Editing Tejon Pass

{{Short description|Mountain pass in California, US}}
{{For|the original Tejon Pass|Old Tejon Pass}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name          = Tejon Pass
| other_name    = Portezuelo de Cortes<br/>Portezuela de Castac
| photo         = TejonPassSign.JPG
| photo_caption = The top of the Tejon Pass on southbound Interstate 5 (2009)
| map           = California
| map_caption   = Location in California
| map_relief    = yes
| elevation_ft  = 4,144
| elevation_ref = 
| traversed     = {{Jct|state=CA|I|5}}
| location      = [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]] and [[Kern County, California|Kern]] counties, California
| range         = [[San Emigdio Mountains|San Emigdio]], [[Tehachapi Mountains|Tehachapi]], and [[Sierra Pelona Mountains]]
| coordinates   = {{Coord|34|48|10|N|118|52|36|W|region:US-CA_type:pass|display=inline,title}}
| topo          = 
}}
The '''Tejon Pass''' {{IPAc-en|t|eɪ|ˈ|h|oʊ|n|,_|t|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|n|,_|ˈ|t|eɪ|.|h|oʊ|n}}, previously known as '''''Portezuelo de Cortes''''', '''''Portezuela de Castac''''', and '''Fort Tejon Pass''' is a [[mountain pass]] between the southwest end of the [[Tehachapi Mountains]] and northeastern [[San Emigdio Mountains]], linking [[Southern California]] north to the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]]. Both the pass and the grade north of it to the Central Valley are commonly referred to as "[[Grapevine, California|the Grapevine]]". It has been traversed by major roads such as the [[El Camino Viejo]], the [[Stockton – Los Angeles Road]], the [[Ridge Route]], [[U.S. Route 99]], and now [[Interstate 5]].

==Geography==
Tejon Pass marks the intersection of the two largest seismic faults in California; the [[San Andreas Fault|San Andreas]] and [[Garlock Fault|Garlock]] fault systems.

The highest point of the pass is near the northwesternmost corner of [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]], north of [[Gorman, California|Gorman]]. Its elevation is {{convert|4160|ft|m}}<ref>[http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:274055 U.S. Geographic Names Information System, No. 274055]</ref> along Peace Valley Road and Gorman Post Road, {{convert|70|mi|km}} northwest of downtown [[Los Angeles]] and {{convert|46|mi|km}} south of [[Bakersfield, California|Bakersfield]].

[[Interstate 5 in California|Interstate 5]], which connects Southern California with the [[San Joaquin Valley]] and the north, reaches its highest point in the state, {{convert|4144|ft|m}},<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.socalregion.com/highways/us_99/us99032/ |title=Virtual tour of U.S. 99 |access-date=2014-04-29 |archive-date=2014-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429061753/http://socalregion.com/highways/us_99/us99032/ |url-status=live }}</ref> near the summit of Tejon Pass.

The pass has a gradual rise from its southern approach of {{convert|1362|ft|m}} at [[Santa Clarita, California|Santa Clarita]],<ref>[http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:2411819 U.S. Geographic Names Information System, No. 2411819]</ref> but a precipitous descent through Grapevine Canyon toward the San Joaquin Valley on the north, where it ends at [[Grapevine, California|Grapevine]] at {{convert|1499|ft|m}}.<ref>[http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1660696 U.S. Geographic Names Information System, No. 1660696]</ref>

On its northward slope lies [[Fort Tejon|Fort Tejon State Historic Park]], the site of a former U.S. Army post, first garrisoned on August 10, 1854.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=585 |title=Fort Tejon State Historic Park website |access-date=2011-11-15 |archive-date=2006-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001174424/http://parks.ca.gov//?page_id=585 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The pass actually crosses 3 mountain ranges. The stretch from Lake Hughes Road to State Route 138 crosses the [[Sierra Pelona Mountains]], and goes through the [[Angeles National Forest]] and the section from SR 138 to Grapevine crosses the Tehachapis and the San Emigdios.

