Editing Swallows and Amazons series

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Swallows and Amazons'' series}}
{{Short description|English children's book series}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox book series 
|italic title = no
|name = ''Swallows and Amazons''
|image = Swallows and Amazons 03.png
|image_caption = Detail from Missee Lee cover
|author = [[Arthur Ransome]]
|books = {{Plainlist|
*''[[Swallows and Amazons]]'' (1930)
*''[[Swallowdale]]'' (1931)
*''[[Peter Duck]]'' (1932)
*''[[Winter Holiday (novel)|Winter Holiday]]'' (1933)
*''[[Coot Club]]'' (1934)
*''[[Pigeon Post]]'' (1936)
*''[[We Didn't Mean to Go to Sea]]'' (1937)
*''[[Secret Water]]'' (1939)
*''[[The Big Six]]'' (1940)
*''[[Missee Lee]]'' (1941)
*''[[The Picts and the Martyrs]]'' (1943)
*''[[Great Northern?]]'' (1947)
*''[[Coots in the North]]'' (1988)
}}
|illustrator = [[Steven Spurrier (artist)|Steven Spurrier]]<br/>[[Clifford Webb]]
|country = United Kingdom
|language = English
|genre = [[Children's literature]], [[Adventure fiction]]
|publisher = [[Jonathan Cape]]
|pub_date = 1930–1988 
|media_type = Print ([[hardcover]] and [[paperback]])
|number_of_books = 12
}}
The '''''Swallows and Amazons'' series''' is a series of twelve [[Children's literature|children's]] [[Adventure fiction|adventure]] novels by English author [[Arthur Ransome]]. Set in the [[interwar period]], the novels involve group adventures by children, mainly in the school holidays and mainly in England. They revolve around outdoor activities, especially [[sailing]]. Literary critic [[Peter Hunt (literary critic)|Peter Hunt]] believes it "changed British literature, affected a whole generation's view of holidays, helped to create the national image of the English [[Lake District]] and added Arthur Ransome's name to the select list of classic British children's authors."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Approaching Arthur Ransome |last=Hunt |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Hunt (literary critic) |year=1992 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |isbn =0-224-03288-7 |page=12}}</ref> The series remains popular and inspires visits to the [[Lake District]]<ref>[http://www.visitcumbria.com/swallows-and-amazons/ Visit Cumbria: Swallows and Amazons]</ref> and [[Norfolk Broads]], where many of the books are set. 

There are several societies for studying and promoting Ransome's work, notably this series. The earliest was the [[Arthur Ransome Club]] in Japan. The British-based [[The Arthur Ransome Society|Arthur Ransome Society]] has an international membership.

==Overview==
The series begins with ''[[Swallows and Amazons]]'', published in 1930. The Walker children from London, staying at a lakeside farm in the school holidays, sail a [[dinghy]] named ''Swallow'', while the local Blackett girls, living on the opposite shore, have one named ''Amazon''. The Walkers see themselves as explorers, while the Blacketts declare themselves pirates. They clash on an island in the lake, make friends, and have a series of adventures that weave tales of pirates and exploration into everyday life in rural England. In subsequent adventures, the children change roles and become explorers or miners. ''Winter Holiday'' (1933) has them meet Dick and Dorothea Callum ("the Ds"), siblings of a similar age also visiting the area. Dick aspires to be a scientist, Dorothea a writer.

Two of the books feature the Callums without the Swallows or Amazons: ''Coot Club'' and ''The Big Six''. They are set in the accurately drawn [[Norfolk Broads]], notably the small village of [[Horning]] and its watery surroundings. Two other books are set in Suffolk and Essex around the [[River Orwell]]; one involves an involuntary trip across the [[North Sea]] to the Netherlands. Two books, ''Peter Duck'' and ''Missee Lee'', and possibly also ''Great Northern?'', are metafictional: fictional stories of the protagonists' voyages to exotic lands, as imagined by themselves.

