Editing Tarantula Nebula

{{Short description|H II region in the constellation Dorado}}

{{Infobox nebula
| name = Tarantula Nebula
| image = File:Tarantula Nebula by JWST.jpg
| caption= [[James Webb Space Telescope]]'s [[NIRCam]] view of the Tarantula Nebula
| credit = TRAPPIST/E. Jehin/ESO
| epoch = [[Epoch (astronomy)#Julian years and J2000|J2000]]
| type = H II REGION
| ra = {{RA|05|38|38}}<ref name="simbad">{{cite simbad
  | title=NAME 30 Dor Nebula
  | access-date=2006-12-22}}</ref>
| dec = {{DEC|-69|05.7}}<ref name="simbad" />
| dist_ly = {{nowrap|[[1 E21 m|160 ± 10]] k}}
| dist_pc = {{nowrap|49 ± 3<ref name="seds">{{cite web
  | website=SEDS Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
  | title=Results for Tarantula Nebula
  | quote=30 Doradus .. 49 kpc +- 3 kpc
  | url=http://messier.seds.org/xtra/ngc/n2070.html
  | access-date=2007-05-08}}</ref><ref name="Lebouteilleretal2008">{{Cite journal
 | bibcode = 2008ApJ...680..398L
 | title = Chemical Composition and Mixing in Giant H II Regions: NGC 3603, 30 Doradus, and N66
 | date = June 2008
 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal
 | volume = 680
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 398–419
 | doi = 10.1086/587503
 | display-authors = 4
 | author = Lebouteiller, V.
 | author2 = Bernard-Salas, J.
 | author3 = Brandl, B.
 | author4 = Whelan, D. G.
 | author5 = Wu, Yanling
 | author6 = Charmandaris, V.
 | author7 = Devost, D.
 | author8 = Houck, J. R.
 |arxiv = 0710.4549 | s2cid = 16924851
 }}</ref> k}}
| appmag_v = +8<ref name="seds"/>
| size_v = 40′ × 25′<ref name="seds"/>
| constellation  = [[Dorado]]
| radius_ly = 931<ref name="seds"/><ref>distance × sin( diameter_angle / 2 ) = 931 ly. radius</ref>
| absmag_v =
| notes = In [[Large Magellanic Cloud|LMC]]
| names = NGC&nbsp;2070,<ref name="seds"/> Doradus&nbsp;Nebula,<ref name="simbad" /> Dor&nbsp;Nebula,<ref name="simbad" /> [[Johann Elert Bode|30]]&nbsp;Doradus
}}
The '''Tarantula Nebula''' (also known as '''30 Doradus''') is a large [[H II region]] in the [[Large Magellanic Cloud]] (LMC), forming its south-east corner (from [[Earth|Earth's]] perspective).

==Discovery==
[[File:Hubble WFC3 30 Doradus Zoom.ogv|thumb|left|upright=1.2|The brilliant stars in the Tarantula Nebula unleash a torrent of ultraviolet light and stellar winds that etch away at the hydrogen gas cloud in which the stars were born.]]
The Tarantula Nebula was observed by [[Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille]] during an expedition to the Cape of Good Hope between 1751 and 1753. He cataloged it as the second of the "[[Nebulae of the First Class]]", "Nebulosities not accompanied by any star visible in the telescope of two feet". It was described as a diffuse nebula 20' across.<ref name=lacaille>{{cite journal|bibcode=1969JBAA...79..213J|title=The search for the nebulae - VI|journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association|volume=79|pages=213|last1=Jones|first1=K. G.|year=1969}}</ref>

[[Johann Elert Bode|Johann Bode]] included the Tarantula in his 1801 ''Uranographia'' star atlas and listed it in the accompanying ''Allgemeine Beschreibung und Nachweisung der Gestirne'' catalog as number&nbsp;30 in the constellation "Xiphias or Dorado". Instead of being given a stellar magnitude, it was noted to be nebulous.<ref name=bode>{{cite book |first=J.E. |last=Bode |author-link=Johann Elert Bode |year=1801 |title=Allgemeine Beschreibung und Nachweisung der Gestirne: Nebst Verzeichniss der geraden Aufsteigung und Abweichung von 17240 Sternen, Doppelsternen, Nebelflecken und Sternhaufen:(zu dessen Uranographie gehörig) |publisher=Selbstverl. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUlRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 |via=Google  }}</ref>

