Editing Ted Radcliffe

{{Infobox baseball biography 
|name=Ted Radcliffe
| image         = Ted Radcliffe.JPG
| caption       = Radcliffe c. 1935<!--The inclusion of this image is believed to be fair use in this biography because it is a historically significant photo of a famous individual that is only being used for informational purposes and is reproduced at a much lower resolution than the original. Its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows the subject of this article in a manner that is historically significant to the general public.-->
|birth_date={{Birth date|1902|7|7}}
|birth_place=[[Mobile, Alabama]], U.S.
|death_date={{death date and age|2005|8|11|1902|7|7}}
|death_place=[[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.
|position=[[Pitcher]], [[Catcher]]
|team = 
|bats=Right
|throws=Right
|debutleague = [[Negro league baseball]]
|debutdate=
|debutyear= 1929
|debutteam= [[Chicago American Giants]]
|finalleague = [[Negro league baseball]]
|finaldate= 
|finalyear= 1946
|finalteam= [[Homestead Grays]]
|stat1label=Win–loss record
|stat1value=32–24
|stat2label=[[Earned run average]]
|stat2value= 3.68
|stat3label=[[Strikeout]]s
|stat3value=216
|stat4label=[[Batting average (baseball)|Batting average]]
|stat4value=.271
|stat5label=[[Home run]]s
|stat5value=17
|stat6label=[[Run batted in]]
|stat6value=183
|stat7label=Managerial record
|stat7value=165–148–5
|teams=
'''As player'''
{{bulleted list | [[Detroit Stars]] (1928) | [[Chicago American Giants]] (1929, 1934, 1942–1943) | [[St. Louis Stars (baseball)|St. Louis Stars]] (1930) | [[Homestead Grays]] (1931) | [[Pittsburgh Crawfords]] (1932) | [[Columbus Blue Birds]] (1933) | [[New York Black Yankees]] (1933) | [[Bismarck Churchills]] (1935) | [[Brooklyn Eagles]] (1935) | [[Cincinnati Tigers]] (1937) | [[Memphis Red Sox]] (1939, 1941) | [[Birmingham Black Barons]] (1943–1944) | [[Louisville Buckeyes]] | [[Kansas City Monarchs]] (1945) | [[Homestead Grays]] (1946)}}
'''As manager'''
* [[Cincinnati Tigers]] (1937) 
* [[Memphis Red Sox]] (1938–1939, 1941)
* [[Chicago American Giants]] (1943)
|highlights=
*6× [[East-West All Star Game]] (1937, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1943, 1944)
*[[Negro American League]] pennant (1938)
}}
'''Theodore Roosevelt "Double Duty" Radcliffe''' (July 7, 1902&nbsp;– August 11, 2005) was an American professional baseball player in the [[Negro leagues]]. An accomplished [[two-way player]], he played as a [[pitcher]] and a [[catcher]], became a manager, and in his old age became a popular ambassador for the game. He is one of only a handful of professional baseball players who lived past their 100th birthdays, next to [[Red Hoff]] (who lived to 107) and fellow Negro leaguer [[Silas Simmons]] (who lived to age 111).

Newspaperman [[Damon Runyon]] coined the nickname "Double Duty" because Radcliffe played as a catcher and as a pitcher in the successive games of a 1932 [[Doubleheader (baseball)|doubleheader]] between the [[Pittsburgh Crawfords]] and the [[New York Black Yankees]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ted Radcliffe |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ted-Radcliffe |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> In the first of the two games at [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]], Radcliffe caught the pitcher [[Satchel Paige]] for a [[shutout]] and then pitched a shutout in the second game. Runyon wrote that Radcliffe "was worth the price of two admissions." Radcliffe considered his year with the 1932 Pittsburgh Crawfords to be one of the highlights of his career.<ref name=autogenerated2>McNary 1994</ref>

Of the six [[East–West All-Star Game]]s in which he played, Radcliffe pitched in three and was a catcher in three. He also pitched in two and caught in six other All-Star games. He hit .376 (11-for-29) in nine exhibition games against [[Major League Baseball|major leaguers]].<ref name=autogenerated2 />

==Career==

===Early life===
Ted Radcliffe grew up in [[Mobile, Alabama]] as one of ten children. His brother [[Alex Radcliffe]] also achieved renown as a ballplayer playing third base. The boys played baseball using a taped ball of rags with their friends including future Negro league All-Star ballplayers [[Satchel Paige|Leroy "Satchel" Paige]] and [[Bobby Robinson (baseball)|Bobby Robinson]].

