. Movie Cameras |publisher=Canon.com |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref> Usually, testing one cartridge of film can help settle any uncertainty a filmmaker may have about how well their Super&nbsp;8 camera reads different film stocks. Color [[film stock|stocks]] were originally available only in [[color temperature|tungsten (3400&nbsp;K)]] Type A, and almost all Super&nbsp;8 cameras come with a switchable [[daylight filter]] built in, allowing for both indoor and outdoor shooting.

[[File:Cartucho sonoro super8.jpg|thumb|Super 8 cartridge with magnetic sound (Kodachrome 40)]]
The original Super 8 film release was a silent system only, but in 1973, a sound on film version was released. The film with sound had a magnetic soundtrack<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hOIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64 |title=Home-movie sound gets easier—and more professional |journal=Popular Mechanics |volume=144 |number=4 |page=64 |date=October 1975 |publisher=Hearst Magazines |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref> and came in larger cartridges than the original cartridge in order to accommodate the sound recording head in the film path.<ref name=PM-197510/> Sound film requires a longer film path (for smoothing the film movement before it reaches the recording head) and a second aperture for the recording head.<ref name=PopSci-7310>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpiMSzja6W4C&pg=PA68 |title=This Home Movie Recorder Is a Sound Recorder, Too |first=Everett H. |last=Ortner |date=October 1973 |magazine=Popular Science |access-date=12 December 2024 |page=68}}</ref> Sound cameras are compatible with silent cartridges, but not conversely. Sound film is typically filmed at a speed of 18 or 24 frames per second.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fM8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA66 |title=Home-movie sound that sounds good |journal=Popular Mechanics |volume=149 |number=1 |page=66 |date=January 1978 |publisher=Hearst Magazines |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref> Kodak discontinued the production of Super&nbsp;8 sound film in 1997, citing environmental regulations, as the adhesive used to bond the magnetic track to the film is environmentally hazardous.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.super8filmmaking.com/kodak.htm |title=SUPER 8 COMMUNIQUE. FEBRUARY 1997 |website=Super8filmmaking.com |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041119095930/http://www.super8filmmaking.com/kodak.htm |archive-date = 2004-11-19}}</ref>

Kodak introduced a {{cvt|200|ft|adj=on}} Super 8 cartridge with magnetic sound in 1974;<ref name=Lipton75>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/super8book0000lipt_k0i0/ |title=The Super 8 Book |first=Lenny |last=Lipton |editor-first=Chet |editor-last=Roaman |others=Designed and illustrated by Christopher Swan |date=1975 |publisher=Straight Arrow Books |location=San Francisco, California |isbn=0-87932-091-5 |lccn=75-9430 |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|13}} the accompanying Supermatic 200 camera was identical to its existing Ektasound camera, but included a door which allowed the extended reels to extend through the top.<ref name=PM-197510>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hOIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64 |title=Home-movie sound gets easier–and more professional |first=Don |last=Sutherland |date=October 1975 |magazine=Popular Mechanics |pages=64–67 |access-date=13 December 2024 |quote=The sound cartridges are bigger than the silent ones, so they won't fit silent cameras (though silent cartridges fit sound cameras) and they cost about $1.75 more than their silent equivalents. For professional applications, Kodak also plans a 200-foot cartridge that will fit through a trap-door in the top of one of its Ektasound cameras; other cameras for this cartridge will soon be available.}}</ref>

===Current use===
[[File:Super8mm reels2.jpg|thumb|right|A Super 8 film cartridge with a close-up of the film]]
In 2005, Kodak announced the discontinuation of their most popular stock [[Kodachrome]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kodak.com/US/en/motion/about/news/super8.jhtml |title=40th Anniversary of Super 8 film |website=Kodak.com |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071124181343/http://www.kodak.com/US/en/motion/about/news/super8.jhtml |archive-date = 2007-11-24}}</ref> due to the decline of facilities equipped with the [[K-14 process|K-14]] developing process. Kodachrome was "replaced" by a new [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]&nbsp;64 [[Ektachrome]], which uses the simpler [[E-6 process]]. The last roll of Kodachrome was processed on January 18, 2011,{{notetag|The announced last date of processing was December{{nbs}}30, 2010.}} in Parsons, Kansas, by the sole remaining lab capable of processing it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna40853048 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231220940/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40853048/ns/business-the_new_york_times/ |url-status=live |archive-date=2010-12-31 |title=Kodachrome's road ends at Kansas photo lab}}</ref> 

