Editing Teleonomy

{{short description|Apparent purposefulness brought about by natural processes}}
'''Teleonomy''' is the quality of apparent purposefulness and of goal-directedness of structures and functions in living organisms brought about by natural processes like [[Natural Selection|natural selection]]. The term derives from two [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words, τέλος, from τελε-, ("end", "goal", "purpose") and νόμος ''nomos'' ("law"). Teleonomy is sometimes contrasted with [[teleology in biology|teleology]], where the latter is understood as a purposeful goal-directedness brought about through human or divine intention. Teleonomy is thought to derive from [[evolution]]ary history, adaptation for [[reproductive success]], and/or the operation of a program. Teleonomy is related to programmatic or computational aspects of purpose.

== Relationship with teleology ==
{{further|Teleology in biology}}

[[Colin Pittendrigh]], who coined the term in 1958, applied it to biological phenomena that appear to be end-directed, hoping to limit the much older term [[teleology in biology|teleology]] to actions planned by an agent who can internally model alternative futures with [[intention]], purpose and foresight:
{{blockquote|Biologists for a while were prepared to say a turtle came ashore and laid its eggs. These verbal scruples were intended as a rejection of teleology but were based on the mistaken view that the efficiency of final causes is necessarily implied by the simple description of an end-directed mechanism. … The biologists long-standing confusion would be removed if all end-directed systems were described by some other term, e.g., 'teleonomic', in order to emphasize that recognition and description of end-directedness does not carry a commitment to Aristotelian teleology as an efficient causal principle.<ref>Pittendrigh, C. S. "Adaptation, natural selection, and behavior", in ''Behavior and Evolution'', ed. A. Roe and [[George Gaylord Simpson]], New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958, 390–416; p. 394.</ref>}}

In 1965 [[Ernst Mayr]] cited Pittendrigh and criticized him for not making a "clear distinction between the two teleologies of Aristotle"; evolution involves Aristotle's [[material cause]]s and [[formal cause]]s rather than [[efficient cause]]s.<ref name="causeandeffect">{{cite book |author=Mayr, Ernst |authorlink=Ernst Mayr |chapter=Cause and effect in biology |editor=Lerner, D. |title=Cause and effect |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/causeeffect00lern |chapter-url-access=registration |publisher=Free Press |location=New York |date=1965 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/causeeffect00lern/page/33 33–50] }}</ref> Mayr adopted Pittendrigh's term, but supplied his own definition:{{blockquote|It would seem useful to rigidly restrict the term ''teleonomic'' to systems operating on the basis of a program of coded information. (p.42)}}

[[Richard Dawkins]] described the properties of "archeo-purpose" (by natural selection) and "neo-purpose" (by evolved adaptation) in his talk on the "Purpose of Purpose". Dawkins attributes the brain's flexibility as an evolutionary feature in adapting or subverting goals to making neo-purpose goals on an overarching evolutionary archeo-purpose. Language allows groups to share neo-purposes, and cultural evolution - occurring much faster than natural evolution - can lead to conflict or collaborations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.richarddawkins.net/videos/3956-the-purpose-of-purpose |title=The Purpose of Purpose - Richard Dawkins - RichardDawkins.net |accessdate=2012-12-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121222125/http://old.richarddawkins.net/videos/3956-the-purpose-of-purpose |archivedate=2014-01-21 }}</ref>

In [[behavior analysis]], Hayne Reese made the [[adverbial]] distinction between purposefulness (having an internal determination) and purposiveness (serving or effecting a useful function). Reese implies that non-teleological statements are called teleonomic when they represent an "if A then C" phenomenon's [[Antecedent (logic)|antecedent]]; where, teleology is a [[consequent]] representation. The concept of purpose, as only being the teleology final cause, requires supposedly impossible [[Temporal paradox|time reversal]]; because, the future consequent determines the present antecedent. Purpose, as being both in the beginning and the end, simply rejects teleology, and addresses the time reversal problem. In this, Reese sees no value for teleology and teleonomic concepts in behavior analysis; however, the concept of purpose preserved in process can be useful, if not reified.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Teleology and Teleonomy in Behavior Analysis | author=Reese, Hayne W. | journal=The Behavior Analyst | date=1994 | volume=17 | issue=1 | pages=75–91 | pmc=2733687 | pmid=22478174|doi = 10.1007/bf03392654}}</ref> A theoretical time-dimensional tunneling and teleological functioning of [[temporal paradox]] would also fit this description without the necessity of a localized intelligence. Whereas the concept of a teleonomic process, such as [[evolution]], can simply refer to a system capable of producing complex products without the benefit of a guiding foresight.

