Editing Tagalog Republic

{{Short description|Filipino revolutionary governments during the wars with the Spanish Empire and the U.S.}}
'''Tagalog Republic''' ({{langx|fil|Republikang Tagalog}}; {{langx|es|República Tagala}})  is a term used to refer to two [[Revolutionary government in the Philippines|revolutionary governments]] involved in the [[Philippine Revolution]] against the [[Spanish Empire]] and the [[Philippine–American War]]. Both were connected to the ''[[Katipunan]]'' revolutionary movement.

==Etymology==
The term ''Tagalog'' commonly refers to both [[Tagalog people|an ethno-linguistic group]] in the [[Philippines]] and [[Tagalog language|their language]]. ''Katagalugan'' often refers to the Tagalog-speaking regions of the island of [[Luzon]] in the Philippine archipelago.

However, the ''Katipunan'' secret society extended the meaning of these terms to all of the natives in the Philippine islands. The society's primer explains its use of ''Tagalog'' in a footnote:<ref name = "guerrero1">{{Citation
  | last1 = Guerrero
  | first1 = Milagros
  | last2 = Encarnacion
  | first2 = Emmanuel
  | last3 = Villegas
  | first3 = Ramon
  | title = Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution
  | journal = Sulyap Kultura
  | volume = 1
  | issue = 2
  | pages = 3–12
  | publisher = National Commission for Culture and the Arts
  | year = 2003
  | url = http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/andres-bonifacio-and-the-1896-revolution/
  | access-date = 2016-07-20
  | archive-date = 2017-02-11
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170211184657/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/andres-bonifacio-and-the-1896-revolution/
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref><ref name = "guerrero2">{{Citation
  | last = Guerrero
  | first = Milagros
  | last2 = Schumacher, S.J.
  | first2 = John
  | title = Reform and Revolution
  | publisher = Asia Publishing Company Limited
  | volume = 5
  | series = Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People
  | year = 1998
  | isbn = 962-258-228-1
  | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9-ZSAAAACAAJ
  }}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" | Original writing
! scope="col" | Modern [[Manila]] Tagalog translation
! scope="col" | English translation
|-
|''Sa salitáng tagalog katutura’y ang lahát nang tumubo sa Sangkapuluáng itó; sa makatuid, [[Visayan people|bisaya]] man, [[Ilocano people|iloko]] man, [[Kapampangan people|kapangpangan]] man, etc., ay tagalog din.''
|''Ang salitang Tagalog ay tumutukoy sa lahat ng ipinanganak sa kapuluang ito; samakatuwid, Bisaya man, Ilokano man, Kapampangan man, etc. ay Tagalog din.''
|The word ''Tagalog'' refers to all of those born in this archipelago; therefore, even ''Visayans'', ''Ilocanos'', ''Kapampangans'', etc. are also Tagalogs.
|-
|}
The revolutionary Carlos Ronquillo wrote in his memoirs:<ref name="guerrero1" /><ref name = "guerrero2" />
{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" | Original writing
! scope="col" | Modern Manila Tagalog translation
! scope="col" | English translation
|-
|''Ang tagalog o lalong malinaw, ang tawag na "tagalog" ay waláng ibáng kahulugán kundi ‘tagailog’ na sa tuwirang paghuhulo ay taong maibigang manirá sa tabíng ilog, bagay na 'di maikakaila na siyáng talagáng hilig ng tanang anák ng Pilipinas, saa’t saán mang pulo at bayan.''
|''Ang Tagalog o lalong malinaw, ang tawag na "Tagalog" ay walang ibang kahulugan kundi 'taga-ilog' na sa tuwirang pinanggalingan ay taong mahilig tumira sa tabing ilog, bagay na 'di maitatanggi na siyang talagang hilig ng lahat ng anak ng Pilipinas, saan mang pulo (o isla) at bayan.''
|''Tagalog'', or more precisely, the name ''"Tagalog"'', has no other meaning but '''tagailog''' which, directly to its root, refers to those who prefer to settle along rivers, truly a trait that cannot be denied to all those who are the children of the Philippines, in whichever island and town.
|-
|}
{{History of the Philippines}}

