Editing T-70

{{Short description|1942 Soviet light tank}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = T-70
| image              = T-70, technical museum, Togliatti-1.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = T-70 at the technical museum in Togliatti
| origin             = [[Soviet Union]]
| type               = [[Light tank]]
<!-- Type selection -->| is_artillery       = 
| is_vehicle         = yes
| is_UK              = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1942—1948
| used_by            = [[Soviet Union]]<br/>[[Poland]]<br/>[[Czechoslovakia]]
| wars               = [[World War II]]
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = Nicholas Astrov
| design_date        = 1941—1942
| manufacturer       = Factory 37, [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Kirov]], [[GAZ]], Gorkiy, Factory 38, Kirov
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 1942—1943
| number             = 8,226
| variants           = [[T-80 light tank]]
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = T-70 model 1942<ref>Zaloga 1984, p 184.</ref>
| weight             = 9.2 tonnes
| length             = {{convert|4.29|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| width              = {{convert|2.32|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height             = {{convert|2.04|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| crew               = 2
<!-- Artillery specifications -->| elevation          = 
| traverse           = <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
| armour             = 10–60 mm
| primary_armament   = [[45 mm anti-tank gun M1932 (20-K)|45 mm 20K mod. 1932&ndash;34 tank gun]]
| secondary_armament = 7.62 mm [[DP-28|DT]] coaxial machine gun
| engine             = 2 × [[GAZ]]-202 (gasoline)
| engine_power       = 70 + 70 hp (52 + 52 kW)
| pw_ratio           = 15 hp/tonne
| transmission       = 
| suspension         = [[torsion bar]]
| clearance          = 
| fuel_capacity      = {{convert|440|L|usgal|abbr=on}}
| vehicle_range      = {{convert|360|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| speed              = {{convert|45|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
}}

The '''T-70''' is a [[light tank]] used by the [[Red Army]] during [[World War II]], replacing both the [[T-60]] scout [[tank]] for [[reconnaissance]] and the [[T-50 tank|T-50]] light infantry tank for [[infantry]] support.  The [[T-80 light tank]] was a more advanced version of the T-70 with a two-man turret—it was produced only in very small numbers when light tank production was abandoned.<ref name=russian-tanks-1>{{cite web|title=Soviet Tank T-70|url=http://russian-tanks.com/light-tanks4.php|website=russian-tanks.com|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref>  The '''T-90 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun''' was a prototype vehicle with twin machine guns, based on the T-70 chassis.

The T-70 was armed with a 45-mm L/46 gun Model 38 with forty-five rounds carried, and a [[Coaxial weapon|coaxial]] 7.62-mm [[DP-28|DT machine gun]]. The tank was operated by a driver and a commander who loaded and fired the gun.  Armour thickness on the turret front was 60&nbsp;mm, turret sides and rear: 35&nbsp;mm, hull front and sides: 45&nbsp;mm, roof and bottom: 10&nbsp;mm.
[[File:Танк Т-70 (Мелитополь, 2018).jpg|thumb|]]

== Production history ==
[[File:T-70 in Velikiy Novgorod.JPG|thumb|left|Model T-70 in [[Velikiy Novgorod]]]]

By 1942, [[light tank]]s were considered inadequate by the Red Army, unable to keep up with the [[T-34]] medium tank and unable to penetrate the armour of most German tanks, but they could be produced by small factories that were unable to handle the large components of medium and heavy tanks.  The T-70 was an attempt to remedy some of the shortcomings of the T-60 scout tank, which had very poor cross-country mobility, thin armour, and an inadequate 20-mm gun.  It also replaced the very short production run of the [[T-50 tank|T-50]] light infantry tank, which was more sophisticated, but also much more complicated and expensive to produce.

The T-70 was designed by [[Nicholas Astrov]]'s design team at [[Factory No. 38]] in [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Kirov]].

The first batch of T-70s were built with a GAZ-202 automotive engine on each side of the hull, one driving each [[caterpillar track|track]].  This arrangement was seen to be a serious problem, even before the first tanks were issued.  It was quickly redesigned as the T-70M (although it continued to be referred to as just ''T-70''), with the engines in-line on the right side of the tank and a normal transmission and differential.  The conical turret was replaced by one more easily welded out of plate armour, and moved to the left side of the hull.

Curiously, even after the T-70's production line was redesigned, [[SU-76]] self-propelled guns started to be built with the same unsatisfactory unsynchronized two-engine layout, and all of them were later recalled for factory rebuilding as SU-76Ms.