In 1919, teenagers Ted and Alex hitchhiked north to [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] to join an older brother. The rest of the family soon followed to live on the [[South Side (Chicago)|South Side]] of Chicago. A year later Ted Radcliffe signed on with the semi-pro [[Illinois Giants]] at $50 for every 15 games and 50¢ a day for meal money. This worked out at about $100 a month. He travelled with the Giants for a few seasons before joining [[Gilkerson's Union Giants]], another semi-pro team with whom he played until he entered the [[Negro National League (1920-1931)|Negro National League]] with the Detroit Stars in 1928.

===Pro ball===
After a brief tenure with the [[Detroit Stars]], Radcliffe played for the [[St. Louis Stars (baseball)|St. Louis Stars]] (1930), [[Homestead Grays]] (1931), Pittsburgh Crawfords (1932), [[Columbus Blue Birds]] (1933), [[New York Black Yankees]], [[Brooklyn Eagles]], [[Cincinnati Tigers]], [[Memphis Red Sox]], [[Birmingham Black Barons]], [[Chicago American Giants]], [[Louisville Buckeyes]] and [[Kansas City Monarchs]].<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Ted Radcliffe managed the Cincinnati Tigers in 1937, Memphis Red Sox in 1938 and Chicago American Giants in 1943.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

Radcliffe was known as a glib, fast-talking player. [[Ty Cobb]] reported that Radcliffe wore a chest protector that said "thou shalt not steal" during one exhibition game. He could call a clever game as a catcher and his banter from the pitching mound distracted some hitters. Biographer Kyle P. McNary estimates that Radcliffe had a .303 batting average, 4,000 hits and 400 homers in 36 years in the game (see [[Baseball statistics]]).<ref name=autogenerated2 />

Standing 5&nbsp;ft 9 in and weighing 210 pounds (95&nbsp;kg) Radcliffe had a strong throwing arm, good catching reflexes and great cunning. Even with these strengths, he also mastered many illegal [[Pitch (baseball)|pitches]] including the [[emery ball]], the [[Spitball|cut ball]] and the [[Spitball|spitter]]. Statistics for the [[Negro league baseball]] are incomplete, but available records show him hitting .273 over eight of his 23 seasons.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

With the Detroit Stars, he was the regular catcher for the first half of the season. When the pitching staff grew tired, he began pitching and led the team to championship. His career high for batting average was .316 for the 1929 Detroit Stars.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

[[File:1930-31 Homstead Grays.jpg|thumb|left|Radcliffe (kneeling, 3rd from right) with 1931 Grays]]
Radcliffe believed the Homestead Grays 1931 team to be the greatest team of all time. The side included [[Josh Gibson]], [[Oscar Charleston]], [[Jud Wilson]], and [[Smokey Joe Williams]]. Gibson and Charleston joined him in the 1932 Pittsburgh Crawfords. Radcliffe and his close friend Satchel Paige were easily persuaded to change sides by offers of higher earnings and both moved frequently. They also formed several Negro league all-star teams to play exhibition games against white [[Major League Baseball|major league]] stars. By the end of his career Radcliffe had played for 30 different teams; in one season alone, he played on five different teams.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

Radcliffe was player-manager of the integrated [[Jamestown Red Sox]] of [[North Dakota]] from May to October 1934.<ref>Gadfly</ref> This made him the first black man to manage white professional players. He also played for the [[Chicago American Giants]] in that season. During that postseason, he managed a white semi-pro [[North Dakota]] team that toured Canada playing a major league all-star team gathered by [[Jimmie Foxx]]. Radcliffe's team won two games out of three before Foxx was hit on the head by a [[Chet Brewer]] pitch and the tour cancelled.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

In the next season, Radcliffe had trouble securing his release from the Brooklyn Eagles of the Negro leagues, but on June 21 he joined the integrated [[Bismarck Churchills]]. Along with [[Satchel Paige]], Moose Johnson, and others, Radcliffe helped to lead the club to the first [[National Semipro Championship]]. This [[North Dakota]] team was owned by [[Neil Churchill]], a car dealer. Other Negro leaguers on the team included Chet Brewer, [[Hilton Smith]], [[Barney Morris]] and [[Quincy Trouppe]].<ref name=autogenerated2 />

Radcliffe managed the Memphis Red Sox in 1937 as well as catching and pitching for them. He stayed there for 1938 and in 1943, aged 41, he rejoined the Chicago American Giants. Despite his age, Radcliffe won the [[Negro American League]] [[Most Valuable Player|MVP]] award that season and a year later he struck a home run into the upper deck of [[Comiskey Park]] for the highlight of that season's East-West All-Star game.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