In this respect, ''Katagalugan'' may be translated as the "Tagalog nation."<ref name="guerrero1" /><ref name = "guerrero2" />

[[Andrés Bonifacio]], a founding member of the ''Katipunan'' and later its supreme head (''Supremo''), promoted the use of ''Katagalugan'' for the Philippine nation. The term "Filipino" was then reserved for Spaniards born in the islands. By eschewing "[[Filipinos|Filipino]]" and "Filipinas" which had colonial roots, Bonifacio and his cohorts "sought to form a national identity."<ref name="guerrero1" />

In 1896, the Philippine Revolution broke out after the discovery of the ''Katipunan'' by the authorities. Prior to the outbreak of hostilities, the Katipunan had become an open revolutionary government.<ref name="guerrero1" /><ref name="agoncillo">{{harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=177–179}}</ref><ref name="zaide">{{Citation
|author-link=Gregorio Zaide
|last=Zaide
|first=Gregorio
|title=Philippine History and Government
|publisher=National Bookstore Printing Press
|year=1984
}}</ref> The American historian [[John R. M. Taylor]], custodian of the ''Philippine Insurgent Records'', wrote:

{{cquote|The ''Katipunan'' came out from the cover of secret designs, threw off the cloak of any other purpose, and stood openly for the independence of the Philippines. Bonifacio turned his lodges into battalions, his grandmasters into captains, and the supreme council of the ''Katipunan'' into the insurgent government of the Philippines.<ref name="guerrero1" /><ref name = "guerrero2" />}}

Several Filipino historians concur. According to [[Gregorio Zaide]]:

{{cquote|The ''Katipunan'' was more than a secret revolutionary society; it was, withal, a Government. It was the intention of Bonifacio to have the ''Katipunan'' govern the whole Philippines after the overthrow of Spanish rule.<ref name="guerrero1" /><ref name="zaide" />}}

Likewise, [[Renato Constantino]] and others wrote that the ''Katipunan'' served as a shadow government.<ref name = "constantino">{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=179–181}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Borromeo|Borromeo-Buehler|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA25#PPA25,M1 25]}} (Item 3 in the list, referring to Note 41 at p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA61#PPA61,M1 61], citing {{Harvnb|Guerrero|Encarnacion|Villegas|2003}});<br />
^ {{Harvnb|Borromeo|Borromeo-Buehler|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA26 26]}}, "Formation of a revolutionary government";<br />
^ {{Harvnb|Borromeo|Borromeo-Buehler|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA135#PPA135,M1 135]}} (in "Document G", ''Account of Mr. Briccio Brigado Pantas'').</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Halili|Halili|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA138#PPA138 138–139]}}.</ref><ref>{{citation
|last=Severino
|first=Howie
|title=Bonifacio for (first) president
|date=November 27, 2007
|publisher=GMA News
|url=http://blogs.gmanews.tv/sidetrip/blog/?/archives/301-Bonifacio-for-first-president.html
|access-date=July 6, 2009
|archive-date=September 3, 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903173515/http://blogs.gmanews.tv/sidetrip/blog/?%2Farchives%2F301-Bonifacio-for-first-president.html
|url-status=dead
}}.</ref>

Influenced by [[Freemasonry]], the ''Katipunan'' had been organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership".<ref name="guerrero1" /> For each province it involved, the Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils<!--(''Sangguniang Bayan'')--><ref name="guerrero2" /> which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level"<ref name="guerrero1" /> and local councils<!--(''Panguluhang Bayan'')-->,<ref name="guerrero2" /> in charge of affairs "on the district or [[barrio]] level".<ref name="guerrero1" />

