Editing Terespol

{{Distinguish|Tiraspol}}
{{See also|Terespol, Greater Poland Voivodeship}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Terespol
| image_skyline = Terespol-city-office.jpg
| image_caption = Terespol local government building
| image_shield = Terespol herb.svg
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Lublin Voivodeship}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Biała Podlaska County|Biała Podlaska]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = Terespol <small>(urban gmina)</small>
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Jacek Danieluk
| area_total_km2 = 10.11
| population_as_of = 2014<ref>[http://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbooks/demographic-yearbook-of-poland-2015,3,9.html/ Demographic Yearbook of Poland 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101111054/http://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbooks/demographic-yearbook-of-poland-2015,3,9.html |date=2016-11-01 }}</ref>
| population_total = 5794
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|52|4|35.87|N|23|36|57.86|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 21–550
| area_code = +48 83
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info = LBI
| website = {{URL|www.terespol.pl}}
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=11 |height=300 |width= | stroke-width=1 |coord=  {{coord|52|4|35.87|N|23|36|57.86|E|region:PL|display=no}}}}
}}
'''Terespol''' ({{IPA|pl|tɛˈrɛspɔl|lang}}; {{langx|be|Тэрэ́спаль|Teréspaĺ}}) is a [[border town]] in eastern [[Poland]] on the border with [[Belarus]].{{TERYT}} It lies on the border river [[Bug River|Bug]], directly opposite the city of [[Brest, Belarus]]. It has 5,794 inhabitants as of 2014.

==Overview==
Since 1999 Terespol has been within [[Biała Podlaska County]] in [[Lublin Voivodeship]]. Between 1975 and 1998 it belonged to [[Biała Podlaska Voivodeship]]. The town is a busy border crossing between Poland and Belarus on the [[European route E30]] which links [[Berlin]]-[[Warsaw]]-[[Minsk]]-[[Moscow]]. Another crossing into [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] is located at [[Kukuryki]] northwest of Terespol. There was also a local train between [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] and Terespol. It comes 3 times a day. The trip took 18 minutes and was a very comfortable way of crossing border between [[Belarus]] and [[Poland]]. Due to the Coronavirus pandemic, the train was cancelled at the beginning of 2020 and has been suspended for an indefinite period.

Terespol features in a [[novel]] by the [[Yiddish literature|Yiddish]] [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize-winning]] writer [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]], ''[[The Family Moskat]]'' (1950), in which the young protagonist, Asa Heshel Bennet, comes to [[Warsaw]] from his hometown of Terespol Minor to study.

==History==
{{Historical populations|align=left|1897|4107|1910|3487|1921|1919|1931|2308|1939|2570|1950|3416|1960|3832|2010|5901
|source=<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Dokumentacja Geograficzna|volume=3/4|year=1967|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Instytut Geografii [[Polish Academy of Sciences|Polskiej Akademii Nauk]]|page=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_l_ludnosc_stan_struktura_31_12_2010.pdf|title=Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym w 2010 r.|year=2011|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny|page=55|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152513/https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_l_ludnosc_stan_struktura_31_12_2010.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2011}}</ref>}}
The town of Terespol is located in the spot of a village called Błotków or Błotkowo, which existed in the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1512, this area became property of a nobleman called Iwan [[House of Sapieha|Sapieha]] of [[Kodeń]]. Later it belonged to the Hornostaj and Dorohostajski families. Administratively it was part of the [[Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795)|Podlaskie Voivodeship]] until 1566, and the [[Brest Litovsk Voivodeship]] afterwards until the [[Partitions of Poland]]. In 1609, King [[Sigismund III of Poland]] built here a spacious palace with a vast garden. Due to proximity to the city of [[Brześć Litewski]] (Brest), the settlement prospered. During [[Deluge (history)|Swedish invasion of Poland]] (1655–1660), Błotków together with the palace were ransacked and burned to the ground by Swedish soldiers.