In December 2012, Kodak discontinued color reversal stock in all formats, including 35&nbsp;mm and Super&nbsp;8. However, in Spring of 2019, Kodak introduced Ektachrome 100D in super&nbsp;8 and 16&nbsp;mm formats, citing surges in demand.<ref>{{cite web |title=EKTACHROME Color Reversal Film 7294 |url=https://www.kodak.com/en/motion/product/camera-films/ektachrome |website=[[Kodak]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123010907/https://www.kodak.com/en/motion/product/camera-films/ektachrome|archive-date=January 23, 2023 }}</ref>
Today, there are still a variety of Super&nbsp;8 film stocks. Kodak sells one Super&nbsp;8 color reversal stock, Ektachrome 100D, and three Super&nbsp;8 color negative stocks cut from their Vision&nbsp;3 film series, ISO&nbsp;50, ISO&nbsp;200 and ISO&nbsp;500, which can be used in very low light. Kodak reformulated the emulsions for the B&W reversal stocks and made Tri-X (ISO&nbsp;200).

Film cut to Super&nbsp;8 from other manufactured raw stock such as Fuji, Orwo, Adox, Agfa and Foma are also available. Pro8mm offers 7 color negative stocks made from Kodak and Fuji film. Color Reversal film for Super&nbsp;8 is still available from several Super&nbsp;8 specialty companies. Wittner Kinotechnik offers Super&nbsp;8 made from a batch of Agfa Aviphot 200D, which is perforated and slit for Super&nbsp;8, 8&nbsp;mm and 16&nbsp;mm formats. This film is loaded into Super&nbsp;8 and Single cartridges by several of the specialty companies. Other stocks, such as the new Fuji reversal film, and existing supplies of Kodak 35&nbsp;mm 100D are often made available in Super&nbsp;8 by these specialty companies.{{Update inline|date=March 2024|?=yes|reason=Dubious, considering that 100D is produced by Kodak in both 8mm and 35mm}}

{{external media
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Nh9BTMWj9M A Super 8 reel scanned to 2K]
}}
{{external media
| video1 = [https://vimeo.com/139585927 A Super 8 reel scanned to 4K]
}}

The growing popularity and availability of [[non-linear editing system]]s has allowed film-makers and any user of film to shoot Super&nbsp;8 film but edit in digital. This avoids much of the tedium of handling film and the damage to the film, which can occur when editing the actual film.{{Original research inline|date=March 2024}} Super&nbsp;8 films may be transferred (scanned) to digital and then imported into computer-based editing and correction systems for post production. Today's systems can scan Super&nbsp;8 to [[4K resolution|4K digital]] in a variety of formats.

<gallery caption="Super 8 film and equipment">
File:Revue S6 Super 8 Kamera.webm|Super 8 camera from ca. 1966
File:Super 8mm spools 3.jpg|Super 8 spools with film
File:Kodak spool box 400 ft splice instructions C.jpg|Super 8 spool box 400 ft with splice instructions etc.
File:Super 8mm spool with film 6.jpg|Super 8 spool with film - detail "Insert film here"
File:Braun nizo-800 hg.jpg|''Nizo'' film-camera
File:Super 8mm film piece frames detail 2.jpg|Super 8 frames - detail
</gallery>

==Competitors==
=== Fujifilm Single-8 system ===
{{Main|Single-8}}
[[Fujifilm]] of [[Japan]] developed an alternative format called Single-8, which was released in 1965 as a different option to the Kodak Super&nbsp;8 format,<ref name=PopSci-6507/> using a separate set of standards as ''8 mm Type S Model II''.

Single-8 cartridges are of a different design from a Super&nbsp;8 cartridge. Where Super&nbsp;8 uses coaxial supply and take-up reels, Single-8 uses coplanar reels, resembling a cassette-style design where the supply and take-up reels are side by side. In addition, the pressure plate to flatten the Single-8 film is in the camera, rather than the cartridge (Super&nbsp;8). Single-8 also uses a stronger [[polyester]] base, {{frac|2|3}} the thickness of the [[acetate]] base of Super&nbsp;8 film.<ref name=PopSci-6507/>{{rp|90}} Therefore, Single-8 film cartridges can only be used in Single-8 cameras.<ref name=PopSci-6507/>{{rp|90}} However, since Single-8 film has exactly the same image frame and perforation dimensions as Super&nbsp;8, it can be viewed in any Super&nbsp;8 projector after processing.<ref name=PopSci-6507/>{{rp|90–91}} Fuji recommended that only tape splices be used when combining Single-8 footage with Super-8, as standard film cement would not adhere to the Single-8 footage. Also, when jammed, Single-8 footage has a tendency to stretch in the projector, unlike the acetate-based Super-8 film, which simply breaks.

