Editing Telephone call

{{Short description|Voice communication over a telephone network}}
{{Redirect|Phone call|the 2013 British film|The Phone Call}}{{Not to be confused with|Telephone Calls|The Telephone Call (song)|The Telephone Call (novel)}}{{Update|date=May 2023}}

[[File:CandlestickTelephoneGal.jpg|thumb|upright|An early 20th century [[candlestick telephone]] used for a phone call]]

A '''telephone call''', '''phone call''', '''voice call''', or simply a '''call''', is the effective use of a connection over a [[telephone network]] between the [[calling party]] and the [[called party]]. 

Telephone calls are the form of human communication that was first enabled by the development of the [[telephone]] and several inventions in the mid- to late-19th century. Initial technology involved point-to-point electrical wire connections between telephone installations, until centralized exchanges evolved where [[Switchboard operator|telephone operators]] established each interconnection manually at a [[telephone switchboard]] after asking the calling party for their call destination. After the invention of automatic telephone exchanges in the 1890s, the process became increasingly automated, eventually leading to the widespread adoption of digital exchanges in the second half of the 20th century, including the transition to wireless communication via mobile telephone networks and [[cellular network]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zagorsky |first=Jay L. |date=2019-03-14 |title=Rise and fall of the landline: 143 years of telephones becoming more accessible – and smart |url=http://theconversation.com/rise-and-fall-of-the-landline-143-years-of-telephones-becoming-more-accessible-and-smart-113295 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> With the development of the [[Internet]], the cost of telephone calls was drastically reduced with [[Voice over Internet Protocol]] (VoIP).

==First telephone call==
The first telephone call was made on March 10, 1876, by [[Alexander Graham Bell]]. Bell demonstrated his ability to "talk with electricity" by transmitting a call to his assistant, Thomas Watson. The first words transmitted were "Mr Watson, come here. I want to see you."<ref name=wired>
{{cite magazine
|url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/03/dayintech_0310
|title=March 10, 1876: 'Mr. Watson, Come Here ... {{'-}}
|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
|first=Randy
|last=Alfred
|date=10 March 2008
|access-date=2013-03-18
}}
</ref>
 
This event has been called Bell's "greatest success", as it demonstrated the first successful use of the telephone.<ref name=wired/> However he refused to have a telephone in his own home because it was something he invented by mistake and saw it as a distraction from his main studies.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Dr. Bells Appreciation of the Telephone Service
|url=https://archive.org/details/belltelephonemag01amer/page/64/mode/2up?view=theater
|journal=Bell Telephone Magazine
|volume=1
|page=65–67
|year=1922
|publisher=Information Dept. American Telephone And Telegraph Company
}}</ref>

==Information transmission==
A [[telephone]] call may carry ordinary [[Human voice|voice]] transmission using a telephone, [[data transmission]] when the calling party and called party are using [[modem]]s, or [[Fax|facsimile]] transmission when they are using [[fax]] machines. The call may use [[land line]], [[mobile phone]], [[satellite phone]] or any combination thereof. When a telephone call has more than one [[called party]] it is referred to as a [[conference call]]. When two or more users of the network are sharing the same physical line, it is called a [[Party line (telephony)|party line]] or Rural phone line.

[[File:Photograph of First Lady Betty Ford Reading a Newspaper, while President Ford Talks on the Telephone, in the Second... - NARA - 186793.tif|thumb|U.S. President [[Gerald Ford]] on the phone]]

If the caller's wired phone is connected directly to the calling party, when the caller takes their telephone [[off-hook]], the calling party's phone will ring. This is called a [hot line] or [ringdown]. Otherwise, the calling party is usually given a [[Dial tone|tone]] to indicate they should begin dialing the desired number. In some (now very rare) cases, if the calling party cannot dial calls directly, they will be connected to an [[Switchboard operator|operator]] who places the call for them.

Calls may be placed through a public network, such as the [[public switched telephone network]] (PSTN), provided by a commercial [[telephone company]] or a private network, such as a [[private branch exchange]] (PBX). In most cases a private network is connected to the public network to provide PBX users with access to the larger networks. Incoming calls to a private network arrive at the PBX in two ways: either directly to a users phone using [[direct inward dialing]] or indirectly via a human or electronic receptionist who will answer the call and connect it to the desired user.

Most telephone calls through the PSTN are set up using [[ISDN User Part|ISUP]] signalling messages or one of its variants between [[telephone exchange]]s to establish the end to end connection. Calls through PBX networks are set up using [[QSIG]], [[DPNSS]] or variants.

==Costs==
Some types of calls are not charged, such as [[local call]]s (and internal calls) dialed directly by a telephone subscriber in [[Canada]], the [[United States]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Ireland]] or [[New Zealand]] (Residential subscribers only). In most other areas, all telephone calls are charged a fee for the connection. Fees depend on the provider of the service, the type of service being used (a call placed from a [[landline]] or wired telephone will have one rate, and a call placed from a [[Mobile telephone number|mobile telephone]] will have a different rate) and the distance between the calling and the called parties. In most circumstances, the calling party pays this fee. However, in some circumstances such as a reverse charge or [[collect call]], the called party pays the cost of the call. In some circumstances, the caller pays a [[flat rate]] charge for the telephone connection and does not pay any additional charge for all calls made. Telecommunication liberalization has been established in several countries to allow customers to keep their local phone provider and use an alternate provider for a certain call in order to save money.