==Bonifacio==
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = ''Haring Bayang Katagalugan''<br />''Republika ng Katagalugan''
| conventional_long_name = Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People<br />Republic of the Tagalog People
| common_name            = Sovereign Tagalog Nation<br />Tagalog Republic
| status                 = [[List of historical unrecognized countries|Unrecognized state]]
| year_start             = 1896
| year_end               = 1897
| date_start             = 23 August
| date_end               = 10 May
| event_start            = [[Cry of Pugad Lawin]]
| event1                 = [[Battle of San Juan del Monte|Battle of Pinaglabanan]]
| date_event1            = 30 August 1896
| event2                 = [[Battle of Imus|Siege of Imus]]
| date_event2            = 1 September 1896
| event3                 = [[José Rizal#Execution|Execution of José Rizal]]
| date_event3            = 30 December 1896
| event4                 = [[Imus Assembly]]
| date_event4            = 31 December 1896
| event5                 = [[Tejeros Convention]]
| date_event5            = 22 March 1897
| event_end              = [[Andrés Bonifacio#Arrest, trial and execution|Execution of Andrés Bonifacio]]
| p1                     = Captaincy General of the Philippines
| flag_p1                = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg
| s1                     = Captaincy General of the Philippines
| flag_s1                = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg
| s2                     = Tejeros Convention#Election results{{!}}Tejeros Government
| flag_s2                = Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg
| image_flag             = Battle Flag of Tagalog Republic.svg
| image_coat             = Seal of Tagalog Republic.svg
| flag_type              = Flag
| symbol_type            = Seal
| other_symbol           = [[File:Seal of Supreme Council of Haring Bayang Katagalugan.svg|100px|Seal of Supreme Council of Haring Bayang Katagalugan]]
| other_symbol_type      = Seal of the Supreme Council
| national_anthem        = ''[[Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan|Marangál na Dalit ng̃ Katagalugan]]''<br /><small>("Honorable Hymn of the Tagalog Nation")</small>
| capital                = 
| government_type        = [[Revolutionary republic]]
| common_languages       = [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Philippine languages]]
| title_leader           = Supreme President (Kataas-taasang Pangulo) /<br />President of the Sovereign Nation (Pangulo ng Haring Bayan)
| leader1                = [[Andrés Bonifacio]]
| year_leader1           = 1896–1897
| legislature            = Kataas-taasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council)
| era                    = Philippine Revolution
| currency               = [[Peso]]
}}
In the last days of August 1896, ''Katipunan'' members met in Caloocan and decided to start their revolt<ref name="guerrero1" /> (the event was later called the "[[Cry of Balintawak]]" or "Cry of [[Pugad Lawin]]"; the exact location and date are disputed). A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council of the Katipunan held elections, with the following results:<ref name="guerrero1" /><ref name="guerrero2" />

{|class=wikitable
|-
! Position !! Name
|-
| Supreme President ('' Kataas-taasang Pangulo'', ''Presidente Supremo'') || [[Andrés Bonifacio]]
|-
| Secretary of War || [[Teodoro Plata]]
|-
| Secretary of State || [[Emilio Jacinto]]
|-
| Secretary of the Interior || Aguedo del Rosario
|-
| Secretary of Justice|| Briccio Pantas
|-
| Secretary of Finance|| Enrique Pacheco
|}

The above was divulged to the Spanish by the ''Katipunan'' member [[Pío Valenzuela]] while in captivity.<ref name="guerrero1" /><ref name="guerrero2" /> [[Teodoro Agoncillo]] thus wrote:
[[File:Andrés Bonifacio.jpg|150px|thumb|left|"Presidente" Bonifacio in ''La Ilustración Española y Americana'', February 8, 1897]]
{{cquote|Immediately before the outbreak of the revolution, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into a government revolving around a ‘cabinet’ composed of men of his confidence.<ref>{{harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=152}}</ref>
}}

Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert:

{{cquote|As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the planning of military strategies and the preparation of orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses against the nation, as well as mediated in political disputes. He directed generals and positioned troops in the fronts. On the basis of command responsibility, all victories and defeats all over the archipelago during his term of office should be attributed to Bonifacio.<ref name="guerrero1" />}}