Although never as popular as Super&nbsp;8, the format existed in parallel. On June 2, 2009, Fuji announced the end of Single-8 motion picture film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fujifilm.jp/information/articlead_0011.html |title=シングル-8用フィルム「FUJICHROME R25N」「FUJICHROME RT200N」販売および現像終了のご案内 : お知らせ &#124; 富士フイルム |language=ja |publisher=Fujifilm.jp |access-date=2012-07-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722005358/http://fujifilm.jp/information/articlead_0011.html |archive-date=2012-07-22 }}</ref> Tungsten balanced 200&nbsp;ASA Fuji RT200N ceased to be manufactured by May 2010. Daylight balanced 25&nbsp;ASA Fujichrome R25N remained available until March 2012. Fuji's in-house processing service was available until September 2013.

=== Polaroid Polavision ===
{{Main|Polavision}}
An instant 8&nbsp;mm film released in 1977 by Polaroid, Polavision uses the same perforations as Super 8&nbsp;mm film. It can be projected through a Super 8&nbsp;mm projector if the film is transferred from the original cartridge to an 8&nbsp;mm reel. However, because of the additive color process, the picture will be much darker.

== Super 8 derivative formats ==
=== Double Super 8 ===
[[File:Meopta_A8G_gate.jpg|right|thumb|255px|Meopta A8G: Double 8 gate and advancement mechanism]]
[[File:Meopta_A8G_Supra_gate.jpg|right|thumb|255px|Meopta A8G Supra: Double Super&nbsp;8 gate and advancement mechanism of a camera of nearly identical build]]
Double Super 8 film (commonly abbreviated as DS8 or DS&nbsp;8) is a 16&nbsp;mm wide film but has Super&nbsp;8 size sprockets.

;Double Super 8 for amateurs:
In amateur DS8 cameras, the film is used in the same way as standard [[8&nbsp;mm film]] in that the film is run through the camera twice, exposing one side on each pass. During processing, the film is split down the middle, and the two pieces spliced together to produce a single strip for projection in a Super&nbsp;8 projector.

The advantages of this system are the possibility of higher frame rates and rewinding film for double exposures or crossfades, which were very difficult or impossible with the super&nbsp;8 film cartridges but possible with cameras using film spools. Since the film doesn't follow a diagonal path through the stacked spools of the super&nbsp;8 cassette, the pin-registration of DS8 is considered to be superior to that of Super&nbsp;8 film, and so picture stability is better.

Also, camera manufacturers could use models already in production for double 8&nbsp;mm film by enlarging the gate and slightly modifying the advancement mechanism for the use with Double Super&nbsp;8 film (see comparison pictures in this segment).

;Double Super 8 for film-makers:
DS8 can also be used as an alternative film stock in modified 16&nbsp;mm cameras and projectors, which allows for larger image sizes due to the narrower super&nbsp;8 sprockets. Some of the formats taking advantage of this are Max DS8 and Ultra DS8.<ref>[https://www.pro8mm.com/blogs/blog/introducing-the-new-ektachrome-in-double-super-8-film Reviving Double Super 8 Film].</ref>

=== Widescreen Super8 and Max8 ===
As Super 8 progressed to be used in HD and theatrical applications, a need arose for widescreen compatibility without having to use expensive optical adapters or excessive cropping. Since magnetic sound-striped film was no longer available, that area of the film could be used to expand the picture aspect ratio in a process similar to the creation of Super&nbsp;16 from standard 16&nbsp;mm film. The creators of Sleep Always<ref>[http://www.friendlyfirefilms.com/ Sleep Always].</ref> experimented with widening the camera gate to expose into the sound track region to achieve this.

In March 2005, Pro8mm introduced its own version of the widened gate, achieving aspect ratio of 1.58 and calling it Max8.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pro8mm.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2005_max8_pressrelease.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604094138/http://www.pro8mm.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2005_max8_pressrelease.pdf |archive-date=2016-06-04 |url-status=live |title=New Widescreen Super 8 format pushes Super 8 to its Max |last=Vigeant |first=Rhonda |date=March 2005}}</ref><ref name="whywhatmax8">{{Cite web |url=http://pro8mm-burbank.blogspot.com/2008/03/why-and-what-is-max-8the-super-8.html |title=Why and What Is Max 8...The Super 8 Widescreen Format |last=Vigeant |first=Philip |date=March 2008}}</ref> Because top and bottom of the frame are meant to be cropped to achieve final 16:9 aspect ratio, the viewfinder is modified to show 16:9 frame markings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pro8mm.com/ |title=Super 8 Film – Super 8 HD Scanning – Super 8 Cameras – Super 8 Processing |publisher=Pro8mm |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref> Pro8mm claims that shooting with Max8 and then cropping it to achieve 16:9 provides 20% increase in the size of the negative compared to regular Super8 cropped to 16:9.<ref name="whywhatmax8"/>

