Editing Swinging Sixties

{{short description|Youth-driven cultural revolution centred in London in the 1960s}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox historical event
 |Event_Name    = Swinging Sixties
 |partof        = the [[counterculture of the 1960s]]
 |Image_Name    = Londons Carnaby Street, 1966.jpg
 |Imagesize     = 300px
 |Image_Alt     =
 |Image_Caption = A scene in [[Carnaby Street]], in London's [[West End of London|West End]], {{circa|1966}}
 |Thumb_Time    =
 |AKA           = Swinging London
 |Location      = [[United Kingdom]]
 |Date          = 1960s
 |Result        = Changing social, political and cultural values
 |URL           =
}}

The '''Swinging Sixties''' was a [[Youth culture|youth-driven]] cultural revolution that took place in the United Kingdom during the mid-to-late 1960s, emphasising [[modernity]] and fun-loving [[hedonism]], with '''Swinging London''' denoted as its centre.<ref name="bfi">{{cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-films-set-swinging-60s|title=10 great films set in the swinging 60s|last1=Wakefield|first1=Thirza|date=15 July 2014|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> It saw a flourishing in art, music and fashion, and was symbolised by the city's "pop and fashion exports", such as [[the Beatles]], as the [[multimedia]] leaders of the [[British Invasion]] of musical acts; the [[Mod (subculture)|mod]] and [[Psychedelia|psychedelic]] subcultures; [[Mary Quant]]'s [[miniskirt]] designs; popular fashion models such as [[Twiggy]] and [[Jean Shrimpton]]; the iconic status of popular shopping areas such as London's [[King's Road]], [[Kensington]] and [[Carnaby Street]]; the political activism of the [[anti-nuclear movement]]; and the [[sexual liberation]] movement.<ref name="bfi" />

Music was an essential part of the revolution, with "the London sound" being regarded as including the Beatles, [[the Rolling Stones]], [[the Who]], [[the Kinks]] and [[the Small Faces]], bands that were additionally the mainstay of [[pirate radio]] stations like [[Radio Caroline]], [[Wonderful Radio London]] and [[Swinging Radio England]].<ref name="history" /> Swinging London also reached [[British cinema]], which according to the [[British Film Institute]] "saw a surge in formal experimentation, freedom of expression, colour, and comedy", with films that explored [[Counterculture of the 1960s|countercultural]] and [[Satire|satirical]] themes.<ref name="bfi" /> During this period, "creative types of all kinds gravitated to the capital, from artists and writers to magazine publishers, photographers, advertisers, film-makers and product designers".<ref name="history" />

During the 1960s, London underwent a "metamorphosis from a gloomy, grimy [[post-war]] capital into a bright, shining epicentre of [[Style (visual arts)|style]]".<ref name="history" /> The phenomenon has been agreed to have been caused by the large number of young people in the city—due to the [[Post–World War II baby boom|baby boom of the 1950s]]—and the [[postwar economic boom]].<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.co.uk/study-topics/history-of-london/swinging-60s-capital-of-cool|title=Swinging 60s – Capital of Cool|publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History]]. AETN UK|access-date=5 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106123349/http://www.history.co.uk/study-topics/history-of-london/swinging-60s-capital-of-cool|archive-date=6 November 2016}}</ref> Following the abolition of the [[Conscription in the United Kingdom|national service]] for men in 1960, these young people [[Postmaterialism|enjoyed greater freedom and fewer responsibilities]] than their parents' generation,<ref name="history" /> and "[fanned] changes to social and sexual politics".<ref name="bfi" />

Shaping the [[popular consciousness]] of aspirational Britain in the 1960s, the period was a [[West End of London|West End]]–centred phenomenon regarded as happening among young, [[middle class]] people, and was often considered as "simply a diversion" by them. The swinging scene also served as a [[Consumerism|consumerist]] counterpart to the more overtly political and radical [[UK underground|British underground]] of the same period. English cultural geographer Simon Rycroft wrote that "whilst it is important to acknowledge the exclusivity and the dissenting voices, it does not lessen the importance of Swinging London as a powerful moment of image making with very real material effect."<ref>{{cite book |author=Rycroft, Simon |year=2016 |chapter=Mapping Swinging London |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5O1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT87 |title=Swinging City: A Cultural Geography of London 1950–1974 |publisher=Routledge |pages=87 |isbn=978-1-317-04734-6 }}</ref>

