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Sync sound
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{{short description|Sound recorded at the time of the filming of movies}} '''Sync sound''' (synchronized sound recording) refers to sound recorded at the time of the [[film]]ing of movies. It has been widely used in movies since the birth of [[sound film|sound movies]]. <ref>[http://www.wonderstruckthebook.com/essay_silent-to-sound.htm A Very Short History of the Transition from Silent to Sound Movies] at Wonderstruck</ref> ==History== Even in the silent film era, films were shown with sounds, often with musical accompaniment by a pianist or an orchestra keeping time with the screen action. The first synchronization was a turning recording device marked with a white spot. As the white spot rotated, the cameraman hand-cranked the camera to keep it in sync with the recording. The method was then repeated for playback, but with the projectionist hand cranking the film projector. "[[Single-system recording|Single-system]]" sound recorded sound optically to part of the original camera film, or magnetically to a stripe of magnetic coating along the film edge. {{cn|date=February 2016}} "[[Double-system recording|Double-system]]" sound used independent cameras and sound recorders. The first sync sound standard used recorders and cameras both powered by AC (alternating current) motors - essentially clock motors.<ref>Steven Ascher and Edward Pincus, ''The Filmmaker's Handbook'', Penguin, 1999</ref> Later the 50 Hz or 60 Hz sine wave, called a [[Pilottone]], was recorded on a second parallel track of an audio recorder. In double-system film, speed variations of camera and recorder, as well as the elasticity of the magnetic recording tape, requires some positive means of keying the dialogue to its appropriate film frame. The inclusion on the sound recorder of a second, parallel, sync or "Pilotone" track, has been the most common method in use until today. In video recording, synchronism is electronically generated and generally called dual-system sound <ref>[http://www.videomaker.com/article/c4/13523-dual-system-sound Dual-System Sound] β article at Videomaker</ref> On location, a camera is driven by a [[Direct current|DC]] motor, with some sort of governor control to hold it fairly accurate at [[24 fps]], a sync pulse generator geared to the movement or motor shaft could be employed to provide the sync pulse output. A cable conducts the sync pulse from camera to sound recorder. The sync pulse is typically a sine wave of 50 or 60 Hz with an [[RMS amplitude]] of approximately 1 volt.<ref>''American Cinematographer Manual'', Fourth Edition, p.183</ref> This double-system audio recording could then be transferred or "resolved" to sprocketed magnetic film, with sprocket holes that match one to one with the original camera film. These two sprocketed media could be run through a "[[Moviola]]" or flat-bed editing table such as the [[Steenbeck]] for synchronous sound editing. <ref>[http://www.nfsa.gov.au/preservation/glossary/mag-film Mag Film] β definition at [http://www.nfsa.gov.au/ Film & Sound]</ref> With the introduction of the [[Bulova]] "Accutron" watch that used a tuning fork as a time reference (watches later used an oscillating electronic crystal), the camera no longer needed to be connected to the sound recorder with a cable. The camera speed was controlled by one [[oscillator]], and a second oscillator in the recorder generated the Pilotone. This method was developed in the 1960s by pioneering filmmaker [[Richard Leacock]]. It was called [[Direct Cinema]]. Filmmakers abandoned the studio and went out on location to film, often with hand-held cameras. <ref>[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/masscomm84/masscomm84%20lectures/Cinema%20Verite.doc Cinema verite/Direct Cinema] β description at Berkley University</ref> In 1972, [[Bell & Howell]] brought out a consumer version of a double-system [[Super-8]] sound filmmaking system called "Filmosound". A [[compact cassette]] recorder was attached to the camera with a cable that transmitted a single pulse to the recorder every time a new frame of film was exposed in the camera. On playback, the cassette recorder pulse was used to control the projector speed. At that time, [[Richard Leacock|Ricky Leacock]], a professor in the [[MIT]] architecture department film section, developed a Super-8 film production system with a crystal-controlled camera, a crystal-generated Pilotone cassette recorder, a sprocketed magnetic film recorder, a flatbed editing table, and a projector. The MIT/Leacock System was funded with a $300,000 grant from the founder of [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]], [[Edwin Land]]. In 1973, the one-pulse-per-frame technique was used to control recording directly onto sprocketed magnetic film in the Super8 Sound Recorder.<ref>''Super8 Sound Catalog'', 1975 edition</ref> The Super8 Sound Recorder could also "resolve" sound that had been recorded onto cassette tape with this new "digital" sync pulse.<ref>[[Robert O. Doyle]], "The Need for Sync Sound Standards", ''American Cinematographer'', November 1975</ref> Today, [[digital video]] cameras and [[digital sound]] recorders synchronize electronically, being used for double-system video production. ==Pioneering films== * [[On the Bowery]] by [[Lionel Rogosin]] (1956) * [[Chronicle of a Summer]] by [[Jean Rouch]] (1958) * [[Les Raquetteurs]] by [[Michel Brault]] and [[Gilles Groulx ]] (1958) ==Sync sound in Asia== In [[Hong Kong]], sync sound was not widely used until the 1990s, as the generally noisy environment and lower production budgets made such a method impractical.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} [[India]]n [[Cinema of India|films]] shot using sync sound include the first Indian talkie ''[[Alam Ara]]'' released in 1931 and [[art house]] films such as [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Pather Panchali]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blue |first1=James |title=Interview: Satyajit Ray |url=https://www.filmcomment.com/article/interview-satyajit-ray/ |access-date=30 June 2019 |work=[[Film Comment]] |date=1 May 1968 |language=en}}</ref> The then popular [[Mitchell Camera|Mitchell camera]], which could be operated silently made it possible to shoot in sync sound. However, due to the change of shooting environments from studios to locations, as well as the surging popularity of the more portable but noisy [[Arri]] 2c camera,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Menon |first1=Rajeev |title=The bond between Indian cinematography and Arriflex |url=https://mindscreen.co.in/blog/bond-indian-cinematography-arriflex/ |publisher=Mindscreen Film Institute |date=27 October 2017}}</ref> shooting with sync sound became less common during the mid 60s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Subha |title=Through the lens of time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Through-the-lens-of-time/article16813437.ece |access-date=7 July 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 February 2010 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hariharan |first1=K. |title=An unsound crisis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/an-unsound-crisis/article3363921.ece |access-date=7 July 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 April 2012 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Thus, most Indian films, including [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]], shot after the 1960s do not use sync sound and for that very reason the 2001 films ''[[Lagaan]]'' and ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' were noted for its use.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=Savitha |title=Sound affair with cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/05/04/stories/0904022j.htm |access-date=30 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 May 2001}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The common practice in the Indian film industry, even today, is to [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dub]] the dialogues during post-production. == References == {{Reflist}} == See also == * [[Timecode]] {{Filmmaking}} [[Category:Film production]] [[Category:Film and video technology]] [[Category:Film editing]]
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