Editing Tenant-in-chief

{{Short description|Person holding land directly of the king}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Feudal status}}
In [[Middle Ages|medieval]] and [[early modern Europe]], a '''tenant-in-chief'''  (or '''vassal-in-chief''') was a person who held his lands under various forms of [[feudal land tenure]] directly from the king or territorial prince to whom he did [[Homage (feudal)|homage]], as opposed to holding them from another nobleman or senior member of the [[clergy]].{{sfn|Bloch|1961|p=333}}<ref name=Dict272>{{harvnb|Corèdon|Williams|2007|p=272}}</ref> The tenure was one which denoted great honour, but also carried heavy responsibilities. The tenants-in-chief were originally responsible for providing knights and soldiers for the king's feudal army.{{efn|Bracton, who indiscriminately called tenants-in-chief "barons" stated: "sunt et alii potentes sub rege qui barones dicuntur, hoc est robur belli" ["there are other magnates under the king, who are called barons, that is the hardwood of war"], quoted by Ivor John Sanders: "Bracton's definition of the ''baro''" (plur ''barones'') "proves that tenants of this class were considered to be the military backbone of the realm."{{sfn|Sanders|1956|p=3}}}}

==Terminology==
The [[Latin]] term was ''tenens in [[capite]]''.{{sfn|Corèdon|Williams|2007|p=161}}{{efn|{{linktext|tenens}} (singular), {{linktext|tenentes}} (plural)}}

Other names for tenant-in-chief were "[[captal]]" or [[baron]], although the latter term evolved in meaning. For example, the term "baron" was used in the ''[[Cartae Baronum]]'' of 1166, a return of all tenants-in-chief in England. At that time the term was understood to mean the "king's barons", or "king's men", because baron could still have a broader meaning. Originally, for example in [[Domesday Book]] (1086), there was a small number of powerful English tenants-in-chief under the Norman king who were all magnates directly associated with the king.

Later, as laid-out by I. J. Sanders, the old tenancies-in-chief of England from the time of the Norman king, [[King Henry I of England]], came to have a legally distinct form of feudal land holding, the so-called tenure ''per baroniam''. The term "baron" thus came to be used mainly for these "[[English feudal barony|feudal barons]]", which comprised a group that over-lapped with the tenancies-in-chief, but was not identical.{{sfn|Bloch|1961|p=333}}

==History==
In most countries [[Allodial title|allodial property]] could be held by [[Laity|laypeople]] or the [[Christian Church]]. However, in the [[Kingdom of England]] after the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman Conquest]], the king became in law the sole [[lord paramount]] and only holder of land by allodial title. Thus all the lands in England became the property of the Crown.{{sfn|Ganshof|1996|p=130}}<ref name="ganshof165">{{harvnb|Ganshof|1996|p=165}}</ref> A tenure by [[frankalmoin]], which in other countries was regarded as a form of privileged allodial holding, was in England regarded as a [[Tenement (law)|feudal tenement]].  Every land-holding was deemed by feudal custom to be no more than an [[estate in land]], whether directly or indirectly held of the king.  Absolute title in land could only be held by the king himself, the most anyone else could hold was a right over land, not a title in land ''per se''.<ref name="ganshof165"/> In England, a tenant-in-chief could enfief, or grant fiefs carved out of his own holding, to his own followers. The creation of subfiefs under a tenant-in-chief or other fief-holder was known as [[subinfeudation]].{{sfn|Cosman|2007|p=240}} The kings of the [[House of Normandy]], however, eventually imposed on all free men who occupied a tenement (i.e. those whose tenures were "freehold", that is to say for life or heritable by their heirs), a duty of [[fealty]] to the crown rather than to their immediate lord who had enfeoffed them. This was to diminish the possibility of sub-vassals being employed by tenants-in-chief against the crown.<ref name="ganshof165"/>

In the great feudal survey Domesday Book (1086), tenants-in-chief were listed first in each [[Counties of England|English county]]'s entry.<ref name=Dict272/> The lands held by a tenant-in-chief in England, if comprising a large [[English feudal barony|feudal barony]], were called an [[honour (feudal land tenure)|honour]].{{sfn|Ganshof|1996|p=166}}

==Duties of tenants-in-chief==
As feudal lord, the king had the right to collect [[scutage]] from the barons who held these ''honours''.{{sfn|Bartlett|2000|p=164}} Scutage (literally ''shield money'', from ''[[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]]'') was a tax collected from vassals in lieu of military service. The payment of scutage rendered the crown more independent of the [[Feudalism|feudal levy]] and enabled it to pay for troops on its own.{{sfn|Ganshof|1996|p=166}} Once a tenant-in-chief received a demand for scutage, the cost was passed on to the sub-tenants and thus came to be regarded as a universal land tax.{{sfn|Bartlett|2000|p=164}} This tax was a development from the taxation system created under the Anglo-Saxon kings to raise money to pay off the invading Danes, the so-called [[Danegeld]].{{sfn|Bartlett|2000|p=165}}