The name Tarantula Nebula arose in the mid-20th&nbsp;century from its appearance in deep photographic exposures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Feast |first1=M.W. |year=1961 |title=A study of the 30&nbsp;Doradus region of the Large Magellanic Cloud |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=122 |pages=1–16 |bibcode=1961MNRAS.122....1F |doi=10.1093/mnras/122.1.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

30 Doradus has often been treated as the designation of a star,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pickering |first1=E.C. |last2=Fleming |first2=W.P. |year=1897 |title=Large Magellanic Cloud |journal=Astrophysical Journal|volume=6 |pages=459 |doi=10.1086/140426  |bibcode=1897ApJ.....6..459P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |editor1=A.C.D.C. |editor2=W.E.P. |editor3=A.E. |editor4=W.S. |editor5=T.G.E. |editor6=A.S.W. |editor7=A.M.W.D. |editor8=A.M.C. |editor9=T.L. |editor10=A.S.D.E. |editor11=A.L.C. |editor12=A.A. |display-editors=6 |date=February 1893 |department=''Stars having peculiar spectra'' (p.&nbsp;274) |title=Notes on some points connected with the progress of astronomy during the past year |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |series=Report of the Council to the Seventy Third Annual Meeting |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=263–297, esp. p.&nbsp;274 |doi=10.1093/mnras/53.4.263 |doi-access=free |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-pdf/53/4/263/3846436/mnras53-0263.pdf |via=oup.com |quote=Discovered by {{nobr|Mr. A.E. Douglass,}} at Arequipa, Peru. }}</ref> or of the central star cluster [[NGC 2070]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Andersen |first1=M. |last2=Zinnecker |first2=H. |last3=Moneti|first3=A. |last4=McCaughrean |first4=M.J. |last5=Brandl |first5=B. |last6=Brandner |first6=W. |last7=Meylan |first7=G. |last8=Hunter |first8=D. |display-authors=6 |year=2009 |title=The low-mass initial mass function in the 30&nbsp;Doradus starburst cluster |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=707 |issue=2 |pages=1347–1360 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/1347 |bibcode=2009ApJ...707.1347A |arxiv = 0911.2755 |s2cid=118467387}}</ref> but is now generally treated as referring to the whole nebula area of the Tarantula Nebula.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Walborn |first=N.R. |year=1984 |title=The stellar content of 30&nbsp;Doradus |conference=IAU Symposium |volume=108 |pages=243–253 |publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]] |doi=10.1017/S0074180900040328 |bibcode=1984IAUS..108..243W |isbn=978-90-277-1723-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aguirre |first1=J.E. |last2=Bezaire |first2=J.J. |last3=Cheng |first3=E.S. |last4=Cottingham |first4=D.A. |last5=Cordone |first5=S.S. |last6=Crawford |first6=T.M. |last7=Fixsen |first7=D.J. |last8=Knox |first8=L. |last9=Meyer |first9=S.S. |last10=Norgaard-Nielsen |first10=H.U. |last11=Silverberg |first11=R.F. |last12=Timbie |first12=P. |last13=Wilson |first13=G.W. |display-authors=6 |year=2003 |title=The spectrum of integrated millimeter flux of the Magellanic clouds and 30&nbsp;Doradus from top ''hat'' and DIRBE data |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=596 |issue=1 |pages=273–286 |bibcode=2003ApJ...596..273A |arxiv = astro-ph/0306425 |s2cid=14291665 |doi=10.1086/377601 }}</ref>