== Background ==
The Swinging Sixties was a [[youth movement]] emphasising the new and modern. It was a period of optimism and hedonism, and a [[counterculture of the 1960s|cultural revolution]]. One catalyst was the recovery of the British economy after post-[[World War II|Second World War]] [[austerity]], which lasted through much of the 1950s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Going Platinum: The UK's 70 years of change |url=https://www.research.hsbc.com/C/1/1/320/qTxQwLf |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=HSBC|quote=1950s and 1960s: the post-war investment boom. When the Queen came to the throne, the UK economy was still in its post-war boom period}}</ref>

"The Swinging City" was defined by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine on the cover of its issue of 15 April 1966.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=TIME Magazine Cover: London – Apr. 15, 1966 |url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19660415,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=25 January 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref> In a [[Piri Halasz]] article 'Great Britain: You Can Walk Across It on the Grass',<ref name="Rycroft2012">{{cite book |last1=Rycroft |first1=Simon |title=Swinging City: A Cultural Geography of London 1950–1974 |date=2012 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-8887-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLn9Ck4XS6kC&q=Great%20Britain%3A%20You%20Can%20Walk%20Across%20It%20On%20the%20Grass&pg=PA65 |access-date=26 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> the magazine pronounced London the global hub of youthful creativity, hedonism and excitement: "In a decade dominated by youth, London has burst into bloom. It swings; it is the scene",<ref>{{cite news|title=The Diamond Decades: The 1960s|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9288411/The-Diamond-Decades-The-1960s.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9288411/The-Diamond-Decades-The-1960s.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|agency=The Daily Telegraph|date=10 November 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Gilbert-3">''most famous (if not the first) identification of Swinging London'' Gilbert, David (2006) [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/ldn/2006/00000031/00000001/art00001 "'The Youngest Legend in History': Cultures of Consumption and the Mythologies of Swinging London"] ''The London Journal'' 31(1): pp. 1–14, page 3, {{doi|10.1179/174963206X113089}}</ref> and celebrated in the name of the [[pirate radio]] station, [[Swinging Radio England]], that began shortly afterwards.

The term "swinging" in the sense of [[Hip (slang)|hip]] or fashionable had been used since the early 1960s, including by [[Norman Vaughan (comedian)|Norman Vaughan]] in his "swinging/dodgy" patter on ''[[Sunday Night at the London Palladium]]''. In 1965, [[Diana Vreeland]], editor of ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' magazine, said that "London is the most swinging city in the world at the moment."<ref>Quoted by John, ''Weekend Telegraph'', 16 April 1965; and in Pearson, Lynn (2007) "Roughcast textures with cosmic overtones: a survey of British murals, 1945–80" ''Decorative Arts Society Journal'' 31: pp. 116–37</ref> Later that year, the American singer [[Roger Miller]] had a hit record with "[[England Swings]]", although the lyrics mostly relate to traditional notions of Britain.

== Music ==
[[File:KinksFanclubCropped.png|thumb|right|alt=|[[The Kinks]] in 1967]]
Already heralded by [[Colin MacInnes]]' 1959 novel ''[[Absolute Beginners (novel)|Absolute Beginners]]'' which captured London's emerging youth culture,<ref>{{cite news |title=Absolute MacInnes: British identity and society|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/apr/15/britishidentity.fiction |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Swinging London was underway by the mid-1960s and included music by [[the Beatles]], [[the Rolling Stones]], [[the Kinks]], [[the Who]], [[Small Faces]], [[the Animals]], [[Dusty Springfield]], [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]], [[Cilla Black]], [[Sandie Shaw]] and other artists from what was known in the US as the "[[British Invasion]]".<ref>{{cite web| author=Ira A. Robbins |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80244/British-Invasion |title=British Invasion (music) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |website=Britannica.com |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> [[Psychedelic rock]] from artists such as [[Pink Floyd]], [[Cream (band)|Cream]], [[Procol Harum]], [[the Jimi Hendrix Experience]] and [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]] grew significantly in popularity.