In 1966 [[George C. Williams (biologist)|George C. Williams]] approved of the term in the last chapter of his ''Adaptation and Natural Selection; a critique of some current evolutionary thought''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Williams, G.C. |title=Adaptation and natural selection; a critique of some current evolutionary thought |url=https://archive.org/details/adaptationnatura00will |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=Princeton, NJ |date=1966 |isbn=0-691-02615-7 }}</ref> In 1970, [[Jacques Monod]], in ''[[Chance and Necessity]], an Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology'',<ref>{{cite book |author=Monod, Jacques |title=Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |location=New York |date=1971 |isbn=0-394-46615-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/chancenecessity00jacq }}</ref> suggested teleonomy as a key feature that defines life:

{{blockquote|Rather than reject this [goal-directedness] idea (as certain biologists have tried to do) it is indispensable to recognise that it is essential to the very definition of living beings. We shall maintain that the latter are distinct from all other structures or systems present in the universe through this characteristic property, which we shall call teleonomy.
[..] It will be readily seen that, in this or that species situated higher or lower on the animal scale, the achievement of the fundamental teleonomic project (i.e., invariant reproduction) calls assorted, more or less elaborate and complex structures and performances into play. The fact must be stressed that concerned here are not only the activities directly bound up with reproduction itself, but all those that contribute-be it very indirectly-to the species' survival and multiplication. For example, in higher mammals the play of the young is an important element of psychic development and social integration. Therefore this activity has teleonomic value, inasmuch as it furthers the cohesion of the group, a condition for its survival and for the expansion of the species.}}

In 1974 Ernst Mayr illustrated<ref>{{cite book |author=Mayr, E. |chapter=Teleological and Teleonomic, a New Analysis |series=Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science |title=A Portrait of Twenty-five Years |volume=14 |date=1974 |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-5345-1_10 |pages=133–159|isbn=978-90-277-1971-3 }}</ref> the difference in the statements:

:: "The Wood Thrush migrates in the fall '''in order to escape''' the inclemency of the weather and the food shortages of the northern climates."

:: "The Wood Thrush migrates in the fall '''and thereby escapes''' the inclemency of the weather and the food shortages of the northern climates."

{{blockquote|If we replace the words ‘in order to escape’ by ‘and thereby escapes’, we leave the important question unanswered as to why the Wood Thrush migrates. The teleonomic form of the statement implies that the goal-directed migratory activity is governed by a program. By omitting this important message the second sentence is greatly impoverished as far as information content is concerned, without gaining in causal strength.}}

Subsequently, philosophers like [[Ernest Nagel]] further analysed<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2025745 |author=Nagel, E. |title=Teleology Revisited: Goal-Directed Processes in Biology |jstor=2025745 |journal=Journal of Philosophy |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=261–301 |date=1977 }} Reprinted in Allen, Bekoff & Lauder, 1998.</ref> the concept of goal-directedness in biology and by 1982, philosopher and historian of science [[David Hull (philosopher)|David Hull]] joked<ref>{{cite book |author=Hull, D.L. |chapter=Philosophy and Biology |title=Philosophy of Science |pages=280–316 |volume=2 |editor=Fløistad, Guttorm |editor-link=Guttorm Fløistad |series=Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey |publisher=Nijhoff |location=Hague |date=1982 |isbn=90-247-2518-6 }}</ref> about the use of teleology and teleonomy by biologists:

{{blockquote|Haldane [in the 1930s] can be found remarking, ‘Teleology is like a mistress to a biologist: he cannot live without her but he’s unwilling to be seen with her in public.’ Today the mistress has become a lawfully wedded wife. Biologists no longer feel obligated to apologize for their use of teleological language; they flaunt it. The only concession which they make to its disreputable past is to rename it ‘teleonomy’.}}

==Relationship to evolution==

The concept of teleonomy was largely developed by Mayr and Pittendrigh to separate biological evolution from teleology. Pittendrigh's purpose was to enable biologists who had become overly cautious about goal-oriented language to have a way of discussing the goals and orientations of an organism's behaviors without inadvertently invoking teleology. Mayr was even more explicit, saying that while teleonomy certainly operates on the level of organisms, the process of evolution itself is necessarily non-teleonomic.