In 2015, Logmar of Denmark made a one-off batch of 50 "digicanical" pro-level Super&nbsp;8 cameras to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Super&nbsp;8.<ref>[http://www.logmar.dk/super-8-2/ Logmar.dk]. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004003152/http://www.logmar.dk/super-8-2/ |date=2017-10-04 }}. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</ref> These cameras use a widened gate as well, providing an 11% increase in imaging area over the standard Super&nbsp;8 frame and achieving aspect ratio of 1.5.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/UltraPan8WidescreenFilm/posts/992109064149237  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/538464019513746/992109064149237 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |url-access=limited|title=UltraPan8 Widescreen Film |website=[[Facebook]] |date=December 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2016, Eastman Kodak showed a concept<ref>[http://www.kodak.com/ek/us/en/Consumer/Press_Center/At_CES_2016_Kodak_Continues_to_Make_the_Most_Out_of_the_Moment/default.htm Kodak CES 2016]. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</ref> for a new Super&nbsp;8 camera, its first such camera in over 30 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/1/5/10719012/kodaks-new-gadget-is-a-super-8-film-camera-and-it-kind-of-warms-my |title=Kodak's 'new' gadget is a Super 8 film camera, and it kind of warms my heart |last=Goode |first=Lauren |date=5 January 2016 |work=[[The Verge]] |access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kodak.com/ek/US/en/corp/press_center/Kodak_Launches_Super_8_Filmmaking_Revival_Initiative_at_CES_2016/default.htm |title=Kodak Launches Super 8 Filmmaking Revival Initiative at CES 2016 |date=5 January 2016 |publisher=Kodak |access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref> Although Kodak has neither confirmed nor denied it, Logmar is said to have assisted in the design of the transport and the camera's firmware. A working prototype was displayed at the 2017 Consumer Electronics Show, with Kodak hoping to begin production in spring 2017. However, nothing has been heard from Kodak concerning the camera, until 8 years later, on 22 November 2023, Kodak formally released the Super 8 camera for pre-order, confirmed its analog and digital-assist hybrid features, and 1.5:1 aspect ratio "Expanded Super 8 Gate" aperture feature. The camera is expected to be shipped around Q1 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dpreview.com/articles/3383990532/eight-years-after-being-announced-kodak-super-8-movie-camera-will-finally-ship |title=Eight years after being announced, Kodak's Super 8 movie camera will finally ship in December |publisher=DPreview.com |author=Baskin, Dale| date=2023-11-28| access-date=2023-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.newsshooter.com/2023/11/21/kodak-releases-super-8-film-camera-with-digital-features/ |title=Kodak releases Super 8 film camera with digital features |publisher=Newsshooter.com |author=Naso, Erik |date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2023-12-01}}</ref>
<!--and the project is considered by many in the Super 8 community to be dead.-->

==Equipment and film==
[[File:Bobina Super 8 abierta.jpg|right|thumb|255px|A spool of developed Super&nbsp;8 film, with a protective white leader]]

===Equipment===
Although Kodak launched Super 8 and had its own cameras, hundreds of other companies produced Super&nbsp;8 camera, projection, editing, and sound equipment. Some of the more notable companies that made Super&nbsp;8 equipment include: Canon,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.canon.com/c-museum/en/product/cine268.html |title=Canon Museum |website=Canon Museum |publisher=Canon}}</ref> Bauer,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://super8wiki.com/index.php/Category:Bauer|title=Category:Bauer - Super8wiki|website=super8wiki.com}}</ref> Nizo,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://super8wiki.com/index.php/Category:Nizo|title=Category:Nizo - Super8wiki|website=super8wiki.com}}</ref> Super8 Sound (Pro8mm),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pro8mm.com/|title=Pro8mm &#124; Super 8 & 16mm Film, Cameras, Processing, & Digital Scanning|website=Pro8mm}}</ref> Beaulieu, Leicina, Logmar, Ciro, Bolex, Goko, Hahnel, Wurker, Minolta, Minnette, Nikon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imaging.nikon.com/history/chronicle/cousins19-e/index.htm|title=Nikon &#124; Imaging Products &#124; Best of the Rest / Nikon Family Cousins, Part 19 : Nikon R10 / R8 SUPER ZOOM|website=imaging.nikon.com}}</ref> Most of these companies had long histories in the production of motion-picture equipment, dating back to the 1930s with 8&nbsp;mm. In 1980, the consumer market for Super&nbsp;8 collapsed. Most of the independent companies were forced into bankruptcy or merged, as the demand for Super&nbsp;8 evaporated overnight.{{buzzword inline|date=August 2021}} Some companies remained in business until 1985, when many gave up completely on movie-film equipment. A few later re-emerged, including Beaulieu, who, in 1985, introduced a new 7008 camera and Super 8 Sound that introduced a new version of its full-coat recorder, the Mag&nbsp;IV. The companies in which Super&nbsp;8 was only a division simply closed. Kodak continued support for Super&nbsp;8. A few products re-emerged with new features such as crystal sync and Max8.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silberg |first=Jon |date=January 2007 |title=Scheming Royals and a Self Destructive "Super Star |url=https://www.theasc.com/ac_magazine/January2007/ProductionSlate/page2.php |journal=American Cinematographer}}</ref> Several Canon models have also started to reappear as restoration efforts like the RhondaCam. Recently, new companies have started producing new Super&nbsp;8 cameras. In 2015, Logmar introduced a limited-edition completely new Super&nbsp;8 camera,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chun |first=Rene |date=2014-07-31 |title=New Super 8 Camera Boost Vintage Film |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/07/logmar-super-8/ |magazine=Wired}}</ref> and in 2016, Kodak showed a concept of a new Super&nbsp;8 camera at the 2016 CES expo.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sax |first=David |date=January 27, 2016 |title=Kodak's Old School response to disruption |url=http://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/kodak-and-the-analog-response-to-disruption |magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref> There are literally millions of Super&nbsp;8 cameras that are still available and viable because of manufacturing methods back in the 1960s and 1970s. These cameras can be found at specialized retailers and distributors and at auction sites such as [[eBay]].