Large venues, besides former music halls, included [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde]], [[Alexandra Park, London|Alexandra]] and [[Finsbury Park]]s, [[Clapham Common]] and the [[Wembley Arena|Empire Pool (which became Wembley Arena)]]. This sort of music was heard in the United Kingdom on TV shows such as the BBC's ''[[Top of the Pops]]'' (where the Rolling Stones were the first band to perform with "[[I Wanna Be Your Man]]"), and [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]'s ''[[Ready Steady Go!]]'' (which would feature [[Manfred Mann]]'s "[[5-4-3-2-1]]" as its theme tune), on commercial radio stations such as [[Radio Luxembourg]], [[Radio Caroline]] and [[Wonderful Radio London|Radio London]], and from 1967 on [[BBC Radio One]].<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC says fond farewell to Top of the Pops|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/06_june/20/totp.shtml|access-date=2 September 2022|agency=BBC|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120012154/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/6_june/20/totp.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first= David| last= Roberts| year= 1998| title= Guinness Rockopedia| edition= 1st| publisher= Guinness Publishing Ltd.| location= London| page= [https://archive.org/details/guinnessrockoped0000unse/page/258 258]| isbn= 0-85112-072-5| url-access= registration| url= https://archive.org/details/guinnessrockoped0000unse/page/258}}</ref>

The Rolling Stones' 1966 album ''[[Aftermath (Rolling Stones album)|Aftermath]]'' has been cited by music scholars as a reflection of Swinging London. [[Ian MacDonald]] said, with the album the Stones were chronicling the phenomenon, while Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon called it "the soundtrack of Swinging London, a gift to hip young people".<ref>{{harvnb|Norman|2001|p=197}}; {{harvnb|Moon|2004|p=697}}; {{harvnb|MacDonald|2002}}; {{harvnb|Margotin|Guesdon|2016|p=136}}.</ref>

== Fashion and symbols ==
{{see also|peacock revolution}}
During the Swinging Sixties, fashion and photography were featured in ''[[Queen (magazine)|Queen]]'' magazine, which drew attention to fashion designer [[Mary Quant]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Barry Miles|date= 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8xbaIlrUREC&pg=PA203 |title=The British Invasion: The Music, the Times, the Era|page=203|publisher= Sterling|isbn= 978-1-4027-6976-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ros Horton, Sally Simmons|date= 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LYLOj2APSsC&pg=PA170|page=170|title= Women Who Changed the World|publisher= Quercus|isbn= 978-1-84724-026-2}}</ref> Mod-related fashions such as the [[miniskirt]] stimulated fashionable London [[shopping]] areas such as [[Carnaby Street]] and [[King's Road]], [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]].<ref name=lisa>{{cite news|last=Armstrong|first=Lisa|title=Mary Quant: 'You have to work at staying slim—but it's worth it'|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG9087300/Mary-Quant-You-have-to-work-at-staying-slim-but-its-worth-it.html|access-date=17 October 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=17 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=berg>{{cite book|first=Amy|last=DelaHaye|editor1-last=Steele|editor1-first=Valerie|title=The Berg Companion to Fashion|year=2010|publisher=Berg|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-84788-563-0|pages=586–588|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_3qzO6NTqcC&pg=PA586}}</ref> [[Vidal Sassoon]] created the [[bob cut]] hairstyle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/9255724/Vidal-Sassoon.html |title=Telegraph obituary |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=10 May 2012 | access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref>

[[File:England-1968 09.jpg|thumb|Carnaby Street, {{circa|1968|lk=no}}]]

