Editing Surface modification

{{Short description|Act of modifying the surface of a material}}
'''Surface modification''' is the act of modifying the surface of a material by bringing physical, chemical or biological characteristics different from the ones originally found on the surface of a material.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carroll |first1=Gregory T. |last2=Rengifo |first2=Hernan R. |last3=Grigoras |first3=Cristian |last4=Mammana |first4=Angela |last5=Turro |first5=Nicholas J. |last6=Koberstein |first6=Jeffrey T. |date=2017 |title=Photogeneration of "clickable" surface-bound polymer scaffolds |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |language=en |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=1151–1155 |doi=10.1002/pola.28485 |bibcode=2017JPoSA..55.1151C |issn=0887-624X|doi-access=free }}</ref>
This modification is usually made to solid materials, but it is possible to find examples of the modification to the surface of specific liquids.

The modification can be done by different methods with a view to altering a wide range of characteristics of the surface, such as: roughness,<ref name="vacuum2010">{{cite journal|author1=R. V. Lapshin |author2=A. P. Alekhin |author3=A. G. Kirilenko |author4=S. L. Odintsov |author5=V. A. Krotkov |year=2010|title=Vacuum ultraviolet smoothing of nanometer-scale asperities of poly(methyl methacrylate) surface|journal=Journal of Surface Investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques|volume=4|issue=1|pages=1–11|issn=1027-4510|doi=10.1134/S1027451010010015|bibcode=2010JSIXS...4....1L |s2cid=97385151 |url=http://www.lapshin.fast-page.org/publications.htm#vacuum2010|format=PDF|url-access=subscription}} ([http://www.lapshin.fast-page.org/publications.htm#vacuum2010 Russian translation] is available).</ref> hydrophilicity,<ref name="synthesis2010">{{cite journal|author1=A. P. Alekhin |author2=G. M. Boleiko |author3=S. A. Gudkova |author4=A. M. Markeev |author5=A. A. Sigarev |author6=V. F. Toknova |author7=A. G. Kirilenko |author8=R. V. Lapshin |author9=E. N. Kozlov |author10=D. V. Tetyukhin |year=2010|title=Synthesis of biocompatible surfaces by nanotechnology methods|journal=Nanotechnologies in Russia|volume=5|issue=9–10|pages=696–708|issn=1995-0780|doi=10.1134/S1995078010090144|s2cid=62897767 |url=http://www.lapshin.fast-page.org/publications.htm#synthesis2010|format=PDF}} ([http://www.lapshin.fast-page.org/publications.htm#synthesis2010 Russian translation] is available).</ref> surface charge,<ref>Bertazzo, S. & Rezwan, K. (2009) Control of α-alumina surface charge with carboxylic acids. Langmuir.</ref> [[surface energy]], biocompatibility<ref name="synthesis2010"/><ref>Bertazzo, S., Zambuzzi, W. F., da Silva, H. A., Ferreira, C. V.  & Bertran, C. A. (2009) Bioactivation of alumina by surface modification: A possibility for improving the applicability of alumina in bone and oral repair. Clinical Oral Implants Research 20: 288-293.</ref>  and reactivity.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Gabor London, Kuang-Yen Chen, Gregory T. Carroll and Ben L. Feringa| title = Towards Dynamic Control of Wettability by Using Functionalized Altitudinal Molecular Motors on Solid Surfaces  | year = 2013 | journal = [[Chemistry: A European Journal]] | issue = 32 | pages = 10690–10697 | doi = 10.1002/chem.201300500 | pmid = 23784916  | volume = 19| s2cid = 5759186 | url = https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/towards-dynamic-control-of-wettability-by-using-functionalized-altitudinal-molecular-motors-on-solid-surfaces(d37ada79-57a1-4d72-a96b-4862185a3f8f).html  }}</ref>

== Surface engineering ==
[[Surface engineering]] is the sub-discipline of [[materials science]] which deals with the surface of solid matter.  It has applications to [[chemistry]], [[mechanical engineering]], and [[electrical engineering]] (particularly in relation to [[semiconductor manufacturing]]).

[[Solids]] are composed of a bulk material covered by a surface. The surface which bounds the bulk material is called the [[Surface phase]]. It acts as an interface to the surrounding environment. The bulk material in a solid is called the [[Bulk phase]].

The surface phase of a solid interacts with the surrounding environment. This interaction can degrade the surface phase over time. [[Environmental degradation]] of the surface phase over time can be caused by [[wear]], [[corrosion]], [[fatigue (material)|fatigue]] and [[Creep (deformation)|creep]].

Surface engineering involves altering the properties of the Surface Phase in order to reduce the degradation over time. This is accomplished by making the surface robust to the environment in which it will be used.