In 1945 Radcliffe played for the Kansas City Monarchs and roomed with [[Jackie Robinson]]. He integrated two semipro leagues, the [[Southern Minnesota League|Southern Minny]] ([[Minnesota]]) and the [[Michigan-Indiana League]] in 1948, by signing black and white players. In 1950 Radcliffe managed the Chicago American Giants of the Negro American League. The team's owner, [[J. B. Martin|Dr. J. B. Martin]], was concerned about black players joining [[Major league baseball|Major League]] teams; he instructed Radcliffe to sign white players. Radcliffe recruited at least five young white players, including [[Lou Chirban]] and [[Lou Clarizio]].<ref name=autogenerated2 />

As player-manager with the [[Elmwood Giants]] in the [[Manitoba-Dakota League]] in 1951, Radcliffe batted .459 with a 3–0 pitching record; in 1952, at the age of 50, he batted .364 with a 1–0 pitching mark. A 1952 ''[[Pittsburgh Courier]]'' poll of [[Negro league baseball|Negro league]] experts named Double Duty the fifth greatest catcher in Negro league history and the 17th greatest pitcher. He retired two years later as a player-manager in [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba, Canada. His peak earnings had been $850 a month; the top rate for a major league player of the time was $10,000, paid monthly to [[Hank Greenberg]] in 1947.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

In the 1960s, Radcliffe was employed as a baseball scout including for a time with the [[Cleveland Indians]].<ref name=autogenerated1>Goldstein</ref>

==Segregation==
Throughout his career, Double Duty had to endure [[racial segregation]]. In every city except [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]], he and his colleagues had to stay in segregated hotels and eat in segregated restaurants. It was difficult to get cabs at night. He also faced racist hostility from players and has said that, among others, "Ty Cobb didn't like colored people". Radcliffe also recalled stopping the team car to buy gas in [[Waycross, Georgia]]. When the players tried to drink water from the car wash hose, the owner of the gas station told them, "Put that hose down—that's for white folks to drink." Radcliffe told a Boston Globe interviewer: "After that, I refused to buy gas from him. About four miles down the road, the gas ran out and we had to push the car five miles."<ref name=autogenerated2 />

==Retirement==
After leaving baseball, Radcliffe and his wife returned to a life of poverty until 1990, when they were robbed and beaten in their housing project on Chicago's South Side. A news report of this came to the attention of the [[Baseball Assistance Team]], a charity that helps needy ex-players. With the help of the mayor's office, the team helped the couple move into a church-run residence for the elderly.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

[[Image:Double Duty autograph.JPG|thumb|left|Frontispiece of McNary's biography of Radcliffe autographed by its subject]]Writer Kyle McNary met Radcliffe in 1992 when he was trying to learn more about black baseball in his home town of [[Bismarck, North Dakota]]. Radcliffe subsequently suggested that McNary should write his biography and the result was self-published by McNary in 1994. Radcliffe would travel widely to ballgames and became known for his lively good humor and gentle clowning.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

Despite two strokes and other age-related health problems, Radcliffe continued to be active in his community. He received the state of Illinois Historical Committee's Lifetime Achievement Award and was honored by Mayor Richard Daley as an outstanding citizen of Chicago. He has been the guest of three U.S. Presidents at the White House. A WGN documentary about Radcliffe's life, narrated by Morgan Freeman, won an Emmy Award. The Illinois Department of Aging inducted him into their Hall of Fame in 2002.<ref>[https://www2.illinois.gov/aging/HallofFame/Pages/2002.aspx#theodore "2002 Hall of Fame: Performance and Graphic Arts - Theodore 'Double Duty' Radcliffe,"] Illinois Department of Aging website. Retrieved Aug. 22, 2020.</ref>

In 1997, Radcliffe was inducted into the "Yesterday's Negro League Baseball Players Wall of Fame" at [[County Stadium]] in [[Milwaukee]]. In 1999, aged 96, he became the oldest player to appear in a professional game just ahead of [[Buck O'Neil]] and Jim Eriotes. He threw a single pitch for the [[Schaumburg Flyers]] of the [[Northern League (baseball, 1993–2010)|Northern League]]. After his 100th birthday, Double Duty celebrated each year by throwing a ceremonial first pitch for the [[Chicago White Sox]] at [[U.S. Cellular Field]]. On July 27, 2005, he threw the first pitch at [[Rickwood Field]], [[Birmingham, Alabama]].<ref>Birmingham News, 22 July 2005</ref> Two weeks later, Radcliffe died in Chicago on August 11, 2005, due to complications from [[cancer]].

Radcliffe's stories were entertaining but not always reliable. His claim to have seen [[Fidel Castro]] with a cigar at a winter game in [[Cuba]] and his observation that the man "couldn't play" seems unlikely given that Castro would have been just 14 at the time.