==History==
[[File:Tejon Pass, 1868.jpg|thumb|Tejon Pass near [[Grapevine, California]], in 1868]]
[[File:CA 25 I5 NARA 1963 1294.jpg|thumb|right|Interstate 5 through Tejon Pass, 1963]]

===Pre-Columbian===
Historians speak of the area around Gorman, California (just south of the crest of the Tejon Pass), as "one of the oldest continuously used roadside rest stops in California." This is because [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] [[Indigenous peoples of California|indigenous Californians]] "would have stopped there when it was the [[Tataviam people|Tataviam]] village of Kulshra'jek", a trading crossroads for hundreds to thousands of years.<ref name=Kane>[http://www.scvhistory.com/scvhistory/kane-gorman-2002.htm ''Santa Clarita Valley in Pictures''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905221312/http://www.scvhistory.com/scvhistory/kane-gorman-2002.htm |date=2008-09-05 }}; Kane, Bonnie Ketterl; "A History of Gorman"; March 2002.</ref>

===18th century===
In 1772, Lieutenant [[Pedro Fages]] crossed the pass in pursuit of military deserters, and named it '''''Portezuelo de Cortes''''' (Cortes Pass).<ref>[http://www.scvhistory.com/scvhistory/johnson-kashtiq.htm ''The Trail to Kashtiq''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222141905/http://scvhistory.com/scvhistory/johnson-kashtiq.htm |date=2011-12-22 }}; Johnson, John R.; [[Journal of California Anthropology]], Winter 1978: Vol. 5, No. 2; pp. 188-198; Note 9; Quote: "The origin of this name can be traced back to Pedro Fages, who became California's first governor. In 1772, he was the first official Spanish visitor to enter the southern San Joaquin Valley. He called Tejon Pass the ''Portezuelo de Cortes'', apparently with an eye towards political considerations in Mexico."</ref><ref>Bolton, Herbert E.; ''In the South San Joaquin Ahead of Garcés''; quarterly publication of the [[California Historical Society]], Vol 10, 1931, pp.210-219;</ref><ref>Earle Crowe, "Men of El Tejon," Ward Ritchie Press, Los Angeles, 1957, p.22)</ref> Fages also named the canyon beyond the pass leading down into the Tulare Basin, ''Cañada de las Uvas'' (Canyon of the Grapes) for all the wild California grape vines (''[[Vitis californica]]'')
growing in it.<ref name="CAhistorian">[http://www.californiahistorian.com/articles/ridge-route.html ''The Ridge Route: the Long Road to Preservation''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211222737/http://www.californiahistorian.com/articles/ridge-route.html |date=2012-02-11 }}; Scott, Harrison Irving; "The California Historian," www.californiahistorian.com website, accessed November 14, 2011; Quote: "The first white man through this area was a Spanish officer and acting governor of Alta California in 1772, Don Pedro Fages. He noticed an abundance of Cimarron grapes growing wild in the area north of what is now Gorman. He named the place ''Canada de Las Uvas'', or Grapevine Canyon. Grapevines were so prevalent the wagoneers and soldiers had to hack their way through. Wild grapes still grow on the sides of I-5 in the pass."{{sic}}</ref>

In the late 18th century, [[El Camino Viejo]], a road between [[Los Angeles]] and the [[Mission Santa Clara de Asis]] began to be used for travel north and south along the western San Joaquin Valley. It crossed over the pass and turned westward up [[Cuddy Canyon]], (avoiding the Cañada de las Uvas) and then descended [[San Emigdio Creek]] into the San Joaquin Valley.

===Old Tejon Pass===
{{Main|Old Tejon Pass}}
In 1806, Father Jose Maria Zalvidea, diarist for the expedition of First Lieutenant Francisco Ruiz into the San Joaquin Valley, named the canyon, creek, and pass which had been discovered in 1776 by the explorer priest, Father [[Francisco Garces]]. He recorded the name as "Tejon" (badger)—after a dead [[American badger|badger]] found at the canyon's mouth. This original Tejon Pass (later called "Old Tejon Pass"), is situated 15 miles to the northeast of what is now Tejon Pass. The old pass goes through the Tehachapi Mountains, at the top of the divide between [[Tejon Creek|Tejon Creek Canyon]] in the San Joaquin Valley and [[Cottonwood Creek (Kern County)|Cottonwood Creek Canyon]] in [[Antelope Valley]].<ref>[http://www.californiahistorian.com/articles/ridge-route.html ''The Ridge Route: the Long Road to Preservation''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211222737/http://www.californiahistorian.com/articles/ridge-route.html |date=2012-02-11 }}; Scott, Harrison Irving; "The California Historian," www.californiahistorian.com website, accessed November 14, 2011; Quote: "The name Tejon originated during an expedition in 1806 from the Santa Barbara Mission into the San Joaquin Valley led by Lieutenant Francis Ruiz. His diarist, Father Jose Maria Zalvidea, first recorded the word ''tejon'' to designate the area... the name Tejon formerly belonged to this other pass 15 miles further east."</ref>