T-70s were put into production in March 1942 at  [[Zavod No. 37]], and along with T-60 production at [[GAZ]] and [[Zavod No. 38]].  They completely replaced T-60 production in September 1942, although that tank remained in use until the end of the war.  Production ended in October 1943, with 8,226 vehicles completed.

In April 1942, the conical turrets on early-production machines were replaced with new welded turrets.  The end of the T-70's production run was built with two 85-hp GAZ-203 engines, a [[Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV|Mark 4]] commander's [[periscope]] replacing a vision slit, and other improvements.

The T-70 remained in service until 1948.

=== Decline of light tanks ===
[[Image:T70 Parola Tank Museum 1.jpg|thumb|Rear view of the T-70 at the [[Parola Tank Museum]]]]

The one-man turret of the Soviet light tanks made co-ordinating a tank platoon nearly impossible, because the commanders were kept busy acquiring targets, loading and firing the main gun and machine gun, and commanding their drivers.

The [[infantry tank]] role was already considered obsolete.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} The SU-76 self-propelled gun was better suited for infantry support, its 76.2-mm gun capable of firing a larger high explosive [[Shell (projectile)|shell]]. Industrial resources could be redirected from light tanks to building SU-76s.

In an attempt to compensate, the [[T-80 light tank]] was designed, a more robust version of the T-70 with a two-man [[gun turret|turret]]. But there was enough [[lend-lease]] equipment available to fulfill the reconnaissance role of the light tanks, and [[Armored car (military)|armoured car]]s were better suited for light scouting and liaison. All light tank production was cancelled in October 1943, after only about 120 T-80s were built. No further light tanks would be built during the war.

In November 1943 Red Army tank [[Military unit|units]] were reorganized: light tanks were replaced by the T-34 and the new T-34-85 variant, which started production the following month. Light tanks continued to be used in self-propelled artillery and some other units.

The Soviets did start development work on an [[amphibious vehicle|amphibious]] light tank in 1945, resulting in the post-war [[PT-76]], introduced in 1954.

== Variants ==

*'''[[SU-76]] self-propelled gun''': [[tank destroyer]] with a 76mm [[76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3)|ZiS-3]] cannon mounted on a modified T-70 chassis.
*'''T-90 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun''': the Soviet Union lacked tracked, armoured [[self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon|self-propelled anti-aircraft guns]] at the beginning of World War II. The first serious design of a real air-defence vehicle was in 1942, when a twin 12.7&nbsp;mm [[DShK machine gun]] turret with optical sights was built for mounting on the [[T-60 scout tank]]. The T-70 became available in the meantime, and was adopted as the basis for the T-90 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. The program was cancelled in 1943, in favour of the [[ZSU-37]] 37&nbsp;mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, built on an SU-76 chassis.<ref>Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:119</ref> The ZSU-37 used the cannon developed for the [[M1939 37 mm anti-aircraft gun|M1939]] towed carriage.
* '''ZUT-37''': prototype anti-aircraft tank armed with a Sh-37 cannon. The tank passed field tests but was not accepted into production.

== See also ==

* [[List of Soviet tanks]] - covers all periods

== References ==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
* {{ cite book | first = Steven J. | last = Zaloga |author2=James Grandsen  | year = 1984 | title = Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two | publisher = Arms and Armour Press | location = London | isbn = 0-85368-606-8 }}

==External links==
{{Commons|T-70}}
* [http://www.wirtualne.muzeumbronipancernej.pl/ Full panorama of external and internal T-70] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108120345/http://www.wirtualne.muzeumbronipancernej.pl/ |date=2012-01-08 }}
* [http://www.wwiivehicles.com/ussr/tanks-light/t-70.asp T-70 Light Tanks] at WWIIVehicles.com
* [http://www.wwiitanks.co.uk/tankdata/1942-USSR-LightTank-T-70.php Specifications at WWIITanks.co.uk]
* [http://svsm.org/gallery/T-70 Photo gallery at svsm.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604225644/http://svsm.org/gallery/T-70 |date=2011-06-04 }}
*[http://legion-afv.narod.ru/Light-USSR.html  T-70 tanks], T-70 tanks in museum and monuments
{{WWIISovietAFVs}}

[[Category:Light tanks of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:World War II tanks of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:GAZ Group military vehicles]]
[[Category:Reconnaissance vehicles]]
[[Category:World War II light tanks]]
[[Category:Light tanks of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944]]