==Major characters==
{{see also|List of Swallows and Amazons characters}}
The crew of the ''Swallow'' are the siblings John, Susan, Titty and Roger Walker. John, the eldest, is the captain and usually in charge. Susan is first mate, in charge of stores, cooking and general crew well-being, almost as a surrogate mother. Titty (a nickname derived from the fairy tale "Titty Mouse and Tatty Mouse" in [[Joseph Jacobs]]{{'s}} ''Old English Fairy Tales'' published in 1890)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wardale |first1=Roger |title=Nancy Blackett : under sail with Arthur Ransome |date=1991 |publisher=Cape |location=London |isbn=978-0224027731 |page=58}}</ref> is "able seaman" and the most imaginative member. She often conjures up her own adventures, while becoming a hero in the novels, for instance, by winning the "war" in ''Swallows and Amazons'' or finding an underground spring in ''Pigeon Post''. Roger is the youngest, originally the ship's boy, but later promoted to able seaman. Their youngest sister Bridget (originally nicknamed "Vicky" due to a resemblance to pictures of Queen Victoria in old age; the nickname is dropped in later books as she loses her resemblance) also joins the crew in ''Secret Water''. Roger is seven in the first novel and Bridget has her second birthday. Bridget grows up quickly into a six-year-old when she becomes a full character.

The crew of the ''Amazon'' are the sisters [[Nancy Blackett (character)|Nancy]] and Peggy Blackett. Nancy – who disdains her baptismal name Ruth because her uncle has said that pirates are supposed to be ruthless – is a strong character who can be seen as a [[tomboy]]. Her speech includes many nautical and pirate terms. She often leads both crews. Peggy (real name Margaret) puts up a show of being as tough as Nancy, but often needs her encouragement to get through the more dangerous adventures. She is afraid of thunderstorms.

The brother and sister Dick and Dorothea (Dot) Callum are introduced in the fourth book, ''[[Winter Holiday (novel)|Winter Holiday]]''. They are the intellectuals – Dick in matters of science, Dorothea in the arts. The Callums later acquire a dinghy of their own, the ''Scarab''. The Swallows initially wonder about Dot "an astronomer might be quite useful... but what's she going to do"? (Dot overhears this.) However, they are impressed by Dick's skating: "He can skate ... like anything".

The Callums are the link to a different location and set of characters after their appearance in ''Winter Holiday''. The two following books, ([[Coot Club]] and [[The Big Six]]), are set in the [[Norfolk Broads]], where they meet the Coot Club members: Tom Dudgeon; the twins, Port and Starboard; and Bill, Joe and Pete, the three sons of boatbuilders. They are known as the Death and Glories.

With some exceptions, the exact ages of the characters are not stated. In the first book they run from Roger at seven to about 12 to 14 (John and Nancy). All characters age as the series goes on; the final book occurs three to four years after the first. (See timeline below.) There is an inconsistency in the only two dates mentioned in the series. In the first the year is stated to be 1929, while the second book, ''[[Swallowdale]]'', supposed to take place a year later, gives the year as 1931. A second inconsistency is that while Bridget is only about two years old in the first novel, she has aged more than four years by the time of ''[[Secret Water]]''.

While the emphasis in all the books is on the young protagonists, many generally benevolent adults appear. Most prominent are the Blackett sisters' uncle [[James Turner (fictional character)|Jim Turner]], called [[Captain Flint]] by the children after a character in ''[[Treasure Island]]'', and Mrs Barrable in ''[[Coot Club]]''. A painfully shy geologist, Timothy Stedding, is also accepted by the children in ''[[Pigeon Post]]'' and included in their adventures. He reappears in ''[[The Picts and the Martyrs]]''.

==Settings==
The ''Swallows and Amazons'' series has strong links with the real world. Extensive elements in the characters and the settings can be traced to incidents in Ransome's life and are raw material for much discussion and theorising about precise relationships. This contributes strongly to the air of authenticity.