==Placing a call==
[[File:Jean-Marc Doussain.JPG|thumb|upright|An early 21st century [[mobile phone]] being used for a phone call]]

A typical phone call using a traditional phone is placed by picking the phone handset up off the base. The caller then [[rotary dial]]s or presses buttons for the phone number needed to complete the call, and the call is routed to the phone which has that number. The second phone makes a ringing noise to alert its owner. The first user can hold the handset so that the hearing end is next to their ear and the speaking end is within range of their mouth. They then hear a ringing noise in the earpiece. If the second phone is picked up, then the two users can talk to one another. If the phone is not picked up, the first user continues to hear a ringing noise until they hang up their own phone.

In addition to the traditional method of placing a telephone call, new technologies allow different methods for initiating a telephone call, such as [[voice dialing]]. [[Voice over IP]] technology allows calls to be made through a [[Personal computer|PC]], using a service like [[Skype]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Roos|first=Dave|title=How VoIP Works|url=http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ip-telephony9.htm|publisher=How Stuff Works|access-date=12 March 2011}}</ref> Other services, such as toll-free dial-around, enable callers to initiate a telephone call through a third party without exchanging phone numbers.<ref>{{cite web|title=How VoIP Service Works|url=https://www.uwtcallback.com/otherSvcs/voip/how_it_works.html|publisher=United World Telecom|access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref> Originally, no phone calls could be made without first talking to the [[Switchboard operator]]. However for many years an operator has not been needed to complete most phone calls.

The use of [[Headset (audio)|headsets]] is becoming more common for placing or receiving a call. Headsets can either come with a cord or be [[wireless]].

A special number can be dialed for [[operator assistance]], which may be different for local vs. long-distance or international calls.

=== Details of operation ===
[[File:Telephoneschematic.gif|thumb|Diagram]]
The [[Landline|landline telephone]] contains a switchhook (A4) and an alerting device, usually a ringer (A7), that remains connected to the phone line whenever the phone is "[[on hook]]" (i.e. the switch (A4) is open), and other components which are connected when the phone is "[[off hook]]". The off-hook components include a transmitter (microphone, A2), a receiver (speaker, A1), and other circuits for dialing, filtering (A3), and amplification.

To place a telephone call, the [[calling party]] picks up the telephone's handset, thereby operating a lever that closes the hook switch (A4). This powers the telephone by connecting the transmission hybrid transformer, as well as the transmitter (microphone) and receiver (speaker) to the line. In this off-hook state, the telephone circuitry has a low resistance of typically less than 300 [[ohm]]s, which causes the flow of [[direct current]] (DC) in the line (C) from the telephone exchange. The exchange detects this current, attaches a digit receiver circuit to the line, and sends [[dial tone]] to indicate its readiness. On a modern [[push-button telephone]], the caller then presses the number keys to send the telephone number of the destination, the [[called party]]. The keys control a tone generator circuit (not shown) that sends [[DTMF]] tones to the exchange. A [[Rotary dial|rotary-dial telephone]] uses [[pulse dialing]] (A5), sending electrical pulses, that the exchange counts to decode each digit of the telephone number. If the called party's line is available, the terminating exchange applies an intermittent alternating current (AC) [[Ringing (telephony)|ringing signal]] of 40 to 90 volts to alert the called party of the incoming call. If the called party's line is in use, however, the exchange returns a [[busy signal]] to the calling party. If the called party's line is in use but subscribes to [[call waiting]] service, the exchange sends an intermittent audible tone to the called party to indicate another call.

The electromechanical ringer of a telephone (A7) is connected to the line through a [[capacitor]] (A6), which blocks direct current and passes the alternating current of the ringing power. The telephone draws no current when it is on hook, while a DC voltage is continually applied to the line. Exchange circuitry (D2) can send an alternating current down the line to activate the ringer and announce an incoming call. In manual service exchange areas, before dial service was installed, telephones had hand-cranked [[telephone magneto|magneto generators]] to generate a ringing voltage back to the exchange or any other telephone on the same line. When a landline telephone is inactive (on hook), the circuitry at the telephone exchange detects the absence of direct current to indicate that the line is not in use.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Telephone |volume=26 |pages=547–57 |first1=Harry Robert |last1=Kempe |first2=Emile |last2=Garcke}}</ref> When a party initiates a call to this line, the exchange sends the ringing signal. When the called party picks up the handset, they actuate a double-circuit switchhook (not shown) which may simultaneously disconnect the alerting device and connect the audio circuitry to the line. This, in turn, draws direct current through the line, confirming that the called phone is now active. The exchange circuitry turns off the ring signal, and both telephones are now active and connected through the exchange. The parties may now converse as long as both phones remain off hook. When a party hangs up, placing the handset back on the cradle or hook, direct current ceases in that line, signaling the exchange to disconnect the call.