[[File:Canon Auto Zoom 1014.jpg|thumb|Canon Auto Zoom 1014 Super&nbsp;8 camera]]

===Film stock===
Kodak currently offers one color reversal stock, Ektachrome 100D, three of its latest Vision&nbsp;3 color negative stock, the 50D, 200T, and 500T, and Tri-X B&W reversal film in the Super&nbsp;8 format. Several Super&nbsp;8 specialty companies such as Pro8mm in Burbank CA, Wittner Cinetec in Hamburg, Germany, and Kahlfilm in Brühl, Germany, slit and perforate raw 35&nbsp;mm film stock from Kodak, Fuji, [[ORWO]], Agfa, and Foma and then repackage it in Kodak Super&nbsp;8 cartridges. Adox has its own B&W film supply and provides this in its own Super&nbsp;8 cartridge design by GKfilmCinevia. Retro&nbsp;8 of Japan provides a similar service for Super&nbsp;8 film in the Fuji Cartridge (Single8). There are now more varieties of Super&nbsp;8 film available than ever before.

In 2017, Kodak announced that [[Ektachrome]] will soon be available again in the Super&nbsp;8 format.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://petapixel.com/2017/09/13/return-kodak-ektachrome-film-nigh/ |title=The Return of Kodak Ektachrome Film is Nigh |last=Zhang |first=Michael |date=2017-09-13 |work=PetaPixel |access-date=2017-11-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> In Spring of 2019, Kodak officially released Ektachrome 100D in Super&nbsp;8 and 16&nbsp;mm formats.

Super 8 film is available worldwide through specialty shops and online from major companies such as Amazon. It has become common to see it sold with processing prepaid and for it to be sold with scan-to-digital services at a variety of different levels from [[standard-definition]] digital to 4K data. It can even be purchased to include all the logistic associated with the process, including film processing, scanning and internet delivery of image and mail in and back services.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mcdarris |first=Josh |date=2014 |title=Review : Pro8mm's Super 8 Film Kit |url=http://joshmcdarris.blogspot.com/2014/10/review-pro8mms-super-8-film-kit-or.html |journal=Blogspot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012042814/http://joshmcdarris.blogspot.com/2014/10/review-pro8mms-super-8-film-kit-or.html |archive-date=2016-10-12}}</ref> This is a sample video done with the Super&nbsp;8 film kit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/pro8mm/super8filmkit |title=Apricot Jam |last=Vigeant |first=Phil |date=2013}}</ref>

==Sound==
[[File:Mag IV Super 8 Fullcoat Recorder.jpg|thumb|MagIV Super 8 Fullcoat Recorder]]
In the beginning of 1965, Super 8 was introduced as a silent format. Over time, several companies began to offer sync sound options for Super 8 filmmaking. Two companies introduced comprehensive sound systems for Super 8. These were Super8 Sound Inc. led by Harvard film professor Bob Doyle<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dtvgroup.com/Super8Sound/|title=Super8 Sound|last=Doyle|first=Bob|date=November 1972}}</ref> and Optasound led by Richard Leacock at MIT. With double system, as it was called, sound and picture are recorded separately. This was fine for more professional applications and for education about film production, but for consumers it was simply too complex and expensive.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/4738864|title=Super 8 Sound Inc Circa 1973 Double System|date=May 19, 2009|via=Vimeo}}</ref>

