Editing T. C. Hsu

{{Infobox scientist
| image = <!--(filename only)-->
| birth_name = Hsu Tao-Chiuh (徐道覺)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1917|4|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Shaoxing]], [[Zhejiang]], China
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|7|9|1917|4|17|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Houston, Texas]], USA
<!--| citizenship =  use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] (Probably USA)-->
| fields = Cytogenetics
| workplaces = 
| education = [[Zhejiang University]], [[University of Texas at Austin]] (PhD 1951)
| thesis_title = <!--(or | thesis1_title = and | thesis2_title = )-->
| thesis_url = <!--(or | thesis1_url = and | thesis2_url = )-->
| thesis_year = <!--(or | thesis1_year = and | thesis2_year = )-->
| doctoral_advisor = <!--(or | doctoral_advisors = )-->
| known_for = Use of the hypotonic solution to observe each chromosome individually
}}
'''T.C. Hsu''' ({{zh|t=徐道覺|s=徐道觉|p=Xú Dàojué}}; 17 April 1917 – 9 July 2003), was a [[Chinese American]] [[cell biologist]]. He was the 13th president of [[American Society for Cell Biology]], and known as the ''Father of Mammalian Cytogenetics''.<ref>[http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=224037&Ausgabe=230069&ArtikelNr=78954&filename=78954.pdf T.C. Hsu: In memory of a rare scientist]</ref>

== Life ==
Hsu was born '''Hsu Tao-Chiuh''' in [[Shaoxing]], [[Zhejiang]], [[China]]. He did his undergraduate and postgraduate studies in the College of Agricultural Sciences, [[Zhejiang University]]. 1948, he went to USA, and obtained PhD from the [[University of Texas at Austin]] in 1951{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}. Hsu worked in the laboratory of Charles Pomerat at the [[University of Texas Medical Branch]] during the early 1950s{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}.

Since the turn of the twentieth century, chromosomes prepared on microscope slides formed clumps that made it extremely difficult to distinguish them. Although the preparations made the identification of individual chromosomes difficult, by the 1920s, cytologists consistently reported a [[Ploidy|diploid]] number of 48 human chromosomes.<ref>Gartler, S. M. (2006). The chromosome number in humans: A brief history. ''Nature Reviews—Genetics'', '''7''', 655-660.</ref><ref>Kevles, D. J. (1985). ’’In the name of eugenics: Genetics and the uses of human heredity’’. New York: Knopf.</ref> In April 1952, Hsu discovered a technique—the hypotonic solution—that separated the clumped chromosomes, thereby allowing him to observe each one individually <ref>Hsu, T. C. (1952). Mammalian chromosomes in vitro I: The karyotype of man. ''Journal of Heredity'', '''43''', 167-172.</ref><ref>Hsu T.C., & Pomerat, C.M. (1953). Mammalian chromosomes in vitro II: A method for spreading the chromosomes of cells in tissue culture. ''Journal of Heredity'', '''44''', 23-29.</ref><ref>Hsu, T. C. (1979). ''Human and mammalian cytogenetics: An historical perspective''. New York: Springer-Verlag</ref> Even though he now could distinguish human chromosomes to a much greater degree than his predecessors, Hsu still reported a diploid number of 48 human chromosomes (see Figure 14 in his 1952 paper). The correct diploid chromosome number of 46 human chromosomes was first reported three years later by [[Joe Hin Tjio]] and [[Albert Levan]].<ref>Tjio J. H., & Levan A. (1956). “[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1956.tb03010.x/pdf The chromosome number of man].” “Hereditas”, ’”42”’. 1–6.</ref>

[[Bryan Sykes]] describes Hsu and the diploid chromosome number in his book ''[[Adam's Curse]]''.<ref>{{Citation
|title=Adam's Curse: A Future Without Men
|first=Bryan
|last=Sykes
|year=2003
|publisher=Bantam
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6EPt17qeEC
|isbn=978-0-593-05004-0
}} </ref>

Hsu was president of the [[American Society for Cell Biology]] and served on the faculty at M.D. Anderson for more than 30 years. He was a UTMB GSBS Distinguished Alumnus Award recipient in 1996. He is also a recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

His autobiography was published in the ''American Journal of Medical Genetics'' '''59''':304-325 (1995).

He died in [[Houston, Texas]], USA.

==See also==
*[[Cytogenetics]]
*[[Karyotype]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040909072854/http://cse.nias.affrc.go.jp/shignak/chromosome.net/tchsu.html Announcement of death]
*[http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=224037&Ausgabe=230069&ArtikelNr=78954&filename=78954.pdf Obituary] by S. Pathak for journal ''[[Cytogenetics and Genome Research]]''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070715083932/http://www.ascb.org/index.cfm?navid=111&id=1440&tcode=nws3 Obituary] by Bill R. Brinkley for the [[American Society for Cell Biology]]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hsu, T. C.}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Chinese geneticists]]
[[Category:Chinese emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Zhejiang University alumni]]
[[Category:Educators from Shaoxing]]
[[Category:University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center faculty]]
[[Category:Scientists from Shaoxing]]
[[Category:Biologists from Zhejiang]]