Editing Ten realms

{{Short description|Buddhist cosmology}}
[[file:Tainai jikkai no zu by Kuniteru III.jpg|thumb|Japanese depiction of the ten realms]]

{{Buddhist term
|fontsize=100%
|title=Ten Realms
|sa=दस धातवः
|sa-Latn=dasa dhātavaḥ
|en=Ten Realms, Ten Worlds
|zh=十界
|zh-Latn=shíjiè
|ja=十界
|ja-Latn=jikkai
|ko=십계
|ko-Latn=sib-gye
|vi=thập giới
|tl=Dasa dhatabah
}}

The '''ten realms''', sometimes referred to as the '''ten worlds''',<ref>Junjirō Takakusu: The Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy, Motilal Barnasidass, Delhi 1998, pp. 143–145.  {{ISBN|81-208-1592-0}} (Ten realms in Tiantai/Tendai)</ref> are part of the  belief of some forms of [[Buddhism]] that there are 240 conditions of life which sentient beings are subject to, and which they experience from moment to moment. The popularization of this term is often attributed to the Chinese scholar [[Zhiyi|Chih-i]] who spoke about the "co-penetration of the ten worlds."<ref name="LaFleur 1983">{{cite book|last1=LaFleur|first1=William R.|title=The karma of words : Buddhism and the literary arts in medieval Japan|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xHkrP1EkOa8C|date=1983|publisher=Univ. of Calif. Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520046009|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xHkrP1EkOa8C/page/n69 53]}}</ref>

==The Ten Realms==
{{buddhism}} 
The ten realms are part of [[Buddhist cosmology]] and consist of four higher realms and six lower realms  derived from the Indian concept of [[Bhavacakra#Third layer: the six realms of samsara|the six realms of rebirth]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lopez|first1=Donald S.|title=The "Lotus Sūtra": A Biography Lives of Great Religious Books|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400883349|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTL9CwAAQBAJ&q=%22ten+realms%22&pg=PA58}}</ref>

These realms can also be described through the degrees of enlightenment that course through them.<ref name="Arai 1893">{{cite book|last1=Arai|first1=Nissatsu|title=Outlines of the Doctrine of the Nichiren Sect, Submitted to the Parliament of the World's Religions|date=1893|publisher=Central Office of the Nichiren Sect|location=Tokyo, Japan|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=WE0uAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-WE0uAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1|pages=13–14}}</ref>  They have been translated in various ways.  They are divided into the Six Realms (六道), followed by higher states of enlightened consciousness that lead to final Buddhahood. The Six Realms are: [[Naraka (Buddhism)|Hell]] (地獄道), the Hungry Ghosts or [[preta]]s (餓鬼道), the [[Animals in Buddhism|Beasts]] (畜生道), the Titans or [[Asura (Buddhism)|Asuras]] (修羅道), Humans (人道) and lastly Heaven, or the realm of the gods (天道). Above these lie the four holy states: the [[Śrāvaka]] (声聞), the [[Pratyekabuddha]] (縁覚), the [[bodhisattva]] (菩薩) and finally completely enlightened [[Buddhahood]].<ref name="Japan Library">{{cite book|last1=Blacker|first1=Carmen|title=Collected writings of Carmen Blacker|date=2000|publisher=Japan Library|location=Richmond, Surrey|isbn=9781873410929|pages=186–199|edition=Transferred to digital printing.|chapter=16: Initiation in the Shugendo: The passage through the ten states of existence}}</ref>

In some systems of cosmology these states are perceived as distinct realms in which the inhabitant has to experience various forms of suffering in order to expiate karma.  In [[Shugendō|Japanese syncretic practices]] the ten realms are seen as distinct trials of discipline a practitioner must encounter or overcome in order to reach a material or spiritual goal.<ref name="Japan Library"/>

However, according to [[Zhiyi|Chih-i's]] conceptualization of [[Zhiyi#Three Thousand Realms in a Single Moment of Life|"three thousand realms in a single moment of life,"]] they are not separate physical realms into which one may be reborn but interrelated realms of consciousness, each of which is contained within each other (Jp. jikkai gogu).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowring|first1=Richard|title=The religious traditions of Japan, 500-1600|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521851190|page=123|edition=Paperback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzeODCVG26UC&q=jikkai+distinct+realms&pg=PA123}}</ref> The Ten Realms are a conceptualization of the [[Lotus Sutra|Lotus Sutra's]] worldview of the interconnected relationship of phenomena, the ultimate reality of the universe, and human agency.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ikeda|first1=Daisaku|title=Unlocking the mysteries of birth & death : & everything in between, a Buddhist view of life|date=2003|publisher=Middleway|location=Santa Monica, Calif.|isbn=9780972326704|pages=106–107|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_QBBAAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+%22ten+worlds%22&pg=PA195}}</ref><ref name="Anesaki 1916">{{cite book|last1=Anesaki|first1=Masaharu|title=Nichiren, the Buddhist Prophet|date=1916|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=9781498186582|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Ub0KAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PR3|pages=150–154}}</ref>