Before 1854, the main route of travel into the San Joaquin Valley had come directly north from [[Elizabeth Lake (Los Angeles County, California)|Elizabeth Lake]] (originally ''Laguna de Chico Lopez'') across the Antelope Valley, over this original Tejon Pass, and down into Tejon Canyon, and then proceeded west along Tejon Creek—into the lands of the [[Rancho Tejon]], that had been granted in 1843. This route to the pass diverted from the El Camino Viejo at Elisabeth Lake, and from 1849 to before 1854 it was the main road connecting the southern part of the state to the trail along the eastern side of the San Joaquin Valley to the goldfields to the north.<ref name="rolls">[http://files.usgwarchives.net/ca/kern/history/1934/whererol/founding270nms.txt ''Where Rolls the Kern: a History of Kern County, California''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143159/http://files.usgwarchives.net/ca/kern/history/1934/whererol/founding270nms.txt |date=2012-06-06 }}; Herbert G. Comfort; Enterprise Press; Moorpark, Ca; 1934; (#255); Chapter IV, "The Founding of Fort Tejon; pp. 21-52. "Before 1854, the main line of travel into the valley was straight North from Elizabeth Lake across Antelope Valley, entering the San Joaquin by way of the original Tejon Pass, at the head of Tejon Creek, above the present headquarters of Tejon Rancho. The establishment of the Fort Diverted this general travel to the West almost 29 miles to the present Tejon Pass, then known as Fort Tejon Pass. As the Tejon Creek Pass was abandoned, the name Tejon Pass came to be used solely for
the pass leading into Canada de las Uvas."</ref>

===19th century===

====Castaic Pass====
In 1843, [[Rancho Castac]] was established in La Cañada de las Uvas. During that same year, the first grant of [[Rancho Los Alamos y Agua Caliente]] included the pass, which was now called '''''Portezuela de Castac''''' (Castaic Pass).<ref>[http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb5x0nb3m0/?&brand=oac ''Diseño del Rancho Los Alamos y Agua Caliente, Calif.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216074557/https://oac.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb5x0nb3m0/?&brand=oac |date=2023-12-16 }}; por Esteban Ardisson; from UC Berkeley; Bancroft Library</ref>

====Fort Tejon Pass====

After the establishment of [[Fort Tejon]] and the [[Stockton - Los Angeles Road]], the Portezuela de Castac began to be called the "Fort Tejon Pass." The rather poor wagon route of the old Tejon Pass route was generally abandoned, and eventually the Fort Tejon Pass took the shortened name it has today.<ref>[http://www.californiahistorian.com/articles/ridge-route.html ''The Ridge Route: the Long Road to Preservation''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211222737/http://www.californiahistorian.com/articles/ridge-route.html |date=2012-02-11 }}; Scott, Harrison Irving; "The California Historian," www.californiahistorian.com website, accessed November 14, 2011; Quote: "The name Tejon formerly belonged to another pass 15 miles further east. Lieutenant [[Robert Stockton Williamson]] of the Pacific Railroad surveyed the area in 1853. His party crossed the Tehachapis by "one of the worst roads he ever saw." Hearing of a better road further west, he scouted it and found it would be far more practicable for wagons if the bulk of the traffic henceforth went that way. The name Tejon was transferred west to today's "Tejon Pass."</ref>