The first book, ''Swallows and Amazons'', and four sequels — ''[[Swallowdale]]'', ''[[Winter Holiday]],'' ''[[Pigeon Post]]'' and ''[[The Picts and the Martyrs]]'' — are set in and around an unnamed lake in the English [[Lake District]]. Most of the unfinished ''[[Coots in the North]]'' would also have been set on the lake, if Ransome had completed it before his death. The lake and surrounding [[fell]]s amalgamate [[Windermere]] and [[Coniston Water]], places where Ransome spent much of his childhood and later life. Many places in the books can be identified with real locations, though Ransome has modified the overall location in producing his fictional setting. The geography of the lake generally resembles Windermere (though Wild Cat Island has a number of elements from [[Peel Island, Cumbria|Peel Island]] in Coniston Water) while the fells and surrounding hills resemble the Coniston area more closely.

''[[Coot Club]]'' and ''[[The Big Six]]'' are set in the accurately represented Norfolk Broads, particularly the small village of [[Horning]] and its surrounding rivers and broads. ''Coots in the North'' also begins in the Broads before moving to the lake in the north.

''[[We Didn't Mean to Go to Sea]]'' and ''[[Secret Water]]'' are set in coastal [[Suffolk]] and [[Essex]], with the former involving an involuntary, sometimes terrifying voyage from [[Pin Mill]] on the [[River Orwell]] to [[Flushing, Netherlands|Flushing]] in the Netherlands, and the latter the exploration of the islands of [[Hamford Water]] near [[Walton-on-the-Naze]].

''[[Peter Duck]]'' and ''[[Missee Lee]]'' involve voyages of the [[schooner]] ''Wild Cat'' to the [[Caribbean]] and the [[South China Sea]]. These stories appear to be [[metafiction]]al in relation to the rest of the series, and were originally planned by Ransome (see below) as stories written by the children. The final published works, however, are presented simply as adventures in the series, though different in a number of ways. Most obvious is the inclusion of more fear and violence and the fact that the extended voyages would have taken the children from school for unacceptably long periods. Both books are described on their title pages as "based on information supplied by the Swallows and Amazons", a description which is absent from the rest of the series.

Two abandoned chapters of ''Peter Duck'' (called ''Their Own Story'') were found in Ransome's papers held in the [[Brotherton Library]] at the [[University of Leeds]]. They describe the story of ''Peter Duck'' being made up by the Walkers and Blacketts on a [[Norfolk wherry|wherry]] in the Norfolk Broads during the winter after the events described in ''Swallows and Amazons''. This event was later referenced in ''Swallowdale'', but not in ''Peter Duck'' itself.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Arthur Ransome and Capt. Flint's Trunk |last=Hardyment |first=Christina |year=1984 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |isbn=0-224-02590-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/arthurransomecap00hard/page/148 148–161] |url=https://archive.org/details/arthurransomecap00hard/page/148 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The final complete book, ''[[Great Northern?]]'', is set in the [[Outer Hebrides]] off the west coast of Scotland. It is sometimes included with ''Peter Duck'' and ''Missee Lee'' as metafictional, as the story would involve the children being away from school during the nesting season, which is in term time. Furthermore, the use of firearms, though reasonable within the plot, seems to be at odds with the more peaceable adventures in most of the rest of the series. Myles North, the ornithologist who had originally suggested the plot to Ransome as the basis for a new novel, had initially proposed this, with the ''Wild Cat'' voyage again providing the background. Ransome, however, wrote in reply that he wanted to maintain the clear distinction between the "romantic stories and the real ones", and that he had decided upon a "realistic treatment" for ''Great Northern?''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lovelock |first1=Julian |title=Swallows, Amazons and Coots : a reading of Arthur Ransome |date=2016 |publisher=Lutterworth Press |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=9780718894368 |page=201}}</ref>

==Timeline==
The following diagram shows the implied timeline of the books in the series. The initials indicate an acronym for the title of each book, e.g. ''SA'' is Swallows and Amazons; ''PD'' is Peter Duck, and so on.

