Editing Surcoat

{{Short description|Outer garment commonly worn in the Middle Ages in Western Europe}}
[[File:Cpg359 46v.jpg|thumb|right|The classic [[knight]]'s surcoat is on the left; the knight on the right has a different style, possibly a jupon]]
[[File:Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg|thumb|right|190px|[[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen, King of Hungary]] with a coat of plates or jupon bearing his arms, white and red stripes. Image from the [[Chronicon Pictum|Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle]].]]

A '''surcoat''' or '''surcote''' is an outer garment that was commonly worn in the [[Middle Ages]] by soldiers. It was worn over armor to show insignia and help identify what side the soldier was on. In the battlefield the surcoat was also helpful with keeping the sun off the soldier and their armor which helped prevent heat stroke and heat exhaustion. The name derives from [[French language|French]] meaning "over the coat", a long, loose, often sleeveless coat reaching down to the feet.<ref>Nunn, pp. 14, 23, 24, 28</ref>

==History==
===Men's surcoat===
From about the late 12th century, [[knight]]s wore long, flowing surcoats. From the early to mid 13th century, these were frequently emblazoned with their personal [[Coat of arms|arms]], over their [[armour]]. These usually extended to about mid-calf, had slits in the bottom front and back, allowing the wearer to ride comfortably, and were either sleeved or sleeveless. Some historians believe that the practice of wearing white surcoats was adopted during the [[Crusade]]s, their main  purpose being to reflect the direct sun, which overheated the armour (and the soldier inside) – although it may be argued that here its color would have been of little help, while in poor weather they helped keep rain and the muck of battle away from the easily corroded mail links. The surcoat displayed the device of the [[knight]] (origin of the term "[[coat of arms]]"), thereby identifying him, which in turn, combined with the increased use of the [[great helm]] (late 12th century, early 13th century), became an essential means of recognition. Indeed, some historians cite this as one of the reasons behind the spread of [[heraldry]] across [[medieval Europe]]. In the early fourteenth century, the front of the knight's surcoat was shortened so that it was longer at the back and knee-length at the front,  allowing greater freedom of movement and eliminating the danger of a rider getting his spurs caught in the garment. By the mid-fourteenth century, it was replaced with the "jupon" (or "gipon"), a much shorter item, often padded for supplementary protection.<ref>{{cite book|last=Farr|first=E.|year=1873|title=The National History of England|volume=1|publisher=William Collins, Sons & Company|location=London & Glasgow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0oBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA386|access-date=2011-04-06 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

In the 15th century, once suits of plate armour became common, the surcoat was phased out of use.  This period in the history of armour development, in which surcoats became increasingly rare, is referred to as the "surcoatless period" (1420–1485).

===Women's surcoat===
Women began wearing surcoats during the 13th century, both with and without sleeves.<ref name="newman">{{cite book|last1=Newman|first1=Paul B.|title=Daily Life in the Middle Ages|date=2001|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786450527|pages=115–116|language=en}}</ref> A particular style, known as the sideless surcoat, developed as a fashion in the 14th century. This was a sleeveless, floor-length garment featuring exaggerated armholes, which at their most extreme were open from shoulder to hip, revealing the gown underneath. The narrow strip covering the torso, known as the plackard,<ref name="cumming">{{cite book|last1=Cumming|first1=Valerie|last2=Cunnington|first2=C. W.|last3=Cunnington|first3=P. E.|title=The Dictionary of Fashion History|date=2010|publisher=Berg|isbn=9780857851437|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3evAwAAQBAJ|page=186|language=en}}</ref> was usually no more than a foot wide. The style drew criticism from some moralists, who thought the garment drew an inappropriate amount of attention to the female body.<ref name="newman"/> Despite this, sideless surcoats continued to be worn as ceremonial dress well into the 15th century, long after they had ceased to be fashionable. Some estimates place them being worn as state apparel as late as 1525.<ref name="cumming"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:BM-Metz MS1588 0378 détail.jpg|{{circa|1300-1310}}
File:Luttrell1 detail woman.jpg|An early example of a sideless surcoat, {{circa|1325-1335}}
File:MariaofBrabantMarriage.jpg|A sideless surcoat with gaping armholes, late 14th century
File:Emilia in the rosegarden (Teseida) detail.jpg|Sideless surcoat edged with ermine, {{circa|1460}}
File:Anne Beaujeu.jpg|A furred, embellished surcoat worn for ceremonial purposes, 1489-1499
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category|Sideless surcoat}}
*[[Tabard]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Nunn, Joan, ''Fashion in costume, 1200-2000'', New Amsterdam Books, 2000, {{ISBN|1-56663-279-X}}

{{Heraldry}}
{{Historical clothing|state=expanded}}

[[Category:12th-century fashion]]
[[Category:13th-century fashion]]
[[Category:14th-century fashion]]
[[Category:15th-century fashion]]
[[Category:Medieval European costume]]
[[Category:Heraldry]]