In 1858 the [[Butterfield Overland Mail in California|Butterfield Overland Mail]] stagecoach line ran through the pass on the Stockton - Los Angeles Road. The Butterfield Overland was discontinued in 1861 but was replaced by the Telegraph Stage Line, which stopped at almost all the former stations, including Gorman's, where the horses were changed. Six of them were used for the pull up from Bakersfield to Gorman's.<ref name=Latta>Frank F. Latta, ''Saga of Rancho El Tejón,'' Santa Cruz, California: Bear State Books, 1976.</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:Tejon pass summit2015.jpg|thumb|right|The exit to Fort Tejon, on the northward slope of the Tejon Pass just before descending into the Central Valley]]
The [[Ridge Route]] was the first automobile highway linking the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] with the [[Los Angeles Basin]]. It was laid in a sinuous fashion through the ridges and gullies of the [[Sierra Pelona Mountains]] to the Tejon Pass around 1910. The northern portion of this highway, which became a part of [[U.S. Route 99 (California)|U.S. Route 99]], was known as "[[Grapevine, California|The Grapevine]]." The Ridge Route was replaced by a three-lane alternate highway in 1933, a four-lane expressway in 1947, and later by the eight-lane Interstate 5 Freeway in 1970.<ref>[http://www.californiahistorian.com/articles/ridge-route.html ''The Ridge Route: the Long Road to Preservation''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211222737/http://www.californiahistorian.com/articles/ridge-route.html |date=2012-02-11 }}; Scott, Harrison Irving; "The California Historian," www.californiahistorian.com website, accessed November 14, 2011; Quote: "There have been three Ridge Route highways. The 1915 highway...; the 1933 three-lane Ridge Alternate Highway identified as Highway 99 (in 1947 converted to a 4-lane expressway); and today's 8-lane I-5 freeway completed in 1970."</ref>

[[File:Dead-Man's Curve in Lebec, California, 2010.jpg|thumb|right|A section of the 1915 Ridge Route in [[Lebec, California]], known as "deadman's curve," was abandoned when the highway was improved over the Tejon Pass.<ref name=DeadmansCurve/>]]
A section of the highway known as "Dead Man's Curve," was the "scene of many accidents on the narrow old road,"<ref name=DeadmansCurve/> and in July 1932 it took the life of Jack Klieby, 33, who deliberately drove his truck, transporting gasoline, off the roadway to avoid hitting oncoming automobiles. He died when the truck burst into flames.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/106452162/?terms=Deadman%27s%2Bcurve%2Btejon |title="Crash, Fire Kill Heroic Truck Driver," ''Oakland Tribune,'' July 13, 1932, image 24 |access-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928073852/https://www.newspapers.com/image/106452162/?terms=Deadman%27s%2Bcurve%2Btejon |url-status=live }}</ref>