The model [[Jean Shrimpton]] was another icon and one of the world's first supermodels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Small is still beautiful|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-116426956|work=Daily Post|date=10 May 2004|author=Burgess, Anya}}</ref> She was the world's highest paid<ref name="paid">{{cite journal|title=The Girl Behind The World's Most Beautiful Face|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6wssAAAAIBAJ&pg=3967,1120155&dq|journal=Family Weekly|date=8 February 1967}}</ref> and most photographed model<ref>{{cite journal|title=Most Photographed Model Reticent About Her Role|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=REsqAAAAIBAJ&pg=7034,4428159&dq|date=11 June 1967|author=Cloud, Barbara|journal=The Pittsburgh Press}}</ref> during this time. Shrimpton was called "The Face of the '60s",<ref>{{cite web|title=Jean Shrimpton, the Famed Face of the '60s, Sits Before Her Svengali's Camera One More Time|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20067955,00.html|date=30 May 1977|volume=07|number=21}}</ref> in which she has been considered by many as "the symbol of Swinging London"<ref name=paid /> and the "embodiment of the 1960s".<ref>{{cite web|title=New Model Army|author=Patrick, Kate|date=21 May 2005|work=Scotsman.com News|url=http://news.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=2628354}}</ref>

Like [[Pattie Boyd]], the wife of Beatles guitarist [[George Harrison]], Shrimpton gained international fame for her embodiment of the "British female 'look' – mini-skirt, long, straight hair and wide-eyed loveliness", characteristics that defined Western fashion following the arrival of the Beatles and other British Invasion acts in 1964.<ref name="Hibbert/HistoryOfRock">{{cite magazine|first=Tom|last=Hibbert|title=Britain invades the world: Mid-Sixties British Music|magazine=[[The History of Rock (magazine)|The History of Rock]]|year=1982}} Available at [http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/britain-invades-the-world-mid-sixties-british-music Rock's Backpages] (subscription required).</ref> Other popular models of the era included [[Veruschka]], [[Peggy Moffitt]] and [[Penelope Tree]]. The model [[Twiggy]] has been called "the face of 1966" and "the Queen of [[Mod (subculture)|Mod]]", a label she shared with, among others, [[Cathy McGowan (presenter)|Cathy McGowan]], the host of the television rock show ''[[Ready Steady Go!]]'' from 1964 to 1966.<ref>Fowler, David (2008) ''Youth Culture in Modern Britain, C.1920–c.1970: From Ivory Tower to Global Movement – A New History'' p. 134. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008</ref>

The British flag, the [[Union Jack]], became a symbol, assisted by events such as England's home victory in the [[1966 FIFA World Cup|1966 World Cup]].  The [[Jaguar E-Type]] sports car was a British icon of the 1960s.<ref name="Storey" />

In late 1965, photographer [[David Bailey]] sought to define Swinging London in a series of large photographic prints.<ref name="Brown&Gaines" /> Compiled into a set titled ''Box of Pin-Ups'', they were published on 21 November that year.{{sfn|Bray|2014|p=xii}} His subjects included actors [[Michael Caine]] and [[Terence Stamp]]; musicians [[John Lennon]], [[Paul McCartney]], [[Mick Jagger]] and five other pop stars; [[Brian Epstein]], as one of four individuals representing music management; hairdresser [[Vidal Sassoon]], ballet dancer [[Rudolf Nureyev]], [[Ad Lib Club|Ad Lib]] club manager Brian Morris, and the [[Kray twins]]; as well as leading figures in interior decoration, [[pop art]], photography, fashion modelling, photographic design and creative advertising.<ref name="Brown&Gaines">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Peter|last2=Gaines|first2=Steven|title=The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles|publisher=New American Library|location=New York, NY|year=2002|orig-year=1983|isbn=978-0-451-20735-7|page=120}}</ref>

Bailey's photographs reflected the rise of working-class artists, entertainers and entrepreneurs that characterised London during this period. Writing in his 1967 book ''The Young Meteors'', journalist [[Jonathan Aitken]] described ''Box of Pin-Ups'' as "a [[Debrett's|Debrett]] of the new aristocracy".{{sfn|Bray|2014|pp=252–53}}

== Film ==
[[File:Mini-ature Parking Space - geograph.org.uk - 1169507.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mini]] became an icon of 1960s popular culture, and featured in the 1969 British caper film ''[[The Italian Job]]''.]]