{{wide image|Sa_overview.png|750px|Click to expand the timeline||none}}

==Illustrations==
Current editions of the Swallows and Amazons series have illustrations drawn by Ransome himself. The first edition of ''Swallows and Amazons'' was published almost without illustrations. Ransome so disliked the pictures by [[Steven Spurrier (artist)|Steven Spurrier]] that were commissioned by his publisher, [[Jonathan Cape]], that the only pictures in the first edition were the [[endpaper]] map of the lake and a map of Wild Cat Island. For the second edition, [[Clifford Webb]] was commissioned to produce the illustrations, which met with grudging approval from Ransome. Webb also illustrated ''Swallowdale'', but Ransome decided that he would personally illustrate the third book, ''Peter Duck''. As this book was supposedly based on information supplied by the children themselves, Ransome drew the pictures as though done by the characters. These illustrations were so popular that Ransome illustrated the remainder of his books himself. In 1938, he drew his own pictures for ''Swallows and Amazons'' and ''Swallowdale'' to replace Webb's.

Ransome's pictures were done in [[pen and ink]] with no colour, although colours have been added by some publishers in later editions. Typically, figures in the pictures are shown from behind, though some show the faces of a few of the characters. Taqui Altounyan, the oldest of the children to whom the first edition of ''Swallows and Amazons'' was dedicated, recalls that Ransome "shirked drawing faces and got over the difficulty with back views of shaggy heads of hair or hats."<ref>Hardyment (1984: 185)</ref>

==Reception==
The sixth book, ''Pigeon Post'', won the inaugural [[Carnegie Medal (literary award)|Carnegie Medal]] from the [[CILIP|Library Association]] in June 1937, recognising it as the best 1936 children's book by a [[British subject]].<ref name=medal1936/> It was reviewed in ''The New York Times'' the month after [[J. B. Lippincott & Co.]] of Philadelphia published the first U.S. edition. Ellen Lewis Buell welcomed the latest work in the six-year-old series that had firmly established "a special niche in juvenile literature". She noted the children's "vivid collective imagination which turned play into serious business" (hunting a gold mine on the moors) and observed, "It is the portrayal of this spirit which makes play a matter of desperate yet enjoyable earnestness which gives their distinctive stamp to Mr. Ransome's books.... Because he understands the whole-heartedness of youth he can invest a momentary experiment, such as young Roger's Indian scout work, with real suspense."<ref name=lewis>"The New Books for Boys and Girls", Ellen Buell Lewis, ''The New York Times'', 22 August 1937, p. BR10.</ref>

Critical remarks have been rare. [[Roald Dahl]] disliked the series, explaining that he found the characters "too  soft".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dennison |first1=Matthew |title=Roald Dahl: teller of the unexpected: a biography |date=2023 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |location=New York London |isbn=9781639363322 |page=28}}</ref> The children's writer [[Elinor Lyon]], in an autobiographical introduction to a reprint of the first book in her series about a pair of adventurous young siblings on the west coast of Scotland, remembers feeling a "dislike of the characters in ''Swallows and Amazons'' who are so ''good'' at things like sailing. I thought I'd have children who got things wrong but somehow survived."<ref>''The House in Hiding'', London: 1950; reprinted, Edinburgh, Fidra Books: 2006, pp. iii–v.</ref>