[[Raelee Frazier]] cast Ted Radcliffe's twisted broken hands in bronze as part of the 2003 ''Hitters Hands'' series of baseball sculptures that toured the United States in ''Shades of Greatness'', an exhibition sponsored by the [[Negro Leagues Baseball Museum]].<ref>Frazier</ref>

==Bibliography==
*'Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe', ''Jet'', July 22, 1996 {{ISSN|0021-5996}}
*'Still Loving Baseball At 100', ''Jet'', (June 9, 2003) {{ISSN|0021-5996}}
*'Honoring Legends', ''Jet'', July 28, 2003 {{ISSN|0021-5996}}
*'Celebrating 102!', [[Jet (magazine)|Jet]], July 26, 2004 {{ISSN|0021-5996}}
*[http://www.state.il.us/aging/2awareness/awareness_hall2002.htm#theodore '2002 Hall of Fame Inductees', ''Illinois Department of Aging (2002)]. Retrieved July 24, 2005.
*'"Double Duty" Knows Baseball' ''Los Angeles Times'', June 20, 2003.
*[http://www.nlbpa.com/radcliffe__ted_-_double_duty.html 'Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe', ''Negro League Baseball Players Association'' (2005)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080125150251/http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/986/Exciting_to_watch_Ted_Double_Duty_Radcliffe  'Exciting to watch, Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe', ''The African America Registry'' (2005)]
*[http://www.al.com/sports/birminghamnews/index.ssf?/base/sports/112202408233940.xml&coll=2 'Double-Duty to throw out first pitch', ''Birmingham News'', July 22, 2005]. Retrieved July 24, 2005.
*Blake, Mike. ''Baseball Chronicles'', (Cincinnati, Oh: Betterway Books, 1994)
*Bogira, Steve. 'Blackball: Memories of the Negro Leagues and Notes On the Integration, To Use the Term Loosely, of Major League Baseball', ''City Paper'' (Washington (DC)), July 24, 1987 (Vol. 7, Issue 30) pp.&nbsp;12–24
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/12/sports/baseball/12radcliffe.html Goldstein, Richard. 'Ted Radcliffe, Star of the Negro Leagues, Is Dead at 103', ''The New York Times'' (August 12, 2005)]
*Hershberger, Chuck. 'Baseball Book Review', ''Oldtyme Baseball News 1995'' (Vol. 6, Issue 5) p.&nbsp;28
*Holway, John B. ''Voices From The Great Black Baseball Leagues'' (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1975) (Revised Edition published New York: Da Capo Press, 1992)
*Larry Lester, Sammy J. Miller and Dick Clark, Black Baseball in Chicago, (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2000) {{ISBN|0-7385-0704-0}}
*McNary, Kyle P. ''Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe: 36 Years Of Pitching & Catching In Baseball's Negro Leagues'' (Minneapolis: McNary Publishing, 1994)
*[http://www.pitchblackbaseball.com/northdakotabaseball.html#northdakotawhipsbigleagues McNary, Kyle P. 'North Dakota Whips Big Leagues', '' Pitch Black Baseball'' (2001)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725100704/http://www.pitchblackbaseball.com/northdakotabaseball.html#northdakotawhipsbigleagues |date=2008-07-25 }} Retrieved July 25, 2005.
*[http://www.pitchblackbaseball.com/nlotmdoubleduty.html McNary, Kyle P. 'Negro Leaguer of the Month, July, 2004', ''Pitch Black Baseball'' (July 2004)]
*Peterson, Robert W. ''Only The Ball Was White'', (New York: Prentice-Hall Englewood-Cliffs, 1970)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030912221000/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/submit/Sepulveda_Lefty2.stm Sepulveda, Lefty. 'Grateful Memories of Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe', ''Baseball Library'' (August 2, 2002)]
*Smith, Shelley. 'Remembering Their Game', ''Sports Illustrated'', July 6, 1992 (Vol. 77, Issue 1) p.&nbsp;80
*Smith, Wendell. 'East-West Star Dust', ''Pittsburgh Courier'', August 19, 1944
*Steele, David. 'Negro Leaguers Seek Entry Into Hall', ''USA Today Baseball Weekly'', August 16, 1991 (Vol. 1, Issue 20) p.&nbsp;17

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Baseballstats|mlb=532459|br=r/radclte01}} and [https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=radcli001ted Baseball-Reference Black Baseball and stats] and [https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/player.php?playerID=radcl01ted Seamheads]
*{{Find a Grave|11519154}}
* [https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/ted-double-duty-radcliffe/ Ted Radcliffe] at [[Society for American Baseball Research|SABR]] (Baseball BioProject)
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radcliffe, Ted}}
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[[Category:African-American baseball players]]
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