Editing Tefnut

{{short description|Ancient Egyptian goddess}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Egyptian
| name = Tefnut
| image = Tefnut.svg
| image_upright = .7
| alt = 
| caption = The goddess Tefnut portrayed as a woman with the head of a lioness and a sun disc resting on her head.
| hiero = <hiero>t:f-n:t-I13</hiero> or <hiero>D26</hiero>
| cult_center = [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]], [[Leontopolis]]
| symbol = [[Lion]]ess, [[Aten|Sun Disk]]
| parents = [[Ra]] or [[Atum]]
| siblings = [[Shu (Egyptian god)|Shu]], [[Hathor]], [[Maat]], [[Anhur]], [[Sekhmet]], [[Bastet]], [[Mafdet]], [[Satis (goddess)|Satet]]
| consort = [[Shu (Egyptian god)|Shu]], [[Geb]]
| offspring = [[Geb]] and [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]]
}}
'''Tefnut''' ({{langx|egy| }} {{Transliteration|egy|[[wikt:tfnwt|tfn.t]]}}; {{langx|cop|ⲧϥⲏⲛⲉ}} {{Transliteration|cop|tfēne}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesaurus-linguae-aegyptiae.de/lemma/171880|title=Tfn.t (Lemma ID 171880)|website=Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Love|first=Edward O. D.|title=Script Switching in Roman Egypt|chapter=Innovative Scripts and Spellings at Narmoute/Narmouthis|publisher=de Gruyter|date=2021|page=312|doi=10.1515/9783110768435-014|isbn=9783110768435 |s2cid=245076169 }}</ref> is a [[ancient Egyptian deities|deity]] in [[Ancient Egyptian religion]], the feminine counterpart of the air god [[Shu (god)|Shu]]. Her mythological function is less clear than that of Shu,<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=James P.|author-link=James Peter Allen|title=Genesis in Egypt: The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts|publisher=Yale Egyptological Seminar|year=1988| isbn=978-0-912532-14-1 |page=9}}</ref> but Egyptologists have suggested she is connected with moisture, based on a passage in the [[Pyramid Texts]] in which she produces water, and on parallelism with Shu's connection with dry air.<ref name="Hart 156">{{cite book|last=Hart|first=George|title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Second Edition|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-02362-4|page=156}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pinch|first=Geraldine |title=Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt|year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517024-5|pages=195–196}}</ref> She was also one of the goddesses who could function as the fiery [[Eye of Ra]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pinch|first=Geraldine |title=Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt|year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517024-5|page=197}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Tefnut has no certain etymology but it may be an [[onomatopoeia]] of the sound of spitting, as [[Atum]] spits her out in some versions of the creation myth. Additionally, her name was written as a mouth spitting in late texts.<ref name="Ancient Egypt page. 183">{{cite book |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Richard H. |title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt |date=2003 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-05120-8 |page=183 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheCompleteGodsAndGoddessesOfAncientEgypt/The%20Complete%20Gods%20and%20Goddesses%20of%20Ancient%20Egypt/page/n183/mode/2up |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref> Other interpretations include a link to the moon or the passage of time as related to the dead. It is also possible that she is linked to Tefen, a deity of which there is little evidence of, but may share etymology as meaning "orphan and orphaness."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlouchová |first=Marie Peterková |date=2019 |title=Protection of the sunrise Shu, Tefnut and Re in the Pyramid Texts |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27303716 |journal=Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur |volume=48 |pages=244–245 |issn=0340-2215}}</ref>

Like most [[Ancient Egyptian deities|Egyptian deities]], including her brother, Tefnut has no single [[Ideogram|ideograph]] or symbol. Her name in hieroglyphs consists of four single [[phonogram (linguistics)|phonogram]] signs t-f-n-t. Although the n phonogram is a representation of waves on the surface of water, it was never used as an [[ideogram]] or [[determinative]] for the word water (''mw''), or for anything associated with water.<ref>{{cite book|last=Betro|first=Maria Carmela|title=Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt|year=1996|publisher=Abbeville Press|isbn=0-7892-0232-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/michelangelovati00deve/page/163 163]|language=en|url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelovati00deve|url-access=registration}}</ref>