The curve ''(in adjoining photo)'' was eliminated in 1935 with improvements completed from Fort Tejon to Grapevine station. That work "supersedes the worst portions of the old twenty-foot Grapevine Canyon Highway, shortens the length of the road by approximately eight-tenths of a mile and eliminates 2,937 degrees of curvature or the equivalent of eight complete circles," according to R.M. Gillis of Fresno, District 6 highways engineer.<ref name=DeadmansCurve>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/25843614/?terms=Deadman%27s%2Bcurve%2Btejon |title="Deadman's Curve on Ridge Route Now Eliminated," ''The Fresno Bee,'' September 11, 1935, image 10 |access-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928072410/https://www.newspapers.com/image/25843614/?terms=Deadman%27s%2Bcurve%2Btejon |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Wildlife==
Bears roam the rugged area.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Two bears were fatally hit by cars on the same freeway within 24 hours |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-05-08/two-bears-were-fatally-hit-by-cars-on-the-same-freeway-within-24-hours |last=Shalby |first=Colleen |date=2020-05-08 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-08 |archive-date=2020-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508170639/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-05-08/two-bears-were-fatally-hit-by-cars-on-the-same-freeway-within-24-hours |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Weather impacts==
The pass is sunny in summer, spring, and autumn, but is subject to severe weather and closure to traffic in winter. Car engines frequently overheat when ascending the long grade, especially in hot weather. The 40-mile stretch of Interstate 5 between Grapevine and Castaic is sometimes closed by the [[California Highway Patrol]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Grapevine closed by snow: playtime near L.A., but tough work on I-5 |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0103/Grapevine-closed-by-snow-playtime-near-L.A.-but-tough-work-on-I-5 |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |date=2011-01-03 |access-date=2011-01-23 |quote=[Highway Patrol Officer John Lutz] adds that the Highway Patrol regards this short-term closure as routine: "This happens nearly every year" |archive-date=2011-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127125116/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0103/Grapevine-closed-by-snow-playtime-near-L.A.-but-tough-work-on-I-5 |url-status=live }}</ref> generally because of the icy conditions combined with the steep grade of the pass, and the high traffic during the winter holidays.<ref>{{cite news |title=Motorists criticize weather-related closure of the 5 Freeway in the Grapevine |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-jan-05-la-me-grapevine-20110105-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2011-01-05 |access-date=2011-01-23 |quote=the California Highway Patrol on Tuesday strongly defended its decision to cut traffic off, saying that the icy road surface, steep grade of the Tejon Pass and heavy post-holiday traffic volume made the Grapevine simply too dangerous to navigate. |archive-date=2011-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125025106/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/05/local/la-me-grapevine-20110105 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Highway Patrol is also concerned, especially with the number of [[Semi-trailer truck|big-rigs]] that pass through, that one accident in the snowy conditions might force traffic to slow down or come to a complete stop, leaving hundreds of vehicles stalled at once.<ref>{{cite news |title=Motorists criticize weather-related closure of the 5 Freeway in the Grapevine |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-jan-05-la-me-grapevine-20110105-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2011-01-05 |access-date=2011-01-23 |quote=If an accident forces traffic to slow or come to a complete stop, and snow continues to fall, hundreds of vehicles can become stalled at once. The Tejon Pass is particularly vulnerable because of its steep hills and the number of big-rigs that travel on it |archive-date=2011-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125025106/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/05/local/la-me-grapevine-20110105 |url-status=live }}</ref> Whenever there is such a closure, traffic must either wait for it to reopen, or endure a multi-hour detour.<ref name=Barrientos>[https://archive.today/20130117222755/http://www.bakersfield.com/news/local/x801454046/Why-does-a-little-snow-close-the-Grapevine-every-year ''Grapevine Closures: It's for Our Own Good'']; Jorge Barrientos; "[[The Bakersfield Californian]]," December 20, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/documents/operation-snowflake-flyer-20191224-a11y.pdf |title=Operation Snowflake - I-5 Grapevine-Tejon Pass Closure |publisher=Caltrans |access-date=2020-09-08 |archive-date=2020-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010045001/https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/documents/operation-snowflake-flyer-20191224-a11y.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Communities==
This historic gap has given its name to the [[Mountain Communities of the Tejon Pass]]. Beginning on the south at [[Santa Clarita, California|Santa Clarita]], it passes through [[Castaic, California|Castaic]], [[Gorman, California|Gorman]], and [[Lebec, California|Lebec]], to end at [[Grapevine, California|Grapevine]]. It passes by the [[Tejon Ranch]], where two large [[planned communities]]—[[Centennial, California|Centennial]] and [[Tejon Mountain Village]]—are proposed.

==See also==
* [[Tehachapi Pass]], used by the rail lines connecting southern and northern California.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tejon Pass}}
* [http://www.history-map.com/picture/003/Tejon-Pass.htm history-map.com]; See ''Map and profile of the Tejon Pass: from explorations and surveys / made under the direction of the Hon. Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War by Lieut. R. S. Williamson, Topl. Engrs. assisted by Lieut. J. G. Parke, Topl. Engrs. and Mr. Isaac Williams Smith, Civ. Engr., 1853''.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mountain passes of California]]
[[Category:Interstate 5]]
[[Category:San Emigdio Mountains]]
[[Category:Tehachapi Mountains]]
[[Category:Landforms of Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Landforms of Kern County, California]]
[[Category:Mountain Communities of the Tejon Pass]]
[[Category:Transportation in Kern County, California]]
[[Category:Transportation in Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Butterfield Overland Mail in California]]