Editing Sweat lodge

{{short description|North American Indigenous structure and ceremony for prayer and healing}}

[[File:Sweat lodge at Lake Superior PP.jpg|thumb|Frame for [[Ojibwe people|Ojibwe]] sweat lodge]]
A '''sweat lodge''' is a low profile hut, typically dome-shaped or oblong, and made with natural materials. The structure is the ''lodge'', and the ceremony performed within the structure may be called by some cultures a '''purification ceremony''' or simply a '''sweat'''. 

Traditionally the structure is simple, constructed of saplings covered with blankets and sometimes animal skins. The induction of [[perspiration|sweating]] is a spiritual ceremony – it is for prayer and healing, and it is only to be led by Indigenous Elders who know the language, songs, traditions, and safety protocols of their culture's inherited tradition. Otherwise, the ceremony can be dangerous if performed improperly.<ref name=Goulais /><ref name=lookinghorse1>{{cite news|first=Arvol |last = Looking Horse |date = 16 October 2009 |url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2009/10/16/concerning-the-deaths-in-sedona-84570 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524160616/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2009/10/16/concerning-the-deaths-in-sedona-84570 |archive-date=2013-05-24 |work=Indian Country Today Media Network|title= Concerning the deaths in Sedona}}</ref>

The ceremony is traditional to some [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]], predominantly those from the [[Plains Indians|Plains]] cultures, but with the rise of [[pan-Indian]]ism, numerous nations that did not originally have the sweat lodge ceremony have learned the ceremony from other Nations.<ref name=Goulais>{{cite news | first = Bob |last = Goulais | title = Editorial: Dying to experience native ceremonies | newspaper = North Bay Nugget | date = 2009-10-24 | url =http://www.nugget.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=2144903| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809113514/http://www.nugget.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=2144903&archive=true |archive-date=2011-08-09}}</ref> Sweat lodges have also been imitated by many non-natives in North America and internationally, resulting in responses from Indigenous Elders declaring that these imitations are dangerous and disrespectful [[Cultural appropriation|misappropriations]].<ref name=Goulais /><ref name="LDNwar1">Mesteth, Wilmer, et al (June 10, 1993) "[http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/ladecwar.htm Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality]." "At the Lakota Summit V, an international gathering of US and Canadian Lakota, Dakota and Nakota Nations, about 500 representatives from 40 different tribes and bands of the Lakota unanimously passed a "Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality." The following declaration was unanimously passed."</ref><ref name="taliman1">Taliman, Valerie (1993) "[http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/warlakot.htm Article On The 'Lakota Declaration of War']."</ref><ref name="Rez5">Yellowtail, Tom, ''et al''; "[http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/history/elders.html Resolution of the 5th Annual Meeting of the Traditional Elders Circle]" Northern [[Cheyenne]] Nation, Two Moons' Camp, Rosebud Creek, Montana; October 5, 1980. Inter-tribal council of [[Navajo people|Navajo]], [[Hopi]], [[Muscogee|Muskogee]], [[Chippewa Cree|Chippewa-Cree]], [[Cheyenne|Northern Cheyenne]], [[Iroquois|Haudenosaunee]] and [[Lakota people|Lakota]] Elders: "Therefore, be warned that these individuals are moving about playing upon the spiritual needs and ignorance of our non-Indian brothers and sisters. The value of these instructions and ceremonies are questionable, maybe meaningless, and hurtful to the individual carrying false messages."</ref>

{{quote|The sweat bath was in common use among almost all the tribes north of Mexico excepting the central and eastern Eskimo, and was considered the great cure-all in sickness and invigorant in health. Among many tribes it appears to have been regarded as a ceremonial observance. The person wishing to make trial of the virtues of the sweat bath entered the ''â´sĭ'', a small earth-covered log house only high enough to allow of sitting down. After divesting himself of his clothing, some large boulders, previously heated in a fire, were placed near him, and over them was poured a decoction of the beaten roots of the wild parsnip. The door was closed so that no air could enter from the outside, and the patient sat in the sweltering steam until he was in a profuse perspiration and nearly choked by the pungent fumes of the decoction. In accordance with general Indian practice it may be that he plunged into the river before resuming his clothing; but in modern times this part of the operation is omitted and the patient is drenched with cold water instead. | sign=[[James Mooney]] | source=''Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology''<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Mooney|author-first=James |author-link=James Mooney |contribution=The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees |title=Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology|publisher=Government Printing Office|location=Washington DC|year=1891|pages=301–398 |language=en |oclc=747738317 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/24788/24788-h/24788-h.htm#page332}}, s.v. The Sweat bath, bleeding, rubbing, bathing</ref>}}

