Editing Tempranillo

{{Short description|Variety of grape}}
{{For|the white mutation of this grape variety|Tempranillo blanco}}
{{Infobox grape variety
| name = Tempranillo
| color = Noir
| image = Tempranillo Viala et Vermorel.jpg
| caption = Tempranillo in Viala & Vermorel
| species = ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''
| also_called = Cencibel, Tinta Roriz ([[#Synonyms|more]])
| origin =  [[Spain]]
| pedigree0 = [[Benedicto (grape)|Benedicto]] × [[Albillo]]
| pedigree1 = [[Benedicto (grape)|Benedicto]] 
| pedigree2 = [[Albillo]]
| hazards = Rot<!-- Viticultural hazards -->
| regions = [[Rioja (wine)#Wine regions|Rioja]], Spain<br />[[Ribera del Duero]], Spain ([[#Regions|more]])
| notable_wines = [[Vega Sicilia]] 
[[Bodegas López de Heredia]]
}}
[[File:Tempranillo vine with grape clusters.jpg|thumb|Ripening Tempranillo grapes]]
[[File:Tempranillo leaf at Red Willow.jpg|right|thumb|Tempranillo leaf]]

'''Tempranillo''' (also known as '''Ull de Llebre''', '''Cencibel''', '''Tinto Fino''' and '''Tinta del País''' in Spain,  '''Aragonez''' or '''Tinta Roriz''' in Portugal, and several other synonyms elsewhere) is a black [[grape variety]] widely grown to make [[body (wine)|full-bodied]] red wines in its native [[Spain (wine)|Spain]].<ref name=guru>{{cite web|last=Manuel |first=Dennis |title=Tempranillo |publisher=Supermarketguru.com |date=25 June 2001 |url=http://archive.supermarketguru.com/page.cfm/194 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425140541/http://archive.supermarketguru.com/page.cfm/194 |archive-date=April 25, 2009 }}</ref><ref>González-Flores D, Gamero E, Garrido M, Ramírez R, Moreno D, Delgado J, Valdés E, Barriga C, Rodríguez A.B, Paredes S.D. (2012). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22033761 Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase after the intake of a grape juice cv. Tempranillo stabilized with HHP]". Food & Function '''3''': 34-39. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[10.1039/c1fo10146c].</ref> Its name is the [[diminutive]] of the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''temprano'' ("early"), a reference to the fact that it ripens several weeks earlier than most Spanish red grapes. Tempranillo has been grown on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] since the time of [[Phoenician (wine)|Phoenician]] settlements. It is the main grape used in [[Rioja (wine)|Rioja]], and is often referred to as Spain's [[noble grape]]. The grape has been planted throughout the globe's wine regions.

In 2015, Tempranillo was the fourth most widely planted wine grape variety worldwide with {{convert|232561|ha|acre}} under vine, of which 87% was in Spain where it is the most planted red grape variety.

Unlike more [[aromatic (wine)|aromatic]] red wine varieties like [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Sangiovese]] and [[Pinot noir]], Tempranillo has a relatively neutral profile so it is often blended with other varieties, such as [[Grenache]] and [[Carignan]] (known in Rioja as Mazuelo), or [[aged (wine)|aged]] for extended periods in [[oak (wine)|oak]] where the wine easily takes on the flavor of the barrel. [[Varietal]] examples of Tempranillo usually exhibit flavors of plum and strawberries.<ref name="WSET">Wine & Spirits Education Trust ''"Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality"'' pgs 6-9, Second Revised Edition (2012), London, {{ISBN|9781905819157}}</ref>

Tempranillo is an [[ripe (wine)|early ripening]] variety that tends to thrive in chalky [[vineyard soils]] such as those of the [[Ribera del Duero]] region of Spain. In Portugal, where the grape is known as Tinta Roriz and Aragonez, it is blended with others to produce [[port wine]].<ref name="WSET"/>