==Mythological origins==
{{see also|Ancient Egyptian creation myths}}
{{Ancient Egyptian religion}}
[[File:Egyptian - Menat with the Heads of the Deities Shu and Tefnut - Walters 541515.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[menat]] depicting Tefnut and her husband-brother [[Shu (Egyptian deity)|Shu]].]]
Tefnut is the first daughter of the [[solar deity]] [[Ra]]-[[Atum]]. Married to her twin brother [[Shu (Egyptian god)|Shu]], she is mother of [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]], the sky and [[Geb]], the earth. Tefnut's grandchildren were [[Osiris]], [[Isis]], [[Set (deity)|Set]], [[Nephthys]], and, in some versions, [[Haroeris|Horus the Elder]]. She was also the great-grandmother of [[Harpocrates|Horus the Younger]]. Alongside her father, brother, children, grandchildren, and great-grandchild, she is a member of the [[Ennead]] of [[Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]].

There are a number of variants to the myth of the creation of the twins Tefnut and Shu. In every version, Tefnut is the product of [[parthenogenesis]], and all involve some variety of body fluid.

In the Heliopolitan creation myth, Atum sneezed to produce Tefnut and Shu.<ref name="Hassan">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A |title=Ancient Goddesses |publisher=British Museum Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-7141-1761-7 |editor=Goodison |editor-first=Lucy |editor-link=Lucy Goodison |location=London |pages=107 |chapter=5 |editor-last2=Morris |editor-first2=Christine |editor-link2=Christine E. Morris}}</ref> [[Pyramid Texts|Pyramid Text]] 527 says, "Atum was creative in that he proceeded to sneeze while in Heliopolis. And brother and sister were born - that is Shu and Tefnut."<ref name="Watterson">{{cite book|last=Watterson|first=Barbara|title=Gods of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Sutton Publishing|year=2003|pages=27|isbn=0-7509-3262-7}}</ref>

In some versions of this myth, Atum also spits out his saliva, which forms the act of procreation. This version contains a play on words, the ''tef'' sound which forms the first syllable of the name Tefnut also constitutes a word meaning "to spit" or "to expectorate".<ref name="Watterson" />

The [[Coffin Texts]] contain references to Shu being sneezed out by Atum from his nose, and Tefnut being spat out like saliva. The [[Bremner-Rhind Papyrus|Bremner-Rind Papyrus]] and the [[Shabaka Stone|Memphite Theology]] describe Atum as sneezing out saliva to form the twins.<ref name="Pinch">{{cite book|last=Pinch|first=Geraldine|author-link=Geraldine Pinch|title=Handbook of Egyptian Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-mTqRTrimgC&pg=PA63|year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-242-4|page=63}}</ref>

==Iconography==
Tefnut is a leonine deity, and appears as human with a lioness head when depicted as part of the Great [[Ennead]] of Heliopolis. The other frequent depiction is as a lioness, but Tefnut can also be depicted as fully human. In her fully or semi anthropomorphic form, she is depicted wearing a wig, topped either with a [[uraeus]] serpent, or a uraeus and solar disk, and she is sometimes depicted as a lion headed serpent. Her face is sometimes used in a double headed form with that of her brother Shu on collar counterpoises.<ref name="Wilkinson">{{cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Richard H|title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt|year=2003|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]]|isbn=0-500-05120-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/183 183]|url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/183}}</ref> Symbolically, she is also often depicted as the lioness, the daughter, the eye, the diadem and the uraeus. She even assumes the role of the mistress of the flame, where she is adorned with a flame to represent protection against enemies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=El-Weshahy1 El-Hadad2 Hafaz3 |first=Mohida1 Nada2 Sherin3 |date=2022 |title=Scenes of The Goddess Tefnut in the Temple of Dekka in The Lower Nubia |url=https://jaauth.journals.ekb.eg/article_326064_d30790af0322a722f98bf49745991651.pdf |journal=Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=219–235 |via=Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality}}</ref>