==Properties==
[[File:30 Doradus, Tarantula Nebula.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Hubble's high resolution view of the star-forming region of Tarantula Nebula and the [[R136]] [[super star cluster]] at its center]]
The Tarantula Nebula has an [[apparent magnitude]] of 8. Considering its distance of about 49 [[Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs|kpc]]<ref name="seds"/><!-- please calculate light years from parsecs correctly --> (160,000 [[light-year]]s), this is an extremely luminous non-stellar object. Its [[Luminosity#In astronomy|luminosity]] is so great that if it were as close to [[Earth]] as the [[Orion Nebula]], the Tarantula Nebula would cast visible [[Shadow|shadows]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.noao.edu/news/2011/pr1102.php | title=National Optical Astronomy Observatory Press Release: NEIGHBOR GALAXY CAUGHT STEALING STARS}}</ref> In fact, it is the most active [[starburst region]] known in the [[Local Group]] of [[Galaxy|galaxies]].

It is also one of the [[List of largest nebulae|largest H II regions]] in the [[Local Group]] with an estimated diameter around 200 to 570 [[Parsec|pc]] (650 to 1860 light years),<ref name="seds"/><ref name="Lebouteilleretal2008" /> and also because of its very large size, it is sometimes described as the largest. However, other H II regions such as [[NGC 604]], which is in the [[Triangulum Galaxy]], could be larger.<ref name="Lebouteilleretal2008" /> The nebula resides on the leading edge of the LMC where [[ram pressure]] stripping, and the compression of the [[interstellar medium]] likely resulting from this, is at a maximum.

==NGC 2070==
[[File:ESO - Eso1030a (by).jpg|thumb|right|Detail of [[RMC 136a]], cluster NGC 2070]]
30 Doradus has at its centre the star cluster [[NGC 2070]] which includes the compact concentration of [[Star|stars]] known as [[R136]]<ref name="Massey">{{Cite journal | bibcode = 1998ApJ...493..180M | title = Star Formation in R136: A Cluster of O3 Stars Revealed by Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy | date = January 1998 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 493 | issue = 1 | pages = 180 | doi = 10.1086/305126 | author = Massey, P | author2 = Hunter, D. | s2cid = 122670111 | doi-access = free }}</ref> that produces most of the energy that makes the nebula visible. The estimated mass of the cluster is 450,000 [[solar mass]]es, suggesting it will likely become a [[globular cluster]] in the future.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bosch | first=Guillermo |author2=Terlevich, Elena|author2-link=Elena Terlevich |author3=Terlevich, Roberto  | title=Gemini/GMOS Search for Massive Binaries in the Ionizing Cluster of 30 Dor | journal=Astronomical Journal | volume=137 |issue=2 | pages=3437–3441 | year=2009 | bibcode=2009AJ....137.3437B | doi= 10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3437|arxiv = 0811.4748 | s2cid=17976455 }}</ref>  In addition to NGC 2070, the Tarantula Nebula contains several other [[star cluster]]s including the much older [[Hodge 301]]. The most massive stars of Hodge 301 have already exploded in [[supernovae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grebel | first= Eva K. |author2=Chu, You-Hua  | title=Hubble Space Telescope Photometry of Hodge 301: An "Old" Star Cluster in 30 Doradus | date=2000 | journal=Astronomical Journal | volume=119 | issue=2 | pages=787–799 | bibcode=2000AJ....119..787G | doi=10.1086/301218|arxiv = astro-ph/9910426 | s2cid= 118590210 }}</ref>

==Supernova 1987A==
The closest [[supernova]] observed since the invention of the [[telescope]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarantula Nebula's Cosmic Web a Thing of Beauty|url=http://www.space.com/11180-hubble-telescope-photos-tarantula-nebula.html|publisher=SPACE.com|access-date=2011-03-26|date=2011-03-21}}</ref> [[SN1987A|Supernova 1987A]], occurred in the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Couper|first1=Heather|last2=Henbest|first2=Nigel|title=Encyclopedia of Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGraFRhwutUC&pg=PA299|year=2009|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-0-7566-5600-3|page=299}}</ref>  There is a prominent [[supernova remnant]] enclosing the [[open cluster]] [[NGC 2060]]. Still, the remnants of many other supernovae are difficult to detect in the complex nebulosity.<ref name=lazendic>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1086/377630| title = Supernova Remnant Candidates in the 30 Doradus Nebula| journal = The Astrophysical Journal| volume = 596| issue = 1| pages = 287| year = 2003| last1 = Lazendic | first1 = J. S.| last2 = Dickel | first2 = J. R.| last3 = Jones | first3 = P. A.| bibcode = 2003ApJ...596..287L| doi-access = free}}</ref>