== History and mutation ==
In 2012, Tempranillo was discovered to be a natural cross between [[Albillo|Albillo Mayor]] and a forgotten grape variety called Benedicto.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.ajevonline.org/content/63/4/549 | doi=10.5344/ajev.2012.12012 | title=Genetic Origin of the Grapevine Cultivar Tempranillo | year=2012 | last1=Ibáñez | first1=Javier | last2=Muñoz-Organero | first2=Gregorio | last3=Zinelabidine | first3=L. Hasna | last4=De Andrés | first4=M. Teresa | last5=Cabello | first5=Félix | last6=Martínez-Zapater | first6=José Miguel | journal=American Journal of Enology and Viticulture | volume=63 | issue=4 | pages=549–553 | s2cid=97583632 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tempranillo used to be thought to be related to the [[Pinot noir]] grape. According to legend, [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] monks left Pinot noir cuttings at monasteries along their pilgrimage to [[Santiago de Compostela]]. However, [[Ampelography|ampelographic]] studies have shown no genetic connection between the cultivars.<ref>{{cite web| last = Nesto| first = Bill| title = Spain's great indigenous grape variety Tempranillo| publisher = Massachusetts Beverage Business| date = December 2004| url = http://www.beveragebusiness.com/archives/article.php?cid=1&eid=47&aid=488| access-date = 16 April 2012| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110613152621/http://www.beveragebusiness.com/archives/article.php?cid=1&eid=47&aid=488| archive-date = 13 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Protagonista: La Tempranillo| publisher = Federación Española de Asociaciones de Enólogos| url = http://www.enologo.com/tempranillo/en/tempranillos-al-mundo/la-tempranillo| access-date = 16 April 2012| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120123043040/http://www.enologo.com/tempranillo/en/tempranillos-al-mundo/la-tempranillo| archive-date = 23 January 2012}}</ref>

Spanish cultivation of ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', the common ancestor of almost all vines in existence today, began in earnest with [[Phoenicia]]n settlement in the southern provinces. Later, according to the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] writer [[Columella]], wines were grown all over Spain; yet there are only scattered references to the name "Tempranillo". [[Ribera del Duero]] wine making extends back over 2,000 years, as evidenced by the 66-metre mosaic of [[Bacchus]], the Roman god of wine, that was unearthed in 1972, at [[Baños de Valdearados]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Morales|first=Manuel|title=Thieves take chisel to Roman mosaic|newspaper=El Pais (English edition)|publisher=Ediciones El Pais|location=Madrid|date=1 January 2012|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2012/01/01/inenglish/1325398842_850210.html|access-date=12 May 2012|url-status = dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190723234131/https://elpais.com/elpais/2012/01/01/inenglish/1325398842_850210.html |archive-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>

It is possible that this grape was introduced to the Western Hemisphere by the Spanish Conquistadors in the 17th century, as certain Criolla varieties in Argentina have a closer genetic relationship to Tempranillo than to a small handful of other European varieties against which the Criolla varieties were tested.<ref name=bio>{{cite journal|last1=Martinez|first1=Liliana|last2=Cavagnaro|first2=Pablo|last3=Masuelli|first3=Ricardo|last4=Rodríguez|first4=José|title=Evaluation of diversity among Argentine grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties using morphological data and AFLP markers|journal=Electronic Journal of Biotechnology|volume=6|issue=3|date=15 December 2003|issn=0717-3458|doi=10.2225/vol6-issue3-fulltext-11|doi-access=free|hdl=1807/2251|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Despite its apparent fragility, Tempranillo travelled widely during the 20th century and, following much trial and error, has become established throughout the world. In 1905, Frederic Bioletti brought Tempranillo to [[California]] where it received a cool reception not only due to the encroaching era of [[Prohibition]], but also because of the grape's dislike of hot, dry climates. It was much later, during the 1980s, that Californian Tempranillo wine production began to flourish, following the establishment of suitably mountainous sites. Production in this area has more than doubled since 1993.<ref name=wyn>{{cite web | last=Theron | first=Charl | title=Is Tempranillo the next superstar of the new wine world? | publisher=Wynboer | date=July 2006 | url=http://www.wynboer.co.za/recentarticles/200607current.php3 | access-date=30 September 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175223/http://www.wynboer.co.za/recentarticles/200607current.php3 | archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

During the 1990s, Tempranillo started experiencing a renaissance in wine production worldwide. This surge began partly as a result of the efforts of a 'new wave' of Spanish growers who showed that it was possible to produce wines of great character and quality in areas outside of the Rioja region. One result of this has been that Tempranillo [[varietal]] wines have become more common, especially in the better-suited, cooler Spanish regions like [[Ribera del Duero]], [[Navarra]], and [[Penedès|Penedès (DO)]]. During the 1990s, growers in [[Australian wine|Australia]] and [[South African wine|South Africa]] started significant Tempranillo plantations.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