In the second half of the 17th century, Błotków with its ruined palace was purchased by [[Castellan]] of [[Vilnius]] [[Józef Bogusław Słuszka]], who founded here a town, named Terespol after his wife, Teresa née Gosiewska. In 1697, Holy Trinity church was built here, soon afterwards, Dominican friars settled in Terespol. In 1748, Terespol became property of Grand Treasurer of Lithuania [[Georg Detlev von Flemming]], who made great contribution to the development of the town, draining local swamps and building a number of dykes and canals. Furthermore, Flemming introduced a number of German settlers, and built a manor house in the location of the destroyed royal castle. In 1757, one weekly and two one-day annual fairs were established.<ref name=SG>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XII|year=1892|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=307}}</ref> In 1764, Terespol was ransacked by private soldiers of Polish magnate [[Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł]], who waged a personal war with Flemming for his support of the [[Czartoryski family]]. Later on the town passed to the Czartoryski family.<ref name=SG/><ref name=PWN>{{cite web|url=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Terespol;3986603.html|title=Terespol|website=Encyklopedia PWN|accessdate=24 November 2019|language=pl}}</ref>
[[File:Terespal, Trajecki. Тэрэспаль, Траецкі (5.02.1906).jpg|thumb|left|Opening of a new Catholic church in Terespol in 1906]]
After the [[Third Partition of Poland]] (1795) Terespol briefly belonged to the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]]. After the Polish victory in the [[Austro-Polish War]] of 1809, it was part of the Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]], and from 1815 to 1916, it belonged to [[Russian Partition|Russian-controlled]] [[Congress Poland]]. The town burned in several fires, but continued to prosper, due to the construction of a highway from Warsaw to Brest (1819–1823). After the [[November Uprising]], Terespol belonged to the Russian Imperial government. In 1855, due to the construction of [[Brest Fortress]], Terespol was moved westwards, and all buildings in the old town were destroyed for military purposes. In 1867, [[Warsaw–Terespol Railway|a railroad to Warsaw]] was completed; in 1870, it was extended to Brest. As a result of [[Pale of Settlement|Russian discriminatory regulations]] the town saw a large influx of [[Jews]], who then became the town's largest ethnic group.

In 1915, all residents living within {{convert|30|km|0|abbr=off}} from the fortress were forcibly resettled into Russia, and during the evacuation, the town was ransacked and burned. Terespol was reintegrated with Poland, after the country regained independence in 1918. In the [[Second Polish Republic]] Terespol was part of the [[Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Lublin Voivodeship]].
[[File:Poland terespol.jpg|thumb|upright|Old communist-era passport exit stamp from Terespol into Brest]]
During [[World War II]] Terespol was briefly [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied]] by the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]] in September 1939, and then by [[Nazi Germany]] from 1939 to 1944. During the occupation, most Jews were murdered in the [[Holocaust]]. The Germans also established a transit camp for Polish [[prisoners of war]] in Terespol.<ref name=PWN/> Terespol became a border town after the [[Soviet Union]] annexed former [[Kresy|eastern territories of Poland]].