== Traditions ==
[[File:Hupa Sweat House.jpg|thumb|[[Hupa]] Indian underground building covered with wood plank roof and surrounded by a wall of large rocks]]
[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] in many regions have sweat lodge ceremonies. For example, [[Chumash people|Chumash]] peoples of the central coast of [[California]] build sweat lodges in coastal areas<ref>{{cite web|first = C. Michael |last = Hogan |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18353 |title= Los Osos Back Bay |publisher=The Megalithic Portal  |date= |accessdate=2012-10-09}}</ref> in association with habitation sites. The ancient [[Mesoamerican]] tribes of [[Mexico]], such as the [[Aztec]] and [[Olmec]], practiced a sweat bath ceremony known as [[temazcal]] as a religious rite of [[penance]] and [[Ritual purification|purification]].

Traditions associated with sweating vary regionally and culturally. Ceremonies often include traditional prayers and songs. In some cultures drumming and offerings to the spirit world may be part of the ceremony, or a sweat lodge ceremony may be a part of another, longer ceremony such as a [[Sun Dance]]. Some common practices and key elements associated with sweat lodges include:
* Training – Indigenous cultures with sweat lodge traditions require that someone go through intensive training for many years to be allowed to lead a lodge. One of the requirements is that the leader be able to pray and communicate fluently in the Indigenous language of that culture, and that they understand how to conduct the ceremony safely. This leadership role is granted by the Elders of the community, not self-designated. This leadership is only entrusted to those who are full members of the community, and who live in community. It is never given to outsiders who then leave to sell ceremony.<ref name=lookinghorse1 /><ref name="Rez5" /><ref name="LDNwar1" /><ref name="taliman1" />
* Orientation – The door may face a sacred fire. The cardinal directions may have symbolism in the culture that is holding the sweating ceremony. The lodge may be oriented within its environment for a specific purpose. Placement and orientation of the lodge within its environment are often considered to facilitate the ceremony's connection with the spirit world, as well as practical considerations of usage.
* Construction – The lodge is generally built with great care and knowledge, and with respect for the environment and for the materials being used.
* Clothing – In Native American lodges participants usually wear a simple garment such as shorts or a loose dress. Modesty is important, rather than display.
Some participants will go nude as it is considered the “traditional” way.

== Risks ==
=== Physical effects ===
Even people who are experienced with sweat rituals, or who attend a ceremony led by a properly trained and authorized traditional Native American ceremonial leader, could suddenly experience problems due to underlying health issues. It is recommended by Lakota spiritual leaders that people only attend lodges with authorized, traditional spiritual leaders.<ref name=lookinghorse1 />

There have been reports of lodge-related deaths resulting from overexposure to heat, [[dehydration]], [[smoke inhalation]], or improper lodge construction leading to suffocation.<ref name="Dehydration and heat-related death">{{cite journal |last1=Byard |first1=RW |last2= Riches |first2=KJ |title=Dehydration and heat-related death: sweat lodge syndrome |journal=  The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology|volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=236–9 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16121078 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.paf.0000163838.92053.fb |doi=10.1097/01.paf.0000163838.92053.fb|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="2 die in new-age sweat lodge">{{cite news|first=Suzanne|last=Herel|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|publisher=[[Hearst Communications]]|title=2 seeking spiritual enlightenment die in new-age sweat lodge|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/06/27/BA212763.DTL|date=2002-06-27|accessdate=2006-09-26}}</ref>

If rocks are used, it is important not to use river rocks, or other kinds of rocks with air pockets inside them. Rocks must be completely dry before heating. Rocks with air pockets or excessive moisture could crack and possibly explode in the fire or when hit by water. Previously used rocks may absorb humidity or moisture leading to cracks or shattering.