{{blockquote|Mayr says, 'The existence of complex codes of information in the DNA of the germ plasm permits teleonomic purposiveness. On the other hand, evolutionary research has found no evidence whatsoever for a "goal-seeking" of evolutionary lines, as postulated in that kind of teleology which sees "plan and design" in nature. The harmony of the living universe, so far as it exists, is an a posteriori product of natural selection.<ref name="causeandeffect" />}} This attitude towards the role of teleonomy in the evolutionary process is the consensus view of the [[Modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3998/ptb.6959004.0002.003 |author=Merlin, F. |title=Evolutionary Chance Mutation: A Defense of the Modern Synthesis' Consensus View |journal= Philosophy and Theory in Biology|volume=2 |issue=20170609 |date=2010|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Evolution largely hoards [[hindsight]], as variations unwittingly make "predictions" about structures and functions which could successfully cope with the future, and which participate in a process of natural selection that culls the unfit, leaving the fit to the next generation. Information accumulates about functions and structures that are successful, exploiting [[feedback]] from the environment via the selection of fitter coalitions of structures and functions. [[Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist)|Robert Rosen]] has described these features as an [[anticipatory system]] which builds an internal model based on past and possible future states.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

In 1962, Grace A. de Laguna's "The Role of Teleonomy in Evolution" attempted to show how different stages of evolution were characterized by different types of teleonomy.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/287855 |author=de Laguna |author2=Grace A. |title=The Role of Teleonomy in Evolution |journal=Philosophy of Science |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=117–131 |date=April 1962 |jstor=186539|s2cid=224844288 }}</ref> de Laguna points out that humans have oriented teleonomy so that the teleonomic goal is not restricted to the reproduction of humans, but also to cultural ideals.

In recent years, a few biologists believe that the separation of teleonomy from the process of evolution has gone too far. [[Peter Corning]] notes that behavior, which is a teleonomic trait, is responsible for the construction of biological niches, which is an agent of selection. Therefore, it would be inaccurate to say that there was no role for teleonomy in the process of evolution, since teleonomy dictates the fitness landscape according to which organisms are selected.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/bij.12061 |author=Corning, P. |title=Evolution 'on purpose': how behaviour has shaped the evolutionary process |journal=Journal of the Linnaean Society |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=242–260 |date=2013|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Holmes, B. |title=Life's purpose: Can animals guide their own evolution? |journal=New Scientist |date=2013}}</ref>  Corning calls this phenomenon "teleonomic selection". Additionally, recent research has demonstrated that mutations are not random with reference to their value to the organism.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10441-023-09464-8 |author=Bartlett, J. |title=Random with Respect to Fitness or External Selection? An Important but Often Overlooked Distinction |journal=Acta Biotheoretica |volume=71 |issue=2 |date=2023 |page=12 |pmid=36933070 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04269-6 |vauthors = Monroe JG, Srikant T, Carbonell-Bejerano P, Becker C, Lensink M, Exposito-Alonso M, Klein M, Hildebrandt J, Neumann M, Kliebenstein D, Weng ML, Imbert E, Ågren J, Rutter MT, Fenster CB, Weigel D |journal=Nature |volume=602 |pages=101–105 |date=2022 |title=Mutation bias reflects natural selection in Arabidopsis thaliana |issue = 7895 | pmid = 35022609 | pmc = 8810380  |bibcode = 2022Natur.602..101M }}</ref> Monroe and colleagues <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Monroe |first1=J. Grey |last2=Murray |first2=Kevin D. |last3=Xian |first3=Wenfei |last4=Srikant |first4=Thanvi |last5=Carbonell-Bejerano |first5=Pablo |last6=Becker |first6=Claude |last7=Lensink |first7=Mariele |last8=Exposito-Alonso |first8=Moises |last9=Klein |first9=Marie |last10=Hildebrandt |first10=Julia |last11=Neumann |first11=Manuela |last12=Kliebenstein |first12=Daniel |last13=Weng |first13=Mao-Lun |last14=Imbert |first14=Eric |last15=Ågren |first15=Jon |date=July 2023 |title=Reply to: Re-evaluating evidence for adaptive mutation rate variation |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=619 |issue=7971 |pages=E57–E60 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06315-x |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=10371858 |pmid=37495874|bibcode=2023Natur.619E..57M }}</ref> presented solid evidence that the most important genes undergo fewer mutations. If the phenomenon responsible for making the most important genes undergo fewer mutations remained an enigma, many would easily assume that there is some form of control systems (teleonomy) in the generation of mutations. Assuming this would be incorrect, as the phenomenon responsible for making genes more "protected" from mutations occurs completely automatically, without any teleonomic aspect.<ref>{{Citation |last=Silva |first=Rafael Barbosa Da |title=On the Resistance to Entropic Elevation of Genetic Information: The Solution to the Non-Randomness of Mutations With Reference to Their Essentiality |date=2024-04-16 |url=https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202404.1005/v1 |access-date=2024-04-18 |language=en |doi=10.20944/preprints202404.1005.v1|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Philosophy==
The Dutch Jewish philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]] defined ''conatus'' as the tendency for individual things to persist in existence, meaning the pursuit of stability within the internal relations between their individual parts, in a similar way to [[homeostasis]].
Spinoza also rejected the idea of [[finalism]] and asserted nature does not pursue specific goals and acts in a deterministic although non-directed way.