===Applications and Future of Surface Engineering===
Surface engineering techniques are being used in the automotive, aerospace, missile, power, electronic, biomedical,<ref name="synthesis2010"/> textile, petroleum, petrochemical, chemical, steel, power, cement, machine tools, construction industries. Surface engineering techniques can be used to develop a wide range of functional properties, including physical, chemical, electrical, electronic, magnetic, mechanical, wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant properties at the required substrate surfaces.  Almost all types of materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites can be coated on similar or dissimilar materials.  It  is also possible to form coatings of newer materials (e.g., met glass. beta-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>), graded deposits, multi-component deposits etc.

In 1995, surface engineering was a £10 billion market in the United Kingdom. Coatings, to make surface life robust from wear and corrosion, was approximately half the market.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mahmood Aliofkhazraei |author2=Nasar Ali |author3=Mircea Chipara |author4=Nadhira Bensaada Laidani |author5=Jeff Th.M. De Hosson |title=Handbook of Modern Coating Technologies: Advanced Characterization Methods Volume 2 |date=2021 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-444-63239-5}}</ref>

[[Functionalization of Antimicrobial Surfaces]] is a unique technology that can be used for sterilization in health industry, self-cleaning surfaces and protection from bio films.

In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in surface engineering from age-old electroplating to processes such as vapor phase deposition,<ref>{{cite journal|last=He|first=Zhenping|author2=Ilona Kretzschmar |title=Template-Assisted GLAD: Approach to Single and Multipatch Patchy Particles with Controlled Patch Shape|journal=Langmuir|date=6 December 2013|volume=29|issue=51|pages=15755–15761|doi=10.1021/la404592z|pmid=24313824|url=https://figshare.com/articles/Template_Assisted_GLAD_Approach_to_Single_and_Multipatch_Patchy_Particles_with_Controlled_Patch_Shape/2338651|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=He|first=Zhenping|author2=Kretzschmar, Ilona |title=Template-Assisted Fabrication of Patchy Particles with Uniform Patches|journal=Langmuir|date=3 June 2012|volume=28|issue=26|pages=9915–9919|doi=10.1021/la3017563|pmid=22708736}}</ref> diffusion, thermal spray & welding using advanced heat sources like plasma,<ref name="vacuum2010"/><ref name="synthesis2010"/> laser,<ref name="Nejati Laser Funct 2020 p=104109">{{cite journal | last1=Nejati | first1=Sina | last2=Mirbagheri | first2=Seyed Ahmad | last3=Waimin | first3=Jose | last4=Grubb | first4=Marisa E. | last5=Peana | first5=Samuel | last6=Warsinger | first6=David M. | last7=Rahimi | first7=Rahim | title=Laser Functionalization of Carbon Membranes for Effective Immobilization of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles | journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering | publisher=Elsevier BV | year=2020 | volume=8 | issue=5 | issn=2213-3437 | doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104109 | page=104109| s2cid=219769929 | url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=mepubs | url-access=subscription }}</ref> ion, electron, microwave, solar beams, synchrotron radiation,<ref name="synthesis2010"/> pulsed arc, pulsed combustion, spark, friction and induction.

It's estimated that loss due to wear and corrosion in the US is approximately $500 billion. In the US, there are around 9524 establishments (including automotive, aircraft, power and construction industries) who depend on engineered surfaces with support from 23,466 industries.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

== Surface functionalization ==
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
'''Surface functionalization''' introduces chemical [[functional group]]s to a surface. This way, materials with functional groups on their surfaces can be designed from substrates with standard bulk material properties. Prominent examples can be found in semiconductor industry and biomaterial research.<ref name="synthesis2010"/>

=== Polymer Surface Functionalization ===
[[Plasma processing]] technologies are successfully employed for polymers surface functionalization.

==See also==
*[[Surface finishing]]
*[[Surface science]]
*[[Tribology]]
*[[Surface metrology]]
*[[Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins]]
*[[Flame treatment]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* R.Chattopadhyay, ’Advanced Thermally Assisted Surface Engineering Processes’ Kluwer Academic Publishers, MA, USA (now Springer, NY), 2004, {{ISBN|1-4020-7696-7}}, E-{{ISBN|1-4020-7764-5}}.
* R Chattopadhyay, ’Surface Wear- Analysis, Treatment, & Prevention’, ASM-International, Materials Park, OH, USA, 2001, {{ISBN|0-87170-702-0}}.
* S Konda, Flame‐based synthesis and in situ functionalization of palladium alloy nanoparticles, AIChE Journal, 2018, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aic.16368

==External links==
* [https://www.uni-ulm.de/aok Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Ulm University]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surface Functionalization}}
[[Category:Engineering disciplines]]
[[Category:Materials science]]