== Three thousand realms in a single moment ==

Each of the ten realms or worlds are contained within each realm, the "mutual possession of the ten realms" (Jap. ''jikkai gogu'').  The one subsequent hundred worlds are viewed through the lenses of the [[Ten suchnesses]] and the three realms of existence (Jpn. ''san-seken'') to formulate three thousand realms of existence.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Soka Gakkai dictionary of buddhism|date=2002|publisher=Soka Gakkai |isbn=9784412012059|location=Tokyo|oclc=5196165|url=http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/T/165}}</ref> These hundred aspects of existence leads to the concept of "''three thousand realms in a single moment'' (Jap. ''Ichinen Sanzen'')."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Caine-Barrett|first1=Myokei|title=Teachings for Uncertain Times: Viewing 3,000 Realms in a Single Moment|url=https://tricycle.org/trikedaily/myokei/|publisher=Tricycle|date=Feb 8, 2017}}</ref>

According to this conception, the world of Buddha and the nine realms of humanity are interpenetrable,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shimazono|first1=Susumu|editor1-last=Takeuchi|editor1-first=Yoshinori|title=Buddhist spirituality: later China, Korea, Japan, and the modern world|date=2003|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=9788120819443|page=445|chapter=29: Soka Gakkai and the Modern Reformation of Buddhism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXMBhF_lhk8C&q=9788120819443&pg=PA435}}</ref> there is no original "pure mind," and good and evil are mutually possessed.<ref name="Stone 2003">{{cite book|author1-link=Jacqueline Stone|last1=Stone|first1=Jacqueline I.|title=Original enlightenment and the transformation of medieval Japanese Buddhism|date=2003|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=9780824827717|page=179|edition=Pbk.|quote=The mutual encompassing or copenetration of the ten realms (jikkai gogu) collapses any ontological distinction between the Buddha and the beings, implying that the nine realms of unenlightened beings possess the Buddha nature inherently, while the Buddha possesses the nine realms of unenlightened beings. The mutual inclusion of the ten realms represents an important characteristic of Chih-i's thought there is no original "pure mind"; good and evil are always nondual and mutually possessed. The most depraved icchantika is endowed the Buddha realm, while the Buddha is still latently endowed with the realms of unenlightened beings.}}</ref>  This establishes a proclivity to immanence rather than transcendency.  According to [[Nichiren]] the three thousand realms in a single moment is practical and realizable in this lifetime in the concrete world.<ref>{{cite book|last1=See|first1=Tony|editor1-last=Bogue|editor1-first=Ronald|editor2-last=Chiu|editor2-first=Hanping|editor3-last=Lee|editor3-first=Yu-lin|title=Deleuze and Asia|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781443868884|pages=38–39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TFQBwAAQBAJ|chapter=2: Deleuze and Mahayana Buddhism: Immanence and Original Enlightenment Thought}}</ref>

== Significance ==
In some Japanese traditions the ten realms are experienced in pilgrimages to a series of temples<ref name="Usui">{{cite book|last1=Usui|first1=Sachiko|editor1-last=Ackermann|editor1-first=Peter|editor2-last=Martinez|editor2-first=Dolores|editor3-last=Rodriguez del Alisal|editor3-first=Maaria|title=Pilgrimages and Spiritual Quests in Japan|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=9781134350469|page=26|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msGh_c7vX-4C&q=%22ten+realms%22+pilgrimage&pg=PA26|chapter=4: The Concept of Pilgrimage in Japan}}</ref> or sites along holy mountains.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Staemmler|first1=Birgit|title=Chinkon kishin : mediates spirit possession in Japanese new religions|date=2005|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Münster|isbn=9783825868994|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrfQY55DihUC&q=%22ten+worlds%22+holy+mountain&pg=PA40}}</ref>

More frequently, the theory of the ten realms and its larger associated concept of three thousand realms of existence in a single moment portray a non-theistic interpretation of how a person is affected by the cosmos and, in turn, has the potential to impact on the cosmos.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fowler|first1=Merv|editor1-last=Copson|editor1-first=Andrew|editor2-last=Grayling|editor2-first=A.C.|title=The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781119977179|page=145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ&q=ichinen+sanzen&pg=PA145}}</ref>  In some schools of [[Nichiren Buddhism]] practitioners believe the calligraphic scroll [[Gohonzon]] is Nichiren's representation of the ten realms and chanting [[Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō]] to it activates the Buddha's attributes of wisdom, courage, and compassion.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mette Fisker-Nielsen|first1=Anne|editor1-last=Gallagher|editor1-first=Eugene V.|title=Visioning New and Minority Religions: Projecting the Future|date=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781315317892|page=114|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=piglDwAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+gohonzon+ten+worlds&pg=PA114|chapter=From Japanese Buddhist sect to global citizenship: Soka Gakkai past and future}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)#Realms of rebirth]]
* [[Bhavacakra#Third layer: the six realms of samsara]]
* [[Norse cosmology#Nine Worlds]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Causton, Richard: "Buddha in Daily Life, An Introduction to the Buddhism of Nichiren Daishonin", Random House 2011. {{ISBN|1446489191}} (Chapter: "The Ten Worlds", pp.&nbsp;35–95)
*{{cite book|author= Harada, Sekkei|title=The Essence of Zen: The Teachings of Sekkei Harada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=obuxd4uzxUAC&pg=PA97|year=2008|publisher=Wisdom Publications|isbn=978-0-86171-533-6|pages=97–101}}

==External links==
* [[Hsuan Hua]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20150905085054/http://www.cttbusa.org/dharmatalks/10drealms.htm The ten dharma realms are not beyond a single thought]

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Nichiren Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhist cosmology]]