One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving ''Katipunan'' documents: ''Haring Bayang Katagalugan'' ("Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") - sometimes shortened into ''Haring Bayan'' ("Sovereign Nation"). ''Bayan'' may be rendered as "nation" or "people". The term ''haring bayan'' (sometimes ''haringbayan'') was Bonifacio's [[neologism]] which sought to express and adapt in native terms the Western concept of "republic", from Latin ''[[res publica]]'', meaning public thing or [[commonwealth]]. Since ''haring bayan'' means both "sovereign nation" and "sovereign people", where sovereign power is held by the nation/people, his concept was essentially democratic and republican in nature.<ref name="guerrero1" /><ref name="guerrero2" />
 
Thus Bonifacio is named as the president of the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue of the Spanish periodical ''[[La Ilustración Española y Americana]]'' published in February 1897 (''"Andrés Bonifacio - Titulado "Presidente" de la República Tagala"''). Another name for Bonifacio's government was ''Repúblika ng Katagalugan'' (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a picture of a rebel seal published in the same periodical the next month.<ref name="guerrero1" /><ref name="guerrero2" />

Official letters and one appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows:<ref name="guerrero1" /><ref name="guerrero2" />

* President of the Supreme Council
* Supreme President
* President of the Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan / Sovereign Tagalog Nation
* President of the Sovereign Nation, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution
* Office of the Supreme President, Government of the Revolution

An 1897 power struggle at the [[Imus Assembly]] in [[Cavite]] led to command of the revolution shifting at the [[Tejeros Convention]], where a new insurgent government was formed with [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] as president. Bonifacio refused to recognize the new government after his election as Director of the Interior was questioned by [[Daniel Tirona]]. This led to the [[Acta de Tejeros]], the [[Naic Military Agreement]] and Bonifacio's [[Andrés Bonifacio#Arrest, trial and execution|trial and execution]].

==Sakay==
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = ''Republika ng Katagalugan''<br />''Republika ng Kapuluang Katagalugan''
| conventional_long_name = Republic of the Tagalog Nation<br />Republic of the Archipelago of the Tagalog Nation
| common_name            = Tagalog Republic
| status                 = [[List of historical unrecognized countries|Unrecognized state]]
| empire                 = United States
| status_text            = 
| year_start             = 1902
| year_end               = 1906
| date_start             = 6 May
| date_end               = 14 July
| event_start            = Declaration of Independence
| event_end              = Surrender of [[Macario Sakay]]
| p1                     = United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands
| flag_p1                = US flag 45 stars.svg
| s1                     = Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
| flag_s1                = Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg
| national_anthem        = ''[[Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan]]''
| image_flag             = Flag of the Katagalugan Republic.svg
| flag_type              = Flag
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of the Republic of the Tagalog Nation.svg
| capital                = [[Morong, Rizal|Morong]]
| government_type        = [[Provisional government]]
| title_leader           = President
| leader1                = [[Macario Sakay]]
| year_leader1           = 1902–1906
| title_deputy           = Vice President
| deputy1                = [[Francisco Carreón]]
| year_deputy1           = 1902–1906
| era                    = Philippine–American War
| currency               = 
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
| today                  = [[Philippines]]
}}