The phenomenon was featured in many films of the time, including ''[[Darling (1965 film)|Darling]]'' (1965) starring [[Julie Christie]], ''[[The Pleasure Girls]]'' (1965),<ref name="Mitchell2011">{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Neil|title=World Film Locations: London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSFR3OIF5vUC&pg=PA66|year=2011|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-84150-484-1|page=66}}</ref> ''[[The Knack ...and How to Get It]]'' (1965), [[Michelangelo Antonioni]]'s ''[[Blowup]]'' (1966), ''[[Alfie (1966 film)|Alfie]]'' (1966) starring Michael Caine, ''[[Morgan: A Suitable Case for Treatment]]'' (1966), ''[[Georgy Girl]]'' (1966), ''[[Kaleidoscope (1966 film)|Kaleidoscope]]'' (1966), ''[[The Sandwich Man (1966 film)|The Sandwich Man]]'' (1966), ''[[The Jokers]]'' (1967), ''[[Casino Royale (1967 film)|Casino Royale]]'' (1967) starring [[Peter Sellers]], ''[[Smashing Time]]'' (1967), ''[[To Sir, with Love]]'' (1967), ''[[Bedazzled (1967 film)|Bedazzled]]'' (1967) starring [[Dudley Moore]] and [[Peter Cook]], ''[[Poor Cow]]'' (1967), ''[[I'll Never Forget What's'isname]]'' (1967), ''[[Up the Junction (1968 film)|Up the Junction]]'' (1968), ''[[Joanna (1968 film)|Joanna]]'' (1968), ''[[Otley (film)|Otley]]'' (1968), ''[[Interlude (1968 film)|Interlude]]'' (1968), ''[[The Strange Affair]]'' (1968), ''[[Baby Love (1968 film)|Baby Love]]'' (1968), ''[[The Touchables (film)|The Touchables]]'' (1968), ''[[Wonderwall (film)|Wonderwall]]'' (1968), ''[[Les Bicyclettes de Belsize]]'' (1968), ''[[All Neat in Black Stockings]]'' (1969), ''[[Two Gentlemen Sharing]]'' (1969), ''[[The Magic Christian (film)|The Magic Christian]]'' (1969), ''[[Performance (film)|Performance]]'' (1970), and ''[[Deep End (film)|Deep End]]'' (1970).<ref name="films">{{cite news|title=10 great films set in the swinging 60s|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-films-set-swinging-60s|agency=BFI.org|date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

The comedy films ''[[Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery]]'' (1997) and ''[[Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me]]'' (1999), written by and starring [[Mike Myers]], resurrected the imagery of the Swinging London scene (but were filmed in Hollywood), as did the 2009 film ''[[The Boat That Rocked]]''.<ref name="Storey">John Storey (2010). "Culture and Power in Cultural Studies: The Politics of Signification". p. 60. Edinburgh University Press</ref>

== Television ==
* The [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] spy-fi series ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]'' (1961–1969), particularly after it began broadcasting in colour, revelled in its Swinging Sixties setting.<ref>"[http://www.theweek.co.uk/64162/patrick-macnee-five-things-you-didnt-know-about-avengers-star Patrick Macnee: five things you didn't know about Avengers star]", ''The Week'', 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.</ref> In the 1967 episode "Dead Man's Treasure", [[Emma Peel]] (played by [[Diana Rigg]]) arrives in the archetypal English village of Swingingdale, dubbing it "''not'' very swinging".
* In the episode "Beauty Is an Ugly Word" (1966) of BBC's ''[[Adam Adamant Lives!]]'', Adamant ([[Gerald Harper]]), an [[Edwardian period|Edwardian]] adventurer suspended in time since 1902, was told, "This is London, 1966 – the swinging city."<ref>Dominic Sandbrook (2015). ''White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties''. Hatchett UK</ref>
* The [[BBC]] show ''[[Take Three Girls]]'' (1969) is noted for [[Liza Goddard]]'s first starring role, an evocative [[folk-rock]] theme song ("Light Flight" by [[Pentangle (band)|Pentangle]]), a [[West Kensington]] location, and scenes in which the heroines were shown dressing or undressing.<ref>{{cite book | title=Television's Strangest Moments: Extraordinary But True Tales from the History of Television | first1=Quentin | last1=Falk | first2=Ben | last2=Falk | publisher=[[Franz Steiner Verlag]] | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-86105-874-4 | page=78}}</ref>
* "Jigsaw Man", a 1968 episode of the detective series ''[[Man in a Suitcase]]'', opened with the announcement: "This is London … Swinging London."<ref>[http://ctva.biz/UK/ITC/ManInASuitcase.htm "Man in a Suitcase (1967–68)]". CTVA. Retrieved 10 November 2016</ref>