===Heirs===
When an English tenant-in-chief died, an [[inquisition post mortem]] was held in each county in which he held land and his or her land temporarily [[escheat]]ed (i.e. reverted) to the [[demesne]] of the crown until the heir paid a sum of money (a [[Feudal relief|relief]]), and was then able to take possession ([[livery of seisin]]) of the lands. However, if the heir was underage (under 21 for a male heir, under 14 for an heiress) they would be subject to a ''feudal wardship'' where the custody of their lands and the right to arrange their marriage passed to the monarch, until they came of age. The wardship and marriage was not usually kept in Crown hands, but was sold, often simply to the highest bidder, unless outbid by the next of kin.<ref name="national1">{{harvnb|Court of Wards and Liveries 1540-1645}}</ref>

When an heir came of age, he or she passed out of wardship but could not enter upon their inheritance until, like all heirs of full age on inheritance, they had sued out their livery. In either case, the process was complicated.<ref name=national1/> Eventually a warrant was issued for the livery to pass under the [[Great Seal of the Realm|Great Seal]].<ref name=national1/> From its inception in 1540, The [[Court of Wards and Liveries]] administered the funds received from the wardships, marriages and the granting of livery; both courts and practice were abolished in 1646{{sfn|Friar|2004|p=465}} and the whole system of feudal tenure – except for [[fee simple]] – was abolished by the [[Tenures Abolition Act 1660]].

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|tenant-in-chief}}
* {{annotated link|English Feudal Baronies}}
* {{annotated link|Fee simple}}
* {{annotated link|History of the English fiscal system}}
* {{annotated link|Imperial immediacy}}
* {{annotated link|Lord paramount}}
* {{annotated link|Mesne lord}}
* {{annotated link|Overlord}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|60em}}
<!--{{sfn|Bartlett|2000|p=}}-->
* {{cite book |last=Bartlett |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Bartlett (historian) |title=England under the Norman and Angevin kings, 1075-1225 |publisher=Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press |publication-place=Oxford [England], New York |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-154364-7 |oclc=607468805 |url=https://archive.org/details/englandundernorm00bart_0 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
<!--{{sfn|Bloch|1961|p=}}-->
* {{cite book |last=Bloch |first=Marc |author-link=Marc Bloch |title=Feudal Society |volume=2: Social Classes and Political Organization |publisher=University of Chicago Press |publication-place=Chicago |year=1961 |isbn=978-0-226-05979-2 |oclc=1073722475 |url=https://archive.org/details/feudalsociety000bloc |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
<!--{{sfn|Corèdon|Williams|2007|p=}}-->
* {{cite book |last=Corèdon |first=Christopher |last2=Williams |first2=Ann |author2-link=Ann Williams (historian) |title=A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases |publisher=D.S. Brewer |publication-place=Cambridge |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-322-43651-7 |oclc=898060247}}
<!--{{sfn|Cosman|2007|p=}} -->
* {{cite book |last=Cosman |first=Madeleine Pelner |title=Medieval Wordbook: More the 4,000 Terms and Expressions from Medieval Culture |publisher=Barnes & Noble |publication-place=New York |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7607-8725-0 |oclc=1285660652 |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalwordbook0000cosm |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
<!--{{sfn|Court of Wards and Liveries 1540-1645}}-->
* {{Cite web |title=Court of Wards and Liveries: land inheritance 1540–1645 |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/land-inheritance-court-of-wards-liveries-1540-1645/ |website=National Archives |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809002057/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/land-inheritance-court-of-wards-liveries-1540-1645/ |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|Court of Wards and Liveries 1540-1645}}}}
<!--{{sfn|Friar|2004|p=}}-->
* {{cite book |last=Friar |first=Stephen |title=The Sutton Companion to Local History |publisher=Sutton |publication-place=Stroud |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7524-8853-0 |oclc=824359922 |url=https://archive.org/details/suttoncompaniont0000fria_r5x6 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
<!--{{sfn|Ganshof|1996|p=}} -->
* {{cite book |last=Ganshof |first=François Louis |author-link=François Louis Ganshof |translator-last=Grierson |translator-first=Philip |translator-link=Philip Grierson |title=Feudalism |publisher=University of Toronto Press : Medieval Academy of America |publication-place=Toronto, Buffalo |year=1996 |orig-year=1944 |isbn=978-0-8020-7158-3 |oclc=1285569511 |url=https://archive.org/details/feudalism0000gans_j4b5 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
<!--{{sfn|Sanders|1956|p=}}-->
* {{cite book |last=Sanders |first=Ivor John |title=Feudal Military Service in England: A Study of the Constitutional and Military Powers of the Barones in Medieval England |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |publication-place=London |year=1956 |oclc=246249824}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
<!--{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=}}-->
* {{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Reynolds |title=Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted |publisher=Oxford University Press |publication-place=Oxford |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-820458-9 |oclc=253009512}} [{{GBurl|id=sCiQDwAAQBAJ}} Partial preview] at [[Google Books]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tenant-in-chief}}
[[Category:1660 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:Barons]]
[[Category:Land tenure]]
[[Category:Medieval economic history]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Political history]]
[[Category:Scots law legal terminology]]
[[Category:Titles in the United Kingdom]]<!--Is this correct? The United Kingdom did not come into being until the [[Treaty of Union]] in 1707.-->