== Viticulture ==

Tempranillo is a black grape with a thick skin.<ref name=guru/> It grows best at relatively high altitudes, but it also can tolerate a much warmer climate.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Perkins|first=Sid | title=Global Vineyard. Can technology take on a warming climate? | journal=Science News | volume=165 | issue=22 | date=29 May 2004 | pages=347–349 | jstor=4015089 | doi=10.2307/4015089}}</ref> With regard to Tempranillo's production in various climates, wine expert [[Oz Clarke]] notes:
{{Quote|To get elegance and acidity out of Tempranillo, you need a cool climate. But to get high sugar levels and the thick skins that give deep color you need heat. In Spain these two opposites are best reconciled in the [[continental climate (wine)|continental climate]] but high altitude of the Ribera del Duero.<ref>{{cite book | last=Clarke|first=Oz | title=Encyclopedia of Grapes | publisher=Harcourt Books | year=2001 | page=272 | isbn=978-0-15-100714-1}}</ref>}}
[[File:ClosLaPlanaEdit.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Tempranillo vines in [[Penedès (DO)|Penedès]] region, [[Province of Barcelona|Barcelona Province]]]]
In the Ribera del Duero the average July temperature is around 21.4° [[Celsius]] (70.5° [[Fahrenheit]]),<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 191">{{cite book | last1=Johnson|first1=Hugh | last2=Robinson|first2=Jancis | title=The World Atlas of Wine  | publisher=Mitchell Beazley Publishing | year=2005 | page= 191 | isbn=978-1-84000-332-1}}</ref> though temperatures in the middle of the day in the lower valley can jump as high as 40&nbsp;°C (104&nbsp;°F). At night the region experiences a dramatic [[diurnal temperature variation]], with temperatures dropping by as much as 16&nbsp;°C (30&nbsp;°F) from the daytime high. The Tempranillo grape is one of the few grapes that can adapt and thrive in [[continental Mediterranean climate]]s like this.<ref name="Oxford pg 576">{{cite book | editor-last=Robinson | editor-first=Jancis | title=The Oxford Companion to Wine | edition=third | page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/576 576] | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-19-860990-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/576 }}</ref>

Pests and diseases are a serious problem for this grape variety, since it has little resistance to either. The grape forms compact, cylindrical bunches of spherical, deep blue-black fruit with a colourless pulp. The leaves are large with five overlapping lobes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wine Grapes of California:Tempranillo|publisher=University of California at Davis|page=151|url=http://iv.ucdavis.edu/files/24363.pdf}}</ref>

The Tempranillo root absorbs [[potassium]] easily, which facilitates pH levels of 3.6 in the pulp and 4.3 in the skin when it reaches maturity. If it absorbs too much potassium, the [[must]] becomes salified (increased levels of salt), which slows the disappearance of [[malic acid]], resulting in a higher pH. {{Citation needed|reason=more likely potassium ions bonding with tartaric acid is the driving force here|date=September 2020}} The skin does not present any herbaceous characters. The grape is very susceptible to inclement weather, contracting when there is a drought and swelling when there is too much humidity. The swelling has a negative effect on quality since it affects the colour of the wine. The effects of the weather are attenuated in places with [[limestone]] because of the effect of the clay and humidity in the roots; the effects are worse in sandy areas, as well as for vines that are less than twelve years old, as the roots are generally too superficial.<ref name=arrakis>{{cite web | last=Hernández | first=Manuel Ruiz | title=Variedad Tempranillo | publisher=www.arrakis.com | year=1999 | language=es | url=http://www.arrakis.es/~mruizh/a9.htm | access-date=2007-04-04 | archive-date=2000-11-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001102184229/http://www.arrakis.es/~mruizh/a9.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2012}}

== Wines ==
[[File:Tempranillowine.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A Tempranillo varietal wine in a glass, showing typically intense purple colouring]]
Tempranillo wines are ruby red in colour, while [[aromas (wine)|aromas]] and flavours can include berries, plum, tobacco, vanilla, leather and herb.<ref name=JancTempra /> Often making up as much as 90% of a blend, Tempranillo is less frequently bottled as a single varietal. Being low in both acidity and sugar content, it is most commonly blended with [[Grenache]] (known as ''Garnacha'' in Spain), [[Carignan]] (known as ''Mazuela'' in Spain), [[Graciano]], [[Merlot]] and [[Cabernet Sauvignon]]. Blending the grape with Carignan makes a brighter and more acidic wine.<ref name=guru/> Tempranillo is the major component of the typical Rioja blends and constitutes 90-100% of Ribera del Duero wines.<ref name=guru/> In Australia, Tempranillo is blended with Grenache and Shiraz, also known as [[Syrah]]. In Portugal, where it is known as ''Tinta Roriz'', it is a major grape in the production of some [[Port wine]]s.<ref name=RMayson />

== Regions ==
[[File:Reserva Rioja.jpg|left|thumb|A Reserva level Rioja.]]