==Black hole VFTS 243==
[[File:VFTS 243 in HST color.png|thumb|VFTS 243]]
An [[x-ray]] quiet [[black hole]] was discovered in the Tarantula Nebula, the first outside of the [[Milky Way Galaxy]] that does not radiate strongly. The black hole has a mass of at least 9 solar masses and is in a circular orbit with its 25 solar mass [[blue giant]] companion [[VFTS 243]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41550-022-01730-y |title=An X-ray-quiet black hole born with a negligible kick in a massive binary within the Large Magellanic Cloud |year=2022 |last1=Shenar |first1=Tomer |last2=Sana |first2=Hugues |last3=Mahy |first3=Laurent |last4=El-Badry |first4=Kareem |last5=Marchant |first5=Pablo |last6=Langer |first6=Norbert |last7=Hawcroft |first7=Calum |last8=Fabry |first8=Matthias |last9=Sen |first9=Koushik |last10=Almeida |first10=Leonardo A. |last11=Abdul-Masih |first11=Michael |last12=Bodensteiner |first12=Julia |last13=Crowther |first13=Paul A. |last14=Gieles |first14=Mark |last15=Gromadzki |first15=Mariusz |last16=Hénault-Brunet |first16=Vincent |last17=Herrero |first17=Artemio |last18=Koter |first18=Alex de |last19=Iwanek |first19=Patryk |last20=Kozłowski |first20=Szymon |last21=Lennon |first21=Daniel J. |last22=Apellániz |first22=Jesús Maíz |last23=Mróz |first23=Przemysław |last24=Moffat |first24=Anthony F. J. |last25=Picco |first25=Annachiara |last26=Pietrukowicz |first26=Paweł |last27=Poleski |first27=Radosław |last28=Rybicki |first28=Krzysztof |last29=Schneider |first29=Fabian R. N. |last30=Skowron |first30=Dorota M. |journal=Nature Astronomy |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=1085–1092 |arxiv=2207.07675 |bibcode=2022NatAs...6.1085S |s2cid=250626810 |display-authors=1 }}</ref>

{{Clear}}

==See also==
*[[List of largest nebulae]]
*[[NGC 604]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tarantula Nebula}}
* {{WikiSky|z=8}}
* [[APOD|APOD Images:]] [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap030823.html 2003 August 23] & [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap100518.html 2010 May 18]
* [[SEDS|SEDS Data:]] [http://messier.seds.org/xtra/ngc/n2070.html NGC 2070, The Tarantula Nebula]
* [[Hubble Space Telescope]] Images of: [http://www.spacetelescope.org/bin/images.pl?searchtype=freesearch&string=Tarantula The Tarantula Nebula] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028052639/http://www.spacetelescope.org/bin/images.pl?searchtype=freesearch&string=Tarantula |date=2008-10-28 }}
* [[European Southern Observatory]] Image of: [http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2006/phot-50-06.html The Tarantula Nebula] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803145511/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2006/phot-50-06.html |date=2009-08-03 }}
* [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120312.html The Scale of the Universe] ([[Astronomy Picture of the Day]] 2012 March 12)
* {{cite web|last=Crowther|first=Paul|title=Tarantula Nebula and Its Huge Stars|url=http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/other/tarantula_nebula.html|website=Deep Space Videos|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]}}

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[[Category:Tarantula Nebula| ]]
[[Category:H II regions]]
[[Category:NGC objects]]
[[Category:Large Magellanic Cloud]]
[[Category:Dorado]]
[[Category:Caldwell objects|103b]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1751|17511205]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Star-forming regions]]