After Emilio Aguinaldo and his men were captured by the US forces in 1901, General [[Macario Sakay]], a veteran ''Katipunan'' member, re-established in 1902 the Tagalog Republic ({{langx|tl|Republika ng Katagalugan}}, or ''Republika ng Kapuluang Katagalugan'', ''kapuluan'' referring to the entire Philippine archipelago, as in "Philippine Islands" or "Islas Filipinas") as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan government in contrast to Aguinaldo's Republic. Sakay was based in the mountains of Morong (today, the province of [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]]), and held the [[President (government title)|presidency]] with [[Francisco Carreón]] as [[vice president]].<ref name="antonio abad">{{cite book|last=Kabigting Abad|first=Antonio|title=General Macario L. Sakay: Was He a Bandit or a Patriot?|year=1955|publisher=J. B. Feliciano and Sons Printers-Publishers}}</ref> In April 1904, Sakay issued a manifesto declaring Filipino right to [[self-determination]] at a time when support for [[independence]] was considered a crime by the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|American colonial government]].<ref name="Sakay1">
{{Cite web
 |url         = http://www.bibingka.com/phg/sakay/default.htm
 |title       = Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?
 |first       = Paul
 |last        = Flores
 |access-date  = 2007-04-08
 |date        = August 12, 1995
 |publisher   = Philippine History Group of Los Angeles
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609060908/http://www.bibingka.com/phg/sakay/default.htm
 |archive-date = June 9, 2007
}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable
|-
! Position !! Name
|-
| Supreme President || [[Macario Sakay]]
|-
| Vice President || [[Francisco Carreón]]
|-
| Minister of War || Domingo Moriones
|-
| Minister of the Government || Alejandro Santiago
|-
| Minister of State || Nicolás Rivera
|}
The republic ended in 1906 when Sakay and his leading followers surrendered on July 14 to the American authorities upon being promised [[amnesty]] and being convinced of the need for a [[Philippine Assembly]] as a peaceful "gate to liberty". Instead they were arrested days later at a welcoming reception party in Cavite, imprisoned at the Old [[Bilibid Prison]] in Manila, and the following year executed for [[banditry]].<ref name=Sakay1/>  Some of its survivors escaped to Japan to be joined with [[Artemio Ricarte]], an exiled Katipunan veteran, who later returned to support the [[Second Philippine Republic]], a client state of Japan, during World War II.<ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://archive.org/details/filipinojuntainh00bell|title=The Filipino Junta in Hong Kong, 1898–1903: history of a revolutionary organization|last=Bell|first=Ronald Kenneth|publisher=Naval Postgraduate School|date=April 1974|pages=127–129 (270–275 in PDF)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1906/nov1906/gr_l-2189_1906.html|title=G.R. No. L-2189: The United States, plaintiff-appellee, vs. Francisco Bautista, et al., defendants-appellants.|date=November 3, 1906|publisher=The Lawphil Project}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Tejeros Convention#Finalized government|Tejeros revolutionary government]]
*[[List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Citation
|last=Agoncillo
|first=Teodoro
|author-link=Teodoro Agoncillo
|title=History of the Filipino People
|year=1990
|edition=8th
|orig-year=1960
|publisher=R.P. Garcia Publishing Company
|isbn=971-10-2415-2
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod
}}
*{{Citation
|last1=Borromeo
|first1=Soledad Masangkay
|last2=Borromeo-Buehler
|first2=Soledad
|title=The cry of Balintawak: a contrived controversy : a textual analysis with appended documents
|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press
|year=1998
|isbn=978-971-550-278-8
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C
|postscript=.
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Constantino
|first=Renato
|author-link=Renato Constantino
|title=The Philippines: A Past Revisited
|year=1975
|isbn=971-8958-00-2
|postscript=.
}}
*{{Citation
|last1=Halili
|first1=Christine N
|last2=Halili
|first2=Maria Christine
|title=Philippine History
|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.
|year=2004
|isbn=978-971-23-3934-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC
|postscript=.
}}
{{Refend}}

{{Philippine Revolution}}
{{Calabarzon}}

<!--Sakay-->

{{coord missing|Philippines}}

[[Category:Former countries in Philippine history]]
[[Category:Former unrecognized countries]]
[[Category:Former republics]]
[[Category:History of Calabarzon]]
[[Category:Philippine–American War]]
[[Category:Philippine Revolution]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1896]]<!--Bonifacio-->
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1902]]
[[Category:1896 establishments in the Philippines]]
[[Category:1896 establishments in the Spanish East Indies]]
[[Category:1903 disestablishments in the Philippines]]