Calls to parties beyond the local exchange are carried over [[Trunking|trunk]] lines which establish connections between exchanges. In modern telephone networks, [[Fiber-optic communication|fiber-optic cable]] and [[Digital Multiplex System|digital technology]] are often employed in such connections. [[Communications satellite|Satellite technology]] may be used for communication over very long distances.

In most landline telephones, the transmitter and receiver (microphone and speaker) are located in the handset, although in a [[speakerphone]] these components may be located in the base or in a separate enclosure. Powered by the line, the microphone (A2) produces a modulated electric current which varies its [[frequency]] and [[amplitude]] in response to the [[sound]] waves arriving at its [[Diaphragm (acoustics)|diaphragm]]. The resulting current is transmitted along the telephone line to the local exchange then on to the other phone (via the local exchange or via a larger network), where it passes through the [[voice coil|coil]] of the receiver (A3). The varying current in the coil produces a corresponding movement of the receiver's diaphragm, [[Reproduction|reproducing]] the original sound waves present at the transmitter.

Along with the microphone and speaker, additional circuitry is incorporated to prevent the incoming speaker signal and the outgoing microphone signal from interfering with each other. This is accomplished through a [[hybrid coil]] (A3). The incoming audio signal passes through a resistor (A8) and the primary winding of the coil (A3) which passes it to the speaker (A1). Since the current path A8 – A3 has a far lower impedance than the microphone (A2), virtually all of the incoming signal passes through it and bypasses the microphone.

At the same time the DC voltage across the line causes a DC current which is split between the resistor-coil (A8-A3) branch and the microphone-coil (A2-A3) branch. The DC current through the resistor-coil branch has no effect on the incoming audio signal. But the DC current passing through the microphone is turned into AC (in response to voice sounds) which then passes through only the upper branch of the coil's (A3) primary winding, which has far fewer turns than the lower primary winding. This causes a small portion of the microphone output to be fed back to the speaker, while the rest of the AC goes out through the phone line.

A [[lineman's handset]] is a telephone designed for testing the telephone network and may be attached directly to aerial lines and other infrastructure components.

==Tones==
Preceding, during, and after a traditional telephone call is placed, certain [[call progress tone|tones]] signify the progress and status of the telephone call:
* a [[dial tone]] signifying that the system is ready to accept a [[telephone number]] and connect the call
* either:
** a [[ringback tone|ringing tone]] signifying that the called party has yet to answer the telephone
** a [[Busy signal (telephony)|busy signal]] (or engaged tone)  signifying that the called  party's telephone is being used in a telephone call to another person (or is "off the hook" though no number has been dialled, i.e. the customer does not want to be disturbed)
** a fast busy signal (also called [[reorder tone]] or overflow busy tone) signifying that there is congestion in the telephone network, or possibly that the calling subscriber has delayed too long in dialling all the necessary digits. The fast busy signal is generally twice as fast as the normal busy signal.
* [[status tones]] such as STD notification tones (to inform the caller that the telephone call is being [[Subscriber trunk dialling|trunk dialled]] at a greater cost to the calling party), minute minder beeps (to inform the caller of the relative duration of the telephone call on calls that are charged on a time basis), and others
* a tone (sometimes the busy signal, often the dial tone) to signify that the called party has hung up.
* tones used by earlier [[in-band signaling|inband]] telephone switching systems were simulated by a Red box or a [[Blue box (phreaking)|blue box]] used by "[[phreaking|phone phreaks]]" to illegally make or receive free trunk/toll calls.
* [[off-hook tone]] if the phone has been picked up but no number dialed for an extended period of time.
[[Cell phone]]s generally do not use dial tones, because the technology used to transmit the dialed number is different from a landline.

==Unwanted calls==
{{main|Nuisance call}}

Unsolicited telephone calls are a modern nuisance. Common kinds of unwanted calls include [[prank call]]s, [[telemarketing]] calls, and [[obscene phone call]]s.

Caller ID provides some protection against unwanted calls, but can still be turned off by the calling party. Even where end-user Caller ID is not available, calls are still logged, both in billing records at the originating telco and via [[automatic number identification]], so the perpetrator's phone number can still be discovered in many cases. However, this does not provide complete protection: harassers can use payphones, in some cases, automatic number identification itself can be spoofed or blocked, and mobile telephone abusers can (at some cost) use "throwaway" phones or SIMs.

==Patents==
* Rabinow, J., {{US patent|2813154}} - "''Telephone call indicator''"—November 12, 1957

==See also==
{{Portal|Telephones}}
* [[Call completion]]
* [[Call processing]]
* [[Call-progress tone]]
* [[Emergency telephone number]]
* [[Pocket dialing]]
* [[Telephone phobia]]
* [[Teletraffic engineering]]
* [[Video call]]

== References ==
{{Commons category|People on telephone calls}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Telephony}}
{{Telecommunications}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Telephony|Call]]
[[Category:Teletraffic|Call]]