During the 18th and 19th Dynasties, particularly during the Amarna Period, Tefnut was depicted in human form wearing a low flat headdress, topped with sprouting plants. [[Akhenaten]]'s mother, [[Tiye]] was depicted wearing a similar headdress, and identifying with Hathor-Tefnut. The iconic blue crown of [[Nefertiti]] is thought by archaeologist [[Joyce Tyldesley]] to be derived from Tiye's headdress, and may indicate that she was also identifying with Tefnut.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tyldesley|first1=Joyce|title=Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen|date=2005|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0140258202|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fv7nHi_3XCgC&q=tefnut+plant+crown&pg=PT107|access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref>

==Cult centres==
Heliopolis and [[Leontopolis]] (now ell el-Muqdam) were the primary cult centres. At Heliopolis, Tefnut was one of the members of that city's great Ennead,<ref name=Wilkinson /> and is referred to in relation to the purification of the ''wabet ''(priest) as part of the temple rite. Here she had a sanctuary called the Lower Menset.<ref name="Hart 156"/>

{{blockquote|I have ascended to you<br />
with the Great One behind me<br />
and [my] purity before me:<br />
I have passed by Tefnut,<br />
even while Tefnut was purifying me,<br />
and indeed I am a priest, the son of a priest in this temple."|Papyrus Berlin 3055<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hays|first=H.M|title=Between Identity and Agency in Ancient Egyptian Ritual|year=2009|pages=15–30|hdl=1887/15716|editor1-last=Nyord R, Kyolby A|publisher=[[Archaeopress]]|location=Leiden University Repository|quote=Rite 25 from Moret, Le Rituel de Cult, Paris 1902}}</ref>}}

At [[Karnak]], Tefnut formed part of the [[Ennead]] and was invoked in prayers for the health and wellbeing of the pharaoh.<ref name="Meeks">{{cite book|last=Meeks|first=Dimitri|author2=Christine Favard-Meeks |title=Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods|publisher=Pimlico|year=1999|pages=128|isbn=0-7126-6515-3|language=en}}</ref>

She was worshiped with Shu as a pair of lions in Leontopolis in the [[Nile Delta]].<ref name="Hart 156"/>

==Mythology==
Tefnut was connected with other leonine goddesses as the [[Eye of Ra]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Watterson|first=Barbara|title=Gods of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Sutton Publishing|year=2003|isbn=0-7509-3262-7}}</ref> As a lioness she could display a wrathful aspect and is said to have escaped to [[Nubia]] in a rage, jealous of her grandchildren's higher worship. Only after receiving the title "''honorable''" from [[Thoth]], did she return.<ref name="Ancient Egypt page. 183"/> In the earlier [[Pyramid Texts]] she is said to produce pure waters from her [[vagina]].<ref>The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, trans R.O. Faulkner, line 2065 Utt. 685.</ref>

As Shu had forcibly separated his son Geb from his sister-wife Nut, Geb challenged his father Shu, causing the latter to withdraw from the world. Geb, who was in love with his mother Tefnut, takes her as his chief queen-consort.<ref name="Handbook of Egyptian Mythology">{{cite book |last= Pinch|first= Geraldine|date= 2002|title= Handbook of Egyptian Mythology|url= https://archive.org/details/handbookegyptian00pinc_532|url-access= limited|publisher= ABC-CLIO|page= [https://archive.org/details/handbookegyptian00pinc_532/page/n85 76]|isbn= 1576072428}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Tefnut (Goddess).png|Tefnut sitting, with a few artistic liberties for the sake of distinction.
File:BD Weighing of the Heart - Tefnut.jpg|Tefnut as depicted in the Book of the Dead.
File:Edfu Temple 032010 08.jpg|Tefnut depicted in a relief at the Edfu Temple.
File:DakkaTempleRomanChapel.jpg|Tefnut and Thoth depicted in relief at the Roman Chapel's Temple of Ed-Dakka.
File:P1200378 Louvre stele Ousirour detail Tefnout N2699 rwk.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
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[[Category:Egyptian goddesses]]
[[Category:Fertility goddesses]]
[[Category:Wind goddesses]]
[[Category:Water goddesses]]
[[Category:Rain deities]]
[[Category:Personifications]]
[[Category:Lion goddesses]]
[[Category:Mythological rape victims]]