== Books ==

* ''[[How to Stay Married (book)|How to Stay Married]]'' by [[Jilly Cooper]] and ''[[Coronet Among the Weeds]]'' by [[Charlotte Bingham]] have bee compared due to their portrayals of London in this period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Irwin |first=Mary |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Love_Wars/tX9IEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22how+to+stay+married%22+jilly+cooper&pg=PA74&printsec=frontcover |title=Love Wars: Television Romantic Comedy |date=2025-02-20 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-78453-346-5 |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|1960s}}
* [[1960s in fashion]]
* [[Cool Britannia]], a Britain-wide phenomenon in the 1990s and 2000s
* [[Freakbeat]]
* [[Timeline of London (1900s)#1940 to 1949|Timeline of London 1940s–1990s]]
* [[UK underground]] – London 1960s counter-culture, or underground, scene
* [[Yé-yé]]
* [[Youthquake (movement)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Beard, Chris (Joe) (2014). ''Taking the Purple: The Extraordinary Story of The Purple Gang – Granny Takes a Trip … and All That''. print {{ISBN|978-0-9928671-0-2}} or online in Kindle format https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00KLOEOIO {{ISBN|978-0-9928671-1-9}}.
* {{cite book|first=Christopher|last=Bray|title=1965: The Year Modern Britain was Born|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XwyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT195|year=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=London|isbn=978-1-84983-387-5}}
* {{cite book | title=The Pendulum Years | year=1970 | isbn=978-0-224-61963-9 | last=Levin | first=Bernard | publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]] | author-link=Bernard Levin}}
* {{cite magazine|first=Ian|last=MacDonald|title=The Rolling Stones: Play With Fire|date=November 2002|magazine=[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]}} Available at [https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/the-rolling-stones-play-with-fire Rock's Backpages] (subscription required)
* {{cite book|last1=Margotin|first1=Philippe|last2=Guesdon|first2=Jean-Michel|year=2016|title=The Rolling Stones All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track|publisher=Running Press|isbn=978-0316317733}}
* {{cite book | title=Revolt into Style | year=1970 | isbn=978-0-7139-0166-5 | last=Melly | first=George | publisher=[[Penguin Books|Allen Lane]] | author-link=George Melly | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/revoltintostylep00mell }}
* {{cite book|chapter=The Rolling Stones|first=Tom|last=Moon|editor1-last=Brackett|editor1-first=Nathan|editor2-last=Hoard |editor2-first=Christian|title=[[The New Rolling Stone Album Guide]]|year=2004|publisher=Fireside|location=London|isbn=0-7432-0169-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Norman|first=Philip|author-link=Philip Norman (author)|title=The Stones|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|location=London|year=2001|isbn=0-283-07277-6}}
* {{cite book | title=Bomb Culture | year=1968 | isbn=978-0-261-62617-1 | last=Nuttall | first=Jeff | publisher=MacGibbon & Kee | author-link=Jeff Nuttall}}
* {{cite book | title=White Heat: A history of Britain in the swinging sixties | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-316-72452-4 | last=Sandbrook | first=Dominic | publisher=[[Little, Brown]] | author-link=Dominic Sandbrook}}
* {{cite book | title=Never Had It So Good: A history of Britain from Suez to the Beatles | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-316-86083-3 | last=Sandbrook | first=Dominic | publisher=[[Little, Brown]] | author-link=Dominic Sandbrook}}
* Salter, Tom (1970). ''Carnaby Street''. Margaret and Jack Hobbs, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, England. {{ISBN|978-0-85138-009-4}}.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/0-9/1960s-fashion/ |title= 1960s Fashion Feature, including biographies, interviews, clothing and resources}}

{{London history}}
{{Counterculture of the 1960s}}

[[Category:1960s fashion]]
[[Category:1960s in London]]
[[Category:Counterculture of the 1960s]]
[[Category:Culture in London]]
[[Category:Youth culture in the United Kingdom]]