=== Spain ===
Spain grows 87% of the world's Tempranillo, and it is Spain's most planted red grape variety with {{convert|201,051|ha|acre}} grown in 2015, accounting for 42% of the red grape plantings, surpassed only by the white grape variety [[Airén]]. Tempranillo is native to northern Spain and widely cultivated as far south as [[Andalusia]]. The two major regions that grow Tempranillo are Rioja, in north central Spain, and Ribera del Duero, which lies a little farther to the south. Substantial quantities are also grown in the [[Penedès (DO)|Penedès]], [[Navarra (DO)|Navarra]] and [[Valdepeñas (DO)|Valdepeñas]] regions.<ref name=JancTempra>{{cite book | editor-last=Robinson | editor-first=Jancis | title=The Oxford Companion to Wine | edition=third | pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/691 691–2] | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-19-860990-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/691 }}</ref>

Tempranillo is known under a number of local synonyms in different regions of Spain: "Cencibel" and "Tinto Fino" are used in several regions, and it is known as "Tinta del País" in [[Ribera del Duero]] and the surrounding area, "Tinta de Toro" in [[Toro (DO)|Toro]], and "Ull de llebre" in [[Catalan Wine|Catalonia]].

=== Portugal ===
The grape plays a role in the production of wines in two regions of [[Portugal]], [[Alentejo wine|central Alentejo]] and [[Douro DOC|Douro]]. In Alentejo Central, it is known as Aragonez and used in red table wine blends of variable quality, while in the Douro, it is known as Tinta Roriz and mainly used in blends to make [[port wine]].<ref name=RMayson>{{cite book | last=Mayson | first=Richard | title=Port and the Douro | publisher=Mitchell Beazley | location=London | year=2004 | page=95 | isbn=978-1-84000-943-9}}</ref>

=== New World production ===
[[File:Original 1993 Tempranillo plantings at Red Willow.jpg|right|thumb|The original 1993 planting of Tempranillo at Red Willow Vineyard in Washington state.]]
Tempranillo arrived in California bearing the name Valdepeñas, and it was grown in the Central Valley at the turn of the 20th century. Since the climate of the Central Valley was not ideal for the grape, it was used as a blending grape for [[jug wine]].<ref name=guru/> California has since started to use it for fine wines, particularly in [[Napa Valley AVA|Napa]] and [[Monterey AVA|Monterey]]. In Texas, the soils of the [[Texas High Plains AVA|High Plains]] and [[Texas Hill Country AVA|Hill Country]] have been compared to those of northern Spain. Tempranillo has been well received in Texas and has grown to be considered the state's signature grape.<ref>{{citation|last=Dupuy|first=Jessica|title=Texas Wine of the Month: Inwood Estates "Cornelious" Tempranillo, 2007|magazine=Texas Monthly|location=Dallas|publisher=Emmis Publishing|date=15 April 2010|url=http://www.texasmonthly.com/blogs/eatmywords/?p=800|access-date=18 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030530/https://www.texasmonthly.com/list/10-reasons-to-visit-the-state-fair-of-texas/more-fun-after-5-p-m/ |archive-date=2019-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Dupuy|first1=Jessica|last2=Howard|first2=Tracy|title=Deep in the Heart Exploring Austin's growing grape scene|magazine=[[Imbibe Magazine]]|location=Portland, OR|date=July–August 2011|url=http://www.imbibemagazine.com/Austin-Wine-Scene|access-date=18 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526134355/http://imbibemagazine.com/Austin-Wine-Scene|archive-date=26 May 2012}}</ref>