=== Deaths ===
The following is a list of reported deaths related to non-traditional "[[New Age]]" sweat rituals:
* Gordon Reynolds, 43 (died November 21, 1996)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Dad+dies+in+...gedy-a061269655 | title = Dad dies in tepee 'sauna' tragedy | year = 1995 | publisher = 1996 MGN LTD}}</ref>
* Kirsten Babcock, 34 (died 2002)<ref name="2 die in new-age sweat lodge" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/2002-06-27/bay-...t-hot-rocks-owl |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709024608/http://articles.sfgate.com/2002-06-27/bay-...t-hot-rocks-owl |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-07-09 |work=The San Francisco Chronicle |title=2 Die in New-Age Sweat Lodge }}</ref>
* David Thomas Hawker, 36 (died 2002)<ref>{{cite news | title = 'Quests for dollars': Plastic medicine men proliferate on Internet, abuse ceremonies | newspaper = Navajo Times | date = 5 September 2002 |first=Brenda | last =Norrell}}</ref>
* Rowen Cooke, 37 (died 2004)<ref name="2 die in new-age sweat lodge" />
* Paige Martin, 57 (died July 17, 2009)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lowe|first1=John|title=Sauna Death Reported in Noble County|url=http://www.daily-jeff.com/local%20news/2009/07/19/sauna-death-reported-in-noble-county|accessdate=June 7, 2015|work=The Daily Jeffersonian|date=July 19, 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608053448/http://www.daily-jeff.com/local%20news/2009/07/19/sauna-death-reported-in-noble-county|archivedate=June 8, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sangiacomo|first1=Michael|title=Controversial Ohio New Age religious leader resurfaces in Kingman, Ariz.|url=http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2010/07/controversial_ohio_new_age_rel.html|accessdate=June 7, 2015|work=The Plain Dealer|date=July 9, 2010}}</ref>
* Kirby Brown, 38, of Westtown, NY (died October 9, 2009, at retreat led by [[James Arthur Ray]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/10/kirby-brown-sweat-lodge-v_n_316538.html? | work=Huffington Post | title=Kirby Brown: Sweat Lodge Victim's Family Says She Was Fit | date=October 10, 2009 |first = Felicia | last = Fonseca}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/04/13/kirby.brown.sweat.lodge/index.html?hpt=C1 | work=CNN |  first = Ann |last = O'Neill | title=Sweat lodge ends a free spirit's quest | date=22 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=CNN>[http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/18/justice/arizona-sweat-lodge-sentencing/index.html Arizona sweat lodge sentencing], CNN</ref>
* Lizbeth Neuman, 49, of Prior Lake, MN (died October 17, 2009, due to injuries sustained at retreat led by James Arthur Ray)<ref name=CNN />
* James Shore, 40, of Milwaukee, WI (died October 9, 2009, at event led by James Arthur Ray)<ref name=CNN /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/63937037.html | title = Man who died in Arizona sweat lodge was Milwaukeean | date = 10 October 2009 | newspaper = Journal Sentinel | location = Milwaukee, Wisconsin }}</ref>
* [[Chantal Lavigne case|Chantal Lavigne]], 35, (died July 2011 in Sherbrooke, Québec, after event led by Gabrielle Fréchette)<ref name=CBCsent>{{Cite news|date=8 December 2014|title=Chantal Lavigne's sweating death judge finds 3 guilty of negligence|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/chantal-lavigne-s-sweating-death-judge-finds-3-guilty-of-negligence-1.2864387|url-status=live|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113104757/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/chantal-lavigne-s-sweating-death-judge-finds-3-guilty-of-negligence-1.2864387|archive-date=13 November 2017}}</ref>

=== Sedona deaths and Lakota Nation lawsuit ===
In October 2009, during a [[New Age]] retreat organized by [[James Arthur Ray]], three people died and 21 more became ill while attending an overcrowded and improperly set up sweat lodge containing some 60 people and located near [[Sedona, Arizona]].<ref>{{ cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/12/us/12lodge.html | first = John |last = Dougherty | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | title= Deaths at Sweat Lodge Bring Soul-Searching | date=11 October 2009}}</ref> Ray was arrested by the [[Yavapai County Sheriff's Office]] in connection with the deaths on February 3, 2010, and bond was set at $5 million.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://enlightenmenthow.com/motivational-speaker-charged-sweat-lodge-deaths/  | first = Felicia | last = Fonseca | title = Motivational speaker charged in sweat lodge deaths }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Motivational speaker charged in sweat lodge deaths | agency = Associated Press | publisher = ABC30, KFSN Fresno | date = 3 February 2010}}</ref> In response to these deaths, [[Lakota people|Lakota]] spiritual leader [[Arvol Looking Horse]] issued a statement reading in part:

{{quote|Our First Nations People have to earn the right to pour the ''mini wic'oni'' (water of life) upon the ''inyan oyate'' (the stone people) in creating ''Inikag'a'' – by going on the vision quest for four years and four years Sundance. Then you are put through a ceremony to be painted – to recognize that you have now earned that right to take care of someone's life through purification. They should also be able to understand our sacred language, to be able to understand the messages from the Grandfathers, because they are ancient, they are our spirit ancestors. They walk and teach the values of our culture; in being humble, wise, caring and compassionate. What has happened in the news with the make shift sauna called the sweat lodge is not our ceremonial way of life!<ref name=lookinghorse1 />}}

On November 2, 2009, the [[Lakota people|Lakota]] Nation filed a lawsuit against the United States, Arizona State, [[James Arthur Ray]], and Angel Valley Retreat Center site owners, to have Ray and the site owners arrested and punished under the [[Sioux Treaty of 1868]] between the United States and the Lakota Nation.<ref name="lakotalaw">Rehfeld, Nina.[http://ndnnews.com/2009/11/lakota-tribe-files-lawsuit-against-parties-in-sweat-lodge-incident/ "Lakota Nation files lawsuit against parties in sweat lodge incident"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317115751/http://ndnnews.com/2009/11/lakota-tribe-files-lawsuit-against-parties-in-sweat-lodge-incident/ |date=2013-03-17 }}, sedona.biz, 12 November 2009.</ref> That treaty states that “if bad men among the whites or other people subject to the authority of the United States shall commit any wrong upon the person or the property of the Indians, the United States will (...) proceed at once to cause the offender to be arrested and punished according to the laws of the United States, and also reimburse the injured person for the loss sustained.”<ref name="lakotalaw" />

The Lakota Nation holds that James Arthur Ray and the Angel Valley Retreat Center have “violated the peace between the United States and the Lakota Nation” and have caused the “desecration of our Sacred ''Oinikiga'' (purification ceremony) by causing the death of Liz Neuman, Kirby Brown and James Shore”. As well, the Lakota claim that James Arthur Ray and the Angel Valley Retreat Center fraudulently impersonated Indians and must be held responsible for causing the deaths and injuries, and for evidence destruction through dismantling of the sweat lodge. The lawsuit seeks to have the treaty enforced and does not seek monetary compensation.<ref name="lakotalaw" />

Preceding the lawsuit, Native American experts on sweat lodges criticized the reported construction and conduct of the lodge as not meeting traditional ways ("bastardized", "mocked" and "desecrated").  Indian leaders expressed concerns and prayers for the dead and injured. The leaders said the ceremony is their way of life<ref name=lookinghorse1 /> and not a [[religion]]. It is Native American [[cultural property|property]] protected by U.S. law and [[Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples|United Nations]] declaration. The ceremony should only be in sanctioned lodge carriers' hands from legitimate nations. Traditionally, a typical leader has 4 to 8 years of apprenticeship before being allowed to care for people in a lodge, and have been officially named as ceremonial leaders before the community. Participants are instructed to call out whenever they feel uncomfortable, and the ceremony is usually stopped to help them. The lodge was said to be unusually built from non-breathable materials. Charging for the ceremony was said to be inappropriate. The number of participants was criticized as too high and the ceremony length was said to be too long.  Respect to elders' oversight was said to be important for avoiding unfortunate events. The tragedy was characterized as "plain carelessness", with a disregard for the participants' safety and outright negligence.<ref name=Goulais /> The Native American community actively seeks to prevent abuses of their traditions. Organizers have been discussing ways to formalize guidance and oversight to authentic or independent lodge leaders.<ref name=lookinghorse1 /><ref name="lakotalaw" /><ref>{{cite video|title=Chief Chemito, Comments reported on Phoenix Fox 10 |first=Miriam |last=Garcia |date=10 October 2009 |publisher=Phoenix Fox 10 News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLILFSrfmBs |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709173345/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLILFSrfmBs |archivedate=July 9, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation | first = Valerie |last = Taliman | title = Selling the sacred | publisher = Indian Country Today | url = http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ict_sbc/selling-the-sacred | date=13 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Lindsay | last = Hocker | title = Sweat lodge incident 'not our Indian way' | publisher =  Quad-Cities Online | date = 14 October 2009 |url = http://qconline.com/archives/qco/display.php?id=462433}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=All Nations Indigenous Native American Indian Cultural Center |title=Native Elder Addresses Deaths In Sweat Lodge |publisher=BlackHillsToday |date=17 October 2009 |url=http://www.blackhillsportal.com/npps/story.cfm?ID=3492 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085724/http://www.blackhillsportal.com/npps/story.cfm?ID=3492 |archivedate=May 18, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=lookinghorse2>{{citation | url = http://firewitchrising.blogspot.com/2009/10/native-american-chief-addresses-deaths.html | date = 18 October 2009 | title = Native American Chief Addresses Deaths In Sweat Lodge: Chief Arvol Looking Horse Speaks Out | author = All Nations Indigenous Native American Indian Cultural Center}}</ref>