==Series==
#''[[Swallows and Amazons]]'' (published [[1930 in literature|1930]])
#''[[Swallowdale]]'' ([[1931 in literature|1931]])
#''[[Peter Duck]]'' ([[1932 in literature|1932]])
#''[[Winter Holiday (novel)|Winter Holiday]]'' ([[1933 in literature|1933]])
#''[[Coot Club]]'' ([[1934 in literature|1934]])
#''[[Pigeon Post]]'' ([[1936 in literature|1936]])
#''[[We Didn't Mean to Go to Sea]]'' ([[1937 in literature|1937]])
#''[[Secret Water]]'' ([[1939 in literature|1939]])
#''[[The Big Six]]'' ([[1940 in literature|1940]])
#''[[Missee Lee]]'' ([[1941 in literature|1941]])
#''[[The Picts and the Martyrs|The Picts and the Martyrs: or Not Welcome At All]]'' ([[1943 in literature|1943]])
#''[[Great Northern?]]'' ([[1947 in literature|1947]])
#''[[Coots in the North]]'' (unfinished at author's 1967 death, edited by [[Hugh Brogan]], sections published thus in 1988 with other short works)

==Adaptations==
In 1963, the BBC screened a [[Swallows and Amazons (TV series)|television series]] starring [[Susan George (actress)|Susan George]] as "Kitty" (changed from Titty to Ransome's strong distaste).<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/author-arthur-ransome-loathed-bbcs-swallows-and-amazons-his-diaries-reveal-9131091.html ''Author Arthur Ransome loathed BBC's 'Swallows and Amazons', his diaries reveal'', Independent, 16 February 2014.]</ref> The six-part series was aired in September–October 1963.

In 1974, [[EMI]] produced a film version of the ''[[Swallows and Amazons (1974 film)|Swallows and Amazons]]'', starring [[Virginia McKenna]] and [[Ronald Fraser (actor)|Ronald Fraser]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goble |first1=Alan |title=The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film |date=2011 |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |location=Berlin |isbn=9783110951943 |page=382}}</ref>

In 1984, the [[BBC]] adapted the two Norfolk-set stories, ''Coot Club'' and ''The Big Six'', for television, entitled ''[[Swallows and Amazons Forever!]]''

In 2010, a stage musical version of the first book in the series was created at [[Bristol Old Vic]], adapted by [[Helen Edmundson]] with music by [[Neil Hannon]], and directed by [[Tom Morris (director)|Tom Morris]]. The show was toured, including a stint in London's West End.

A film version of ''[[Swallows and Amazons (2016 film)|Swallows and Amazons]]'' by Harbour Pictures and [[BBC Films]] was released in the United Kingdom on 19 August 2016. Like the 1963 version, the film changes the character Titty′s name, this time to 'Tatty' in keeping with original fairy-story names.

In 2018 a stage adaptation of the series by [[Bryony Lavery]] opened at [[Storyhouse]], Chester.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.storyhouse.com/event/swallows-and-amazons |title=Swallows and Amazons |website=Storyhouse |language=en-GB |access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist |refs=
<ref name=medal1936>
[http://www.carnegiegreenaway.org.uk/livingarchive/title.php?id=119 (Carnegie Winner 1936)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215536/http://www.carnegiegreenaway.org.uk/livingarchive/title.php?id=119 |date=2007-10-11}}. Living Archive: Celebrating the Carnegie and Greenaway Winners. [[CILIP]]. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</ref>}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Arthur Ransome|the Swallows and Amazons series}}
*[http://www.arthur-ransome.org/ The Arthur Ransome Society]
*[http://www.nancyblackett.org/ The Nancy Blackett Trust]
*[https://arthur-ransome-trust.org.uk/ The Arthur Ransome Trust]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100627200055/http://www.freewebs.com/thenorthernriverpirates/index.htm Northern River Pirates society ''(via the Internet Archive)'']
*[http://www.sailransome.org/ Sailing Swallow]
*[http://www.swallowsandamazons.info/ Swallows and Amazons information and news website]
*[http://allthingsransome.net/literary/archildrensbooks/ransome.htm The Children's books of Arthur Ransome]
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q19650535|id=tt0200383|title=The 1963 TV series}}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q23755673|id=tt0072233|title=The 1974 film}}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q20642305|id=tt1227183|title=The 2016 film}}

{{SwallowsandAmazonsbooks}}
{{Works about sailing}}

[[Category:Swallows and Amazons series| ]]
[[Category:Fiction set in the 1930s]]