In [[Oregon wine|Oregon]], the grape was introduced by Earl Jones of [[Abacela]] Vineyards and Winery,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.abacela.com | title=Abacela - Homepage}}</ref> in the [[Umpqua Valley AVA]].<ref name=guru/> Their climate (hot during the summer day, and cool overnight) seems to be perfect for the Tempranillo grape. In [[Australian wine|Australia]] Tempranillo is grown in the [[McLaren Vale]] region, and also North East Victoria.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lorkin|first=Yvonne|title=Wine: Toiling behind the Vale|newspaper=Bay of Plenty Times|location=Tauranga, New Zealand|publisher=APN Holdings|date=2 May 2012|url=http://www.bayofplentytimes.co.nz/news/wine-toiling-behind-the-vale/1347337/|access-date=11 May 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324004904/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/hamilton-news/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503360&objectid=11060385 | archive-date=2017-03-24}}</ref> Tempranillo has also been introduced by some wine producers in Thailand.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bianco|first=Cassandra|title=Tempranillos al Mundo reveals winning wines of 2011|publisher=Federación Española de Asociaciones de Enólogos|date=18 November 2011|url=http://www.enologo.com/tempranillo/en/media-room/press-releases/20-tempranillos-al-mundo-reveals-winning-wines-of-2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729201812/http://www.enologo.com/tempranillo/en/media-room/press-releases/20-tempranillos-al-mundo-reveals-winning-wines-of-2011|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2012|access-date=16 April 2012}}</ref> The varietal is extensively grown in [[Argentine wine|Argentina]], [[Chile (wine)|Chile]], and [[Mexico (wine)|Mexico]].

In [[Washington State (wine)|Washington state]], Tempranillo was one of the varieties pioneered in the state by [[Red Willow Vineyard]] in the [[Yakima Valley AVA]] with its first commercial planting of the variety in 1993.<ref name="Gregutt">P. Gregutt ''"Washington Wines and Wineries: The Essential Guide"'' pgs 17-38, 61-75, 107-109 University of California Press 2007 {{ISBN|0-520-24869-4}}</ref>

== Synonyms ==
[[File:LabelUllDeLlebre.jpg|thumb|225px|right|Label showing both Tempranillo and the synonym used in [[Catalonia]], Ull de Llebre.]]
Tempranillo is known by other names in certain regions. These include:

Albillo Negro, Aldepenas, Aragon, Aragones, Aragonez, Aragonez 51, Aragonez da Ferra, Aragonez de Elvas, Araúxa, Arganda, Arinto Tinto, Cencibel, Cencibera, Chinchillana, Chinchillano, Chinchilyano, Cupani, De Por Aca, Escobera, Garnacho Fono, Grenache de Logrono, Jacibera, Jacibiera, Jacivera, Juan Garcia, Negra de Mesa, Negretto, Ojo de Liebre, Olho de Lebre, Pinuela, Sensibel, Tempranilla, Tempranillo de la Rioja, Tempranillo de Perralta, Tempranillo de Rioja, Tempranillo de Rioza, Tempranillo Rioja, Tinta Aragones, Tinta Corriente, Tinta de Madrid, Tinta de Santiago, Tinta de Toro, Tinta do Inacio, Tinta do Pais, Tinta Fina, Tinta Madrid, Tinta Monteira, Tinta Monteiro, Tinta Roris, Tinta Roriz, Tinta Santiago, Tinto Aragon, Tinto Aragonez, Tinto de la Ribera, Tinto de Madrid, Tinto de Rioja, Tinto de Toro, Tinto del Pais, Tinto del Toro, Tinto Fino, Tinto Madrid, Tinto Pais, Tinto Ribiera, Tinto Riojano, Ull de Liebre, Ull de Llebre, Valdepenas, Verdiell, Vid de Aranda.<ref name="VIVC">{{cite web | last1 =Maul | first1 =Erika | last2=Töpfer|first2=Reinhard|last3=Eibach|first3=Rudolf | title = Vitis International Variety Catalogue | publisher = Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof (IRZ) | location=Siebeldingen, Germany | year = 2007 | url = http://www.vivc.de | access-date = 17 May 2012}}</ref>
{{clear right}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|wine}}
* [[List of Port wine grapes]]
* [[International Grape Genome Program]]
* [[International variety]]
* [[List of Portuguese grape varieties]]
* [[Phoenicians and wine]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120308191019/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResultBibliog.php?topic= VIVC Bibliography]
* [http://www.riojawine.com/en/viticultura/uva-tempranillo.htm Grape varieties - Tempranillo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013603/http://www.riojawine.com/en/viticultura/uva-tempranillo.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.in-spain.info/top20/tempranillo.htm Tempranillo, Spain's Noble Grape]

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[[Category:Red wine grape varieties]]
[[Category:Portuguese wine]]
[[Category:Spanish wine]]
[[Category:Grape varieties of Spain]]