== Similar structures and rites in other cultures ==
There are examples of ritual sweating in other cultures, though often without any ceremonial or mystical significance. Secular uses around the world include many forms including [[thermae|Ancient Roman baths]], [[steambath]], [[sauna]], Slavic [[banya (sauna)|banya]], the culturally important Islamic [[hammam]], and the heated ''dry'' air [[Victorian Turkish baths|Victorian Turkish bath]].  Other varieties are used by [[Circumpolar peoples|Indigenous people]] around the [[Bering Strait]], [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]], the [[Finland|Finns]] and the [[Sámi people|Sámi]].<ref name=encyclo />

Some European cultures have historically used sweating for cleansing. In most cases the usage is primarily for physical cleansing and warmth, but in others prayer and songs may be involved. [[Scandinavia]]n, [[Baltic region|Baltic]] and [[Eastern Europe]]an cultures incorporate sweat baths in their sauna traditions, which are held within a permanent, wooden hut. While modern-day saunas are wholly secular, there are older traditions of songs and rituals in the sauna, and the acknowledgment of a spirit-being who lives in the sauna.

"Vapour baths were in use among the Celtic tribes, and the sweat-house was in general use in Ireland down to the 18th, and even survived into the 19th century. It was of beehive shape and was covered with clay. It was especially resorted to as a cure for rheumatism."<ref name=encyclo>{{Cite encyclopedia | title = Sweat, Sweat-house | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia of religion and ethics | volume = 13 | page = 128 | publisher = T. & T. Clark | year = 1922 | isbn = 9780567065124 | accessdate = 20 April 2025| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.65340/page/n159/mode/1up}}</ref> These permanent structures were built of stone, and square or corbelled "beehive" versions are often found, mostly in the [[Irish Language|Irish]] and [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]-speaking areas of Ireland and Scotland, though most seem of relatively recent date. The method of construction, heating the structure, and usage was different from the North American examples, and they seem to have been regarded as therapeutic in function, like the [[sauna]], and perhaps typically used by one person at a time, given their small size.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=25510830 |title=Sweat House, Co. Wicklow |last1=Price |first1=L. |journal=The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland |date=1952 |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=180–181 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Andiruna]]
* [[Cultural appropriation]]
* [[Inipi]]
* [[Plastic shaman]]
* [[Puyallup people]]
* [[Sauna]]
* [[Temazcal]]
* [[The red road]] and [[Great Race (Native American legend)]]
* [[Sentō]]
* [[Banya (sauna)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | last = Bucko | first = Raymond A. | title = The Lakota Ritual Of The Sweat Lodge:: History and Contemporary Practice | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-8032-1272-5 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sweat lodges}}
* {{cite journal | url = http://www.ethnografica.com/kevingroark/pdf/Groark_1997.pdf | journal = Journal of Latin American Lore | volume = 20 | number=1 |year=1997 | pages = 3–96 | title= To Warm the Blood, to Warm the Flesh: The Role of the Steambath in Highland Maya (Tzeltal-Tzotzil) Ethnomedicine | first = Kevin P. | last = Groark }} – Article on the use of the temazcal or sweatbath among the [[Tzeltal people|Tzeltal]]-Tzotzil Maya of Chiapas, Mexico
{{Native american styles}}
{{Architecture in the United States}}
[[Category:Religious places of the Indigenous peoples of North America]]
[[Category:Indigenous architecture]]
[[Category:Native American religion]]
[[Category:Ritual purification]]
[[Category:Hot-air baths]]
[[Category:Bathing]]
[[Category:Lakota culture]]