In 1973 Kodak introduced Ektasound—magnetic recording on the actual Super 8 film.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idQDAAAAMBAJ&q=Super%208&pg=RA1-PA46|title=New: A Kodak Super 8 that talks|last=Berger|first=Ivan|date=October 1973|magazine=Popular Mechanics|access-date=2017-05-18}}</ref> The sound track was added on the edge of the film opposite to the perforations. Standard 8mm had the stripe between the perforations and the edge of the film which made good contact with a magnetic head problematic. A balance stripe was added on the opposite edge to facilitate spooling of the film. The Ektasound cartridge was deeper than the silent cartridge to allow access of the camera's recording head. Thus, silent cameras could not accept Ektasound cartridges, but Ektasound cameras and projectors accepted silent cartridges. Projectors, that could record and play sound, appeared before sound cameras. The sound was recorded 18 frames in advance of the picture (as opposed to 56 frames for standard 8mm). This short distance of just 3 inches facilitated the relatively compact size of the later sound cartridges. Some projectors used the balance stripe to provide a second channel for [[stereo]] sound.

Super 8mm was also specified with an optical sound track. This occupied the same location as the magnetic track. Picture to sound separation in this format was 22 frames. Projectors and cameras obviously could not record sound in this system, but optical sound package movies became briefly popular, particularly in Europe (mainly because they were cheaper to produce - though the projectors cost more). Although the optical sound should have been inferior in quality to magnetic sound (running at 3.6 inches per second for 24 frames per second), in practice it was often much better, largely because packaged movie magnetic sound was often poorly recorded.

==Packaged movies==
Although the 8mm format was originally intended for creating amateur films, condensed versions of popular cinema releases were available from the 1940s (in the Standard 8 format) until the mid-1980s, for projection at home. These were scenes from feature-length films generally edited to fit onto a {{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on}} reel that ran 8–9 minutes. Also popular were theatrical cartoons which could fit on the 200-foot reels without being edited. The 200-foot editions in black and white and silent were widely available and often sold in department stores such as [[Woolco]] in the $5.00-6.00 price range in the 1960s and 1970s.  The leading companies releasing such films were [[Castle Films]], owned by [[Universal Pictures]] and [[Ken Films]], which licensed titles from [[20th Century-Fox]] and other studios.  The [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Studio]] released excerpts from many of their animated feature films in the 1970s, as well as some short subjects.

Releases in color and with sound began appearing in the 1970s and by the end of the decade, demand for longer condensations resulted in  {{convert|400|ft|m|abbr=on}} reels being released, running approximately 16–18 minutes, sometimes with a second "part II" 400'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://8mmforum.film-tech.com/cgi-bin/ubb/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=1;t=003173|title=Universal 8 List of 400 Foot Films|access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref> The list price for the sound color films in 1980 were $39.95 for a single 200' film and $59.95 for a single 400' film, though most sellers sold them at a reduced price.  The Walt Disney Studio, however, kept their releases at the 200-foot limit. [[Columbia Pictures]], which had operated an 8mm division since the early 1960s, enjoyed success with a "Viewer's Digest" series of 400' feature condensations and complete prints of their [[Three Stooges]] short comedies.

Vintage silent films starring [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Buster Keaton]], [[Mary Pickford]], [[Rudolph Valentino]], [[Lillian Gish]], and other legends were available from companies specializing in them such as [[Blackhawk Films]] and included both short films and multi-reel complete feature-length movies.  Full-length sound films, particularly those in color, were seldom released due to the fairly expensive price of such films although a small number were released by such companies as [[Viacom (1952–2006)|Viacom]] featuring stars with wide popularity such as [[John Wayne]], [[Elvis Presley]], and [[Katharine Hepburn]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://8mmforum.film-tech.com/vbb/forum/8mm-forum/57890-viacom-features|title=Viacom Features|date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref>  Blackhawk, which held the 8mm and 16mm rights to the [[Laurel and Hardy]] classics produced by [[Hal Roach]], offered both their short comedies and complete features in black-and-white sound prints. Most sound films that were released complete on Super 8 with multi reels were usually [[public domain]] titles such as ''[[My Man Godfrey]]'' (1936), ''[[Of Human Bondage (1934 film)|Of Human Bondage]]'' (1934) and ''[[His Girl Friday]]'' (1940), and sold by smaller companies such as Thunderbird and Niles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://8mmforum.film-tech.com/cgi-bin/ubb/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=1;t=012995|title=Niles Films|access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref>

The emergence of home video and the increasing available of cable television dramatically decreased the market for Super 8 films in America in the early 1980s which led to a quick fadeout in availability, although the format remained quite popular in England into the early years of the 21st century with [[Derann|Derann films]] releasing full-length versions of many Disney films and vintage Hollywood musicals.