==Climate==
Terespol has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfb'') using the {{convert|-3|C|F|0}} isotherm or a [[humid continental climate]] (Köppen climate classification: ''Dfb'') using the {{convert|0|C|F|0}} isotherm.<ref name="kottek2006">{{cite journal|last1=Kottek|first1=Markus|last2=Grieser|first2=Jürgen|last3=Beck|first3=Christoph|last4=Rudolf|first4=Bruno |last5=Rubel|first5=Franz|title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated|journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift|date=2006|volume=15|issue=3|pages=259–263|doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130|bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K|url=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/40083/metz_Vol_15_No_3_p259-263_World_Map_of_the_Koppen_Geiger_climate_classification_updated_55034.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Peel>{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |issn=1027-5606|url=https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{Weather box 
| location = Terespol (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1955–present)
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 11.6
| Feb record high C = 16.8
| Mar record high C = 22.3
| Apr record high C = 30.3
| May record high C = 32.0
| Jun record high C = 34.4
| Jul record high C = 36.2
| Aug record high C = 36.2
| Sep record high C = 34.5
| Oct record high C = 26.3
| Nov record high C = 19.1
| Dec record high C = 14.5
| year record high C = 36.2
| Jan high C = 0.1
| Feb high C = 1.7
| Mar high C = 6.9
| Apr high C = 14.3
| May high C = 19.9
| Jun high C = 23.1
| Jul high C = 25.2
| Aug high C = 24.7
| Sep high C = 19.0
| Oct high C = 12.6
| Nov high C = 6.0
| Dec high C = 1.5
| year high C = 12.9
| Jan mean C = -2.4
| Feb mean C = -1.4
| Mar mean C = 2.5
| Apr mean C = 8.9
| May mean C = 14.0
| Jun mean C = 17.3
| Jul mean C = 19.3
| Aug mean C = 18.5
| Sep mean C = 13.4
| Oct mean C = 8.1
| Nov mean C = 3.2
| Dec mean C = -0.9
| year mean C = 8.4
| Jan low C = -5.0
| Feb low C = -4.3
| Mar low C = -1.4
| Apr low C = 3.5
| May low C = 8.2
| Jun low C = 11.4
| Jul low C = 13.5
| Aug low C = 12.4
| Sep low C = 8.3
| Oct low C = 4.2
| Nov low C = 0.7
| Dec low C = -3.4
| year low C = 4.0
| Jan record low C = -34.3
| Feb record low C = -29.1
| Mar record low C = -24.5
| Apr record low C = -6.4
| May record low C = -3.0
| Jun record low C = -0.2
| Jul record low C = 3.6
| Aug record low C = 1.3
| Sep record low C = -4.1
| Oct record low C = -9.9
| Nov record low C = -20.0
| Dec record low C = -26.4
| year record low C = -34.3
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 29.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 27.3
| Mar precipitation mm = 30.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 36.1
| May precipitation mm = 60.5
| Jun precipitation mm = 43.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 34.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 37.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 52.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 37.8
| Nov precipitation mm = 33.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 32.6
| year precipitation mm = 455.0
| Jan snow depth cm = 8.0
| Feb snow depth cm = 9.1
| Mar snow depth cm = 6.1
| Apr snow depth cm = 1.3
| May snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.3
| Nov snow depth cm = 3.7
| Dec snow depth cm = 5.6
| year snow depth cm = 
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.57
| Feb precipitation days = 14.98
| Mar precipitation days = 14.33
| Apr precipitation days = 11.50
| May precipitation days = 12.97
| Jun precipitation days = 13.10
| Jul precipitation days = 13.93
| Aug precipitation days = 10.60
| Sep precipitation days = 12.03
| Oct precipitation days = 13.10
| Nov precipitation days = 14.87
| Dec precipitation days = 16.67
| year precipitation days = 164.64
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 18.1
| Feb snow days = 16.7
| Mar snow days = 8.6
| Apr snow days = 0.9
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.3
| Nov snow days = 4.8
| Dec snow days = 13.5
| year snow days = 62.9
| Jan humidity = 86.9
| Feb humidity = 84.0
| Mar humidity = 77.0
| Apr humidity = 69.1
| May humidity = 70.7
| Jun humidity = 72.4
| Jul humidity = 73.8
| Aug humidity = 74.2
| Sep humidity = 79.8
| Oct humidity = 83.2
| Nov humidity = 88.0
| Dec humidity = 88.8
| year humidity = 79.0
| Jan sun = 43.2
| Feb sun = 64.1
| Mar sun = 128.0
| Apr sun = 192.8
| May sun = 260.7
| Jun sun = 270.4
| Jul sun = 271.9
| Aug sun = 264.6
| Sep sun = 170.0
| Oct sun = 110.2
| Nov sun = 48.4
| Dec sun = 35.9
| year sun = 1860.2
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 21 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 21 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 21 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 21 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 21 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 21 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 21 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 21 February 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<ref name=recordhigh>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352230399&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = Terespol Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 21 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=recordlow>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352230399&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| title = Terespol Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 21 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352230399&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = Terespol Średnia wilgotność
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 21 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Sights==
{{see also|Chapel of the Resurrection, Terespol}}
Around Terespol one can find some of the old fortifications that were once part of the [[Brest Fortress]]. In Terespol there is a former powder magazine of the fortress. Other sights include the 19th-century monument to the construction of the highway connecting [[Warsaw]] with nearby Brest, and modern monuments: the Independence Monument and the [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]] monument.

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}

===Twin towns – Sister cities===
Terespol is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] in [[Belarus]]<ref>[http://city.brest.by/article_in.php?id=1464&tc=26&tc2=31 Побратимские связи г. Бреста.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418161507/http://city.brest.by/article_in.php?id=1464&tc=26&tc2=31 |date=2009-04-18 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:WK15 Terespol (5) Lichen99.jpg|Train station in Terespol
File:Terespol-pomnik-niepodleglosci-01.jpg|Independence Monument
File:Cerkiew prawosławna p.w. św. Jana Teologa (k. XVIII) Terespol 01 JoannaPyka.JPG|[[Eastern Orthodox church architecture|Eastern Orthodox church]] of [[St. John the Evangelist Church, Terespol|St. John the Evangelist]]
File:Kosciół w Terespolu.JPG|Catholic church of the Holy Trinity
File:Terespol - Monument to the construction of the Brest Highway.jpg|Monument to the construction of the Brest Highway (from [[Warsaw]] to [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]])
File:Terespol border checkpoint.jpg|Terespol border checkpoint
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Biała Podlaska County}}
{{Gmina Terespol}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Lublin Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Biała Podlaska County]]
[[Category:Belarus–Poland border crossings]]
[[Category:Populated riverside places in Poland]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]