Editing Svalbard Rocket Range

{{short description|Rocket launch site in Svalbard, Norway}}

{{Infobox space agency
| name        = Svalbard Rocket Range
| logo        = 
| image       = Ny-Alesund (js) 5.jpg
| caption     = The Svalbard Rocket Range is used by agencies such as [[NASA]] to launch sounding rockets
| acronym     = SvalRak
| owner       = [[Andøya Space Center]]
| established = 1993
| map              = <!-- map of the agency -->
| map_size         = 
| map_alt          = 
| map_caption      = 
| map_type         = Svalbard
| map_dot_mark     = <!-- the name of an image to display as the pushpin mark -->
| map_dot_label    =
| coordinates      = {{coord|78|55|53|N|11|51|01|E|type:landmark_region:SJ|display=inline,title}}
| URL         = https://nyalesundresearch.no/members/andoya-space-center-asc-norway/
}}

The '''Svalbard Rocket Range''' or '''SvalRak''' as it is named, is a [[launch site]] for [[sounding rocket]]s at [[Ny-Ålesund]] in [[Svalbard, Norway]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=SvalRak |url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/svalrak.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> The site has been in use since 1997 and is owned by [[Andøya Space Center]], which is owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries and the [[Kongsberg Group]]. SvalRak's location at the [[79th parallel north]] makes it well-suited for launching rockets to investigate [[Earth's magnetic field]]. It is used mostly by American, Japanese and Norwegian researchers. It is the world's northernmost launch site.

== History ==
Planning of a launch site in Ny-Ålesund started in 1993,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rødberg |first1=Ole Anders |last2=Collett |first2=John Petter |url=http://www.esa.int/esapub/hsr/HSR_35.pdf |title=Norwegian Space Activities 1958–2003: A Historical Overview |page=48 |date=October 2004 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |access-date=10 April 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429223424/http://www.esa.int/esapub/hsr/HSR_35.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> a location chosen because of its ideal location to study the polar cusp.<ref name=kingsbay>{{cite web |url=http://www.kingsbay.no/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=144&Itemid=120 |title=Other Research Institutions in Ny-Ålesund |publisher=[[Kings Bay (company)|Kings Bay]] |date=May 1997 |access-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414225456/http://www.kingsbay.no/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=144&Itemid=120 |archive-date=14 April 2012 }}</ref> Construction of the site started in the summer of 1997.<ref name=nysmac>{{cite web |url=http://nysmac.npolar.no/Newsletters/Newsletter-1-Ed.htm |title=SvalRak: Sounding Rocket Launch Facility in Ny-Ålesund |publisher=Ny-Ålesund Science Managers Committee |date=May 1997 |access-date=30 October 2012 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130223081320/http://nysmac.npolar.no/Newsletters/Newsletter-1-Ed.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Norwegian Institute for Air Research]], which conducts air measurements in Ny-Ålesund, was concerned that the rockets could pollute their measurements.<ref>{{cite news |title=–Spent på Svalbardrakettene |last=Sellevåg |first=Inge |work=[[Bergens Tidende]] |date=15 November 1997 |page=34 |language=no}}</ref> A test rocket was launched on 15 November.<ref name=larsen>{{cite news |title=Romfartshistorie på 79° nord |last=Larsen |first=Rolf L. |work=[[Aftenposten]] |date=16 November 1997 |language=no}}</ref> The first proper launch was an Indian [[Rohini (rocket family)|Rohini]] RH-300 MkII<ref>{{Cite book|title=From fishing hamlet to red planet : India's space journey|others=Manoranjan Rao, P. V.,, Suresh, B. N.,, Balagangadharan, V. P.,, Indian Space Research Organisation.|date=15 December 2015 |isbn=9789351776895|location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India|oclc=933430784}}</ref> sounding rocket purchased from [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] and christened ''Isbjørn 1 (Polar Bear 1)''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spansen.com/2017/02/when-indian-rocket-shot-up-from.html|title=When An Indian Rocket Shot Up Into The Norwegian Sky|website=Spansen.com}}</ref> This rocket contained instruments from [[University Centre in Svalbard]], the [[University of Tromsø]] and the [[Norwegian Defence Research Establishment]].<ref name=nysmac /> The {{convert|510|kg|adj=on}} rocket had a [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]] of {{convert|70|kg}} and reached {{convert|120|km|sp=us}} altitude.<ref name=larsen /> It was followed by two [[Black Brant (rocket)|Black Brant]] rockets for the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] which reached an altitude of {{convert|500|km|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=–Svar ikke nødvendig |last=Sellevåg |first=Inge |work=[[Bergens Tidende]] |date=15 November 1997 |page=34 |language=no}}</ref>