== In-flight movies ==
Starting in 1971<ref>[http://www.waea.org/ife.htm Inflight Entertainment<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829171146/http://www.waea.org/ife.htm |date=2008-08-29 }}</ref> [[in-flight entertainment|in-flight movies]] (previously [[16 mm]]) were shown in Super 8 format until video distribution became the norm and they were replaced by Video8 and later on, digital video. The films were printed with an optical sound track (amateur films use magnetic sound), and spooled into proprietary cassettes that often held an entire two-hour movie.

== Popularity ==

[[File:So tell me again RemodernistFilm.jpg|right|thumb|265px|A frame from ''So tell me again'' by Jesse Richards]]
Super 8 was most widely used for filming home movies. Some lower-budget television stations used Super 8 to [[Film at 11|film news stories]].<ref name=donpaul>{{cite news|url=http://buffalonews.com/2017/06/17/don-pauls-early-career-brutal-bangor-promise-wichita/|title=Don Paul's early career: Brutal in Bangor, promise in Wichita|first=Don|last=Paul|author-link=Don Paul (meteorologist)|newspaper=The Buffalo News|date=June 17, 2017|access-date=June 17, 2017}}</ref> Today amateur usage of Super 8 has been replaced by [[video|digital]], but the format is still regularly used by artists and students. Some seek to imitate the look of old home movies, or create a stylishly grainy look. Others want to create alternative looks for flashback sequences and altered states of consciousness. Some just like the idea of creating images in the classic style of using actual film. Super 8 is a relatively inexpensive film, making it popular among filmmakers working on a low budget who still want to achieve the classic look of real film.

Super 8 has been used in theatrical features, usually for creative effect. [[Oliver Stone]], for example, has used it in films such as ''[[JFK (film)|JFK]]'', where his [[director of photography]] [[Robert Richardson (cinematographer)|Robert Richardson]] employed it to evoke a period or to give a different look to scenes. The [[PBS]] series ''[[Globe Trekker]]'' uses approximately five minutes of Super 8 footage per episode.<ref>{{cite web | author=Videography | title=Globe Trekker: Around the World With PBS' Travel Series | publisher=Videography.com | url=http://www.videography.com/articles/article_14375.shtml}}</ref> In the UK, broadcasters such as the [[BBC]] still occasionally make use of Super 8 in both drama and documentary contexts.

Thanks to over a dozen film stocks, the ease of function and finding a camera, and the ability to do high quality digital scanning to standard motion picture digital formats like 2K and 4K, [[Digital Picture Exchange|DPX]] or [[Apple ProRes|ProRes 4444]], Super 8 remains a popular format for creating a variety of interesting scenes. Super 8 provides an ideal, inexpensive medium for traditional stop-motion and cel [[animation]] and other types of filming speed effects not common to video cameras.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

== Film festivals ==
[[File:Today Super 8 Festival.png|thumb]]To give further support to filmmakers dedicated to shooting on Super 8&nbsp;mm film, many film festivals and screenings—such as the [[Flicker Film Festival]], and [[Super Gr8 Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.supergr8.com|title=Supergr8 film festival}}</ref>—exist to give filmmakers a place to screen their Super 8&nbsp;mm films. Many of these screenings shun video and are only open to films shot on film. Some require film to be turned in undeveloped and thus not permitting any editing, providing an additional challenge to the filmmaker. These include the [[Bentley Film Festival]] and [[straight 8]], which runs screenings at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] and many other festivals and events worldwide, where a sound track is required to be supplied with a completed but unprocessed cartridge. In the 2005 [[Cannes Film Festival]], a Super 8 short film (''The Man Who Met Himself'') by British filmmaker Ben Crowe, shot on the now discontinued Kodachrome 40 format, was the first Super 8 film to be nominated for the [[Short Film Palme d'Or]] in the Official Selection.

In the UK, the Cambridge International Super 8 Film Festival,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridge-super8.org |title=Cambridge Super 8 Film Festival |publisher=Cambridge-super8.org |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref> with the support of the film industry, runs a competition program of more than 60 films every year. The festival also features work of Super 8 filmmakers, industry talks, and a workshop.