In teleology, [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]'s positions as expressed in [[Critique of Judgment]], were neglected for many years because in the minds of many scientists they were associated with [[Vitalism|vitalist]] views of evolution. Their recent rehabilitation is evident in teleonomy{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}, which bears a number of features, such as the description of organisms, that are reminiscent of the Aristotelian conception of [[final cause]]s as essentially recursive in nature. Kant's position is that, even though we cannot know whether there are final causes in nature, we are constrained by the peculiar nature of the human understanding to view organisms teleologically. Thus the Kantian view sees teleology as a necessary principle for the study of organisms, but only as a regulative principle, and with no ontological implications.<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Purpose |last=Huneman |first=Philippe |date=2007 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |isbn= 978-1-58046-265-5 |pages= 1–37 }}</ref>

[[Talcott Parsons]], in the later part of his working with a theory of [[Sociocultural evolution|social evolution]] and a related theory of world-history, adopted the concept of teleonomy as the fundamental organizing principle for directional processes and his theory of [[Social change|societal development]] in general. In this way, Parsons tried to find a theoretical compromise between [[Voluntarism (philosophy)|voluntarism]] as a principle of action and the idea of a certain directionality in history.

==Current status==
Teleonomy is closely related to concepts of [[emergence]], [[Complex systems|complexity theory]],<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF00128784 |author=Christensen, W.D. |s2cid=170263111 |title=A complex systems theory of teleology |journal=Biology and Philosophy |volume=11 |pages=301–320 |date=1996 |issue=3}}</ref> and [[self-organizing systems]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0301-4622(87)80031-5 |author=Lifson S |title=Chemical selection, diversity, teleonomy and the second law of thermodynamics. Reflections on Eigen's theory of self-organization of matter |journal=Biophys. Chem. |volume=26 |issue=2–3 |pages=303–11 |date=May 1987 |pmid=3607231 }}</ref> It has extended beneath biology to be applied in the context of chemistry.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pross, Addy |s2cid=27531516 |title=On the Chemical Nature and Origin of Teleonomy |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres |volume=35 |issue=4 |date=August 2005 |doi=10.1007/s11084-005-2045-9 |pmid=16228650 |pages=383–394|bibcode=2005OLEB...35..383P }}</ref><ref>''ibid''. [https://science24.com/paper/8221 On the Chemical Nature of Purpose (Teleonomy)], Journal of 18th Conference on Physical Organic Chemistry</ref> Some philosophers of biology resist the term and still employ "teleology" when analyzing biological function<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00048409112344881 |author=Neander, K. |title=The Teleological Notion of 'Function' |journal=Australasian Journal of Philosophy |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=454–468 |date=1991 }}</ref> and the language used to describe it,<ref>{{cite book |author=Nissen, Lowell |title=Teleological Language in the Life Sciences |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |date=1997 |isbn=0-8476-8694-9 }}</ref> while others endorse it.<ref>Kober, G. [http://www.ishpssb.org/ocs/viewabstract.php?id=161 "Teleology's New Clothes: Teleonomy and the Notion of Program"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713144745/http://www.ishpssb.org/ocs/viewabstract.php?id=161 |date=2007-07-13 }}, ''International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology'' (Feb 14, 2005)</ref>

==See also==
*[[Anthropic principle]]
*[[Autopoiesis]]
*[[Conatus]]
*[[Naturalism (philosophy)]]
*[[Orthogenesis]]
*[[Religious naturalism]]
*[[Theistic evolution]]
*[[T-symmetry]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Allen, C., M. Bekoff, G. Lauder, eds., ''Nature's Purposes: Analyses Of Function and Design in Biology''. MIT Press, 1998. ({{ISBN|0-2625-1097-9}})
* [[Ernst Mayr|Mayr, Ernst]], ''The Growth of Biological Thought. Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance''. Cambridge (MA): Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1982 : pp.&nbsp;47–51 (differentiating four kinds of teleology).
* [[Ernst Mayr|Mayr, Ernst]], ''What Makes Biology Unique?: Considerations on the Autonomy of a Scientific Discipline'', Cambridge University Press, 2004. ({{ISBN|0-5218-4114-3}}).
* [[Michael Ruse|Ruse, Michael]] ''Darwin and Design'', Harvard University Press; 2004. ({{ISBN|0-6740-1631-9}})

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|teleonomy}}
* [https://www.m-w.com/dictionary/teleonomy Merriam Webster definition]
* [http://www.dactyl.org/directors/vna/Pasadena_Talk.htm Nonlinearity and Teleology]
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/information-biological/#TelOthRicCon Biological Information]

[[Category:Teleology]]
[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Concepts in metaphysics]]