== Use ==

SvalRak is the world's northernmost rocket launch site, and is located at the 79th parallel north.<ref name=larsen /> This makes it an ideal location for sending instruments into Earth's magnetic field and the polar cups, cleft and cup.<ref name=kingsbay /> It is also used for studying the [[Magnetopause]] and [[aurora borealis]], for which Ny-Ålesund is the most convenient location because of its ease of access.<ref name=nysmac /> It is owned by Andøya Space Center, which is owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries (90 percent) and the Kongsberg Group (10 percent). SvalRak has no permanent staff in Ny-Ålesund.<ref name=kingsbay /> The main users are American, Japanese and to a less extent Norwegian scientists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dokumenter/stmeld-nr-22-2008-2009-/id554877/?docId=STM200820090022000DDDEPIS&ch=1&q= |title=St.meld. nr. 22 (2008-2009) Svalbard |date=17 April 2009 |language=no |access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref>

== Launches ==
SvalRak originally held permission to fire four rockets every two years.<ref name="nysmac" /> Forty-one rockets had been launched by 2004, with a peak altitude of {{convert|1108|km|sp=us}}.<ref name=":0" /> The site was upgraded in 2018.<ref name="kingsbay" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Vehicle
!Description
!Agency
!Apogee (km)
|-
|1997 November 20
|RH-300 Mk II
|ISBJORN-1 Ionosphere mission
|NDRE
|71
|-
|1997 November 20
|[[Viper Dart|Viper 3A]]
|ISBJORN-2 (MD-5) Aeronomy mission
|NDRE
|97
|-
|1997 December 2
|Black Brant IX
|Plasma mission
|NASA
|433
|-
|1997 December 3
|Black Brant IX
|Plasma mission
|NASA
|446
|-
|2000 December 4
|[[SS-520]]
|Ionosphere mission
|ISAS
|1108
|-
|2001 July 16
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|108
|-
|2001 July 19
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|105
|-
|2001 July 22
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 July 22
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 July 25
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 July 28
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 July 31
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 July 31
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 August 2
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 August 6
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 August 9
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 August 12
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 August 17
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 August 17
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 August 20
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 August 20
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 August 23
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 August 27
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 August 28
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 August 28
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 August 29
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 September 1
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 September 5
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 September 6
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 September 8
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 September 11
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 September 11
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 September 14
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 September 14
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2001 September 14
|Viper 3A
|ROMA Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|100
|-
|2002 December 14
|Black Brant 10CM1
|Plasma mission
|NASA
|772
|-
|2003 July 1
|[[Improved Orion]]
|ROMA 2003 Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|85
|-
|2003 July 4
|Improved Orion
|ROMA 2003 Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|85
|-
|2003 July 6
|Improved Orion
|ROMA 2003 Aeronomy mission
|DLR
|85
|-
|2003 November 28
|[[Nike (rocket stage)|Nike]] [[Improved Orion]]
|FAILURE: Failure
|NDRE
|12
|-
|2004 January 22
|Black Brant 10CM1
|SERSIO Plasma mission
|NASA
|790
|-
|2008 December 5
|[[VS-30]]/[[Orion (rocket)|Orion]]
|ARR ICI-2
|Sweden
|
|-
|2011 December 3
|VS-30/Orion
|ICI-3
|Sweden
|354
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Spaceport}}
{{Svalbard}}
{{Portal bar|Spaceflight|Norway}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:Rocket launch sites in Norway]]
[[Category:Norwegian Space Centre]]
[[Category:Kongsberg Gruppen]]
[[Category:Ny-Ålesund]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Norway]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Svalbard]]