The [[United States Super 8mm Film + Digital Video Festival]], established in 1988, takes place annually at [[Rutgers University-New Brunswick|Rutgers University]] in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]] and is the longest running Super 8mm festival in the US.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.app.com/story/entertainment/arts/2015/02/19/us-super-film-digital-video-returns/23632631/|title=U.S. Super 8 Film and Digital Video returns|website=Asbury Park Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newjerseystage.com/articles/getarticle2.php?titlelink=2023-united-states-super-8-film-plus-digital-video-festival-award-winners-announced|title=2023 United States Super 8 Film + Digital Video Festival Award Winners Announced|date=February 21, 2023|website=NewJerseyStage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://njfilmfest.com/|title= New Jersey Film Festival|publisher = Rutgers Film Co-op| website=njfilmfest.com}}</ref>

In Brazil<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.curta8.com.br/?lang=en|title=Curta8 &#124; Festival Internacional de Cinema Super8}}</ref> Curta8 | Festival Internacional de Cinema Super8 is in its 11th year.

A number of [[experimental film]]makers, such as [[Mason Shefa]], continue to work extensively in the format and festivals such as the [[Images Festival]] (Toronto), the Media City Film Festival (Windsor, Ont.), and TIE (based in Colorado) regularly project Super 8 films as part of their programming.

In June 2010, the Super8 Shots film festival was launched in [[Galway]], [[Ireland]], the first Super 8 festival to occur in Ireland, and included classes on basics and uses of film through to processing your own film.<ref name="IRTI1">[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0619/1224272842633.html "The first Super 8 picture show"], ''[[Irish Times]]'', June 19, 2010</ref>

Chicago 8: A Small Gauge Film Festival started in 2011, and will feature yearly programming of small gauge film from around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chicago8fest.org |title=CHICAGO 8: A Small Gauge Film Festival |publisher=Chicago8fest.org |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref>

== Educational use ==

Super 8 can still be found at a few select higher educational institutions offering film production courses including the program at [[Chaffey College]] in Southern California. It is more common to find Super 8 film in art programs. These programs use the analog experience of film for its own creative potential rather than use Super 8 to teach traditional modern production methods. Art programs on many levels, such as this program put on in Santa Clarita California at ArtTree for students aged 10 to 15, teach the basic nature of film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/154455282|title=Artree|last=Vigeant|first=Phil|date=6 February 2016 }}</ref> Other programs such as "Do A Shot" sponsored by Pro8mm and Kodak give individuals a chance to experience film by lending film and cameras to a select group at film festivals and trade events like this film festival at The Art Center College of Art & Design.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/64681287|title=Art Center College of Design|last=Vigeant|first=Phil}}</ref>

Several post-secondary institutions in the United States continue to utilize Super 8 in Film and Cinema programs. For example, both [[City College of San Francisco]]'s Cinema Department and the [[University of North Texas]]' Radio, Television and Film Department require the use of Super 8.

This experience provides students with the basics of film production and editing. Importantly, it also emphasizes the need for detailed pre-production planning, especially for in-camera edits. Further, the use of Super 8 leads students into the Regular 16 and Super 16 films shot in higher-level courses.

==In popular culture==
Australian band [[TISM]] references Super-8 in their song [[Www.tism.wanker.com|Neighbours – Everybody Loves Good Neighbours]] in a way that suggests using Super-8 is more artistic than video.

The plot of the 2011 film ''[[Super 8 (2011 film)|Super 8]]'' involves a group of teenagers in the fictional Ohio town of Lillian filming their own Super 8 movie depicting their experience with a landlocked alien in the summer of 1979. One of the cameras featured in the film is a Kodak Ektasound 130 movie camera produced and sold by Kodak in the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8209692/kodak-ektasound-130-super-8-camera-cine-camera|title=Kodak Ektasound 130 Super 8 camera|website=[[Science Museum Group]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205152902/https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8209692/kodak-ektasound-130-super-8-camera-cine-camera|archive-date=December 5, 2020|url-status=live|access-date=October 23, 2021}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=October 2021}}

The 2012 film ''[[Sinister (film)|Sinister]]'' contains Super 8 shots used to depict the various gruesome murders.

==See also==
* [[List of film formats]]
* [[List of silent films released on 8 mm or Super 8 mm film]]
* [[Super 8 film camera]]
* [[Wedding videography]]

==Notes==
{{Notefoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
<!-- NOTE: Do NOT add links to films, film festivals etc. This article is about the technical film format.-->
* {{cite patent |number=3208686A |country=US |status=Patent |invent1=Evan A. Edwards |invent2=Theodore A. Munson |invent3=John A. Black |pridate=December 30, 1963 |pubdate=September 28, 1965 |title=Film Cartridge |assign=Eastman Kodak Company |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3208686A/en}}

{{Eastman Kodak|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Super 8mm Film}}
[[Category:Motion picture film formats]]
[[Category:Kodak]]
[[Category:Audiovisual introductions in 1965]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]