Editing Terminal Tower

{{Short description|Skyscraper in Cleveland, Ohio}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name             = Terminal Tower
| image            = Terminal Tower from Cuyahoga River Cropped.jpg
| caption          = View of Terminal Tower from the [[Cuyahoga River]]
| location         = 50 Public Square<br />Cleveland, Ohio
| location_country = United States
| coordinates      = {{coord|41|29|54|N|81|41|38|W|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| status           = Completed
| start_date       = July 1926<ref name="harwood">{{cite book |last=Harwood |first=Herbert H. Jr. |date=2003 |title=Invisible Giants: The Empires of Cleveland's Van Sweringen Brothers |location=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-34163-9 |pages=134–135}}</ref>
| completion_date  = August 18, 1927<ref name="harwood" />
| opening          = June 28, 1930
| building_type    = Commercial offices
| antenna_spire    = {{convert|771|ft|abbr=on}}
| roof             = {{convert|708|ft|abbr=on}}
| top_floor        = 52
| floor_count      = 
| public_transit   = {{rint|cleveland|rta}} [[Tower City station|Tower City]]
| elevator_count   = 
| cost             = $179 million
| floor_area       = {{convert|577000|sqft|abbr=on}}
| architect        = [[Graham, Anderson, Probst & White]]
| structural_engineer = Henry Jouett
| main_contractor  = 
| developer        = [[Van Sweringen brothers]]
| owner            = K&D Management, LLC
| references       = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/121783 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030622/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/121783 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |title=Emporis building ID 121783 |work=[[Emporis]]}}</ref><ref>{{SkyscraperPage|1954}}</ref><ref>{{Structurae|20024672}}</ref>
| website          = {{URL|http://www.terminaltower.com/}}
}}
[[File:Terminal Tower lobby 2022 (3).png|thumb|upright|250px|Terminal Tower lobby]]
'''Terminal Tower''' is a 52-story, {{convert|708|ft|abbr=on}},<ref>{{CTBUH|1338}}</ref> landmark [[skyscraper]] located on [[Public Square, Cleveland|Public Square]] in the [[Downtown Cleveland|downtown core]] of [[Cleveland]], Ohio, United States. Built during the skyscraper boom of the 1920s and 1930s, it was the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|second-tallest building in the world]] when it was completed. Terminal Tower stood as the [[List of tallest buildings in North America|tallest building in North America]] outside of New York City from its completion in 1927 until 1964.<ref name="terminal-tower">{{cite book |author1=Toman, James |author2=Cook, Daniel |year=2005 |chapter=The Tower |title=Cleveland's Towering Treasure |publisher=Cleveland Landmarks Press |location=Cleveleand, Ohio |page=76 |isbn=0-936760-20-6}}</ref>  It was the tallest building in the state of Ohio until the completion of [[Key Tower]] in 1991, and remains the [[List of tallest buildings in Ohio|second-tallest building in the state]].<ref name="terminal-tower"/> The building is part of the [[Tower City Center]] mixed-use development, and its major tenants include [[Forest City Enterprises]], which maintained its corporate headquarters there until 2018, and Riverside Company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forestcity.net/properties/work/office_buildings/Pages/terminal_tower.aspx |title=Terminal Tower |access-date=2010-09-29 |publisher=[[Forest City Enterprises]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912045303/http://www.forestcity.net/properties/work/office_buildings/Pages/terminal_tower.aspx |archive-date=2015-09-12 }}</ref>

==Ownership==
The tower, owned by Forest City Realty Trust since 1983, was purchased by Cleveland's K&D Group on September 15, 2016 for $38.5 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{inflation|US-GDP|38,500,000|2016}}}} in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}).{{inflation/fn|US-GDP}} K&D added a mixed-use element to the building, converting 11 of the lower, larger floors to residential use, with 293 one- and two-bedroom apartments. Many other historic downtown buildings are undergoing similar conversions. K&D is the largest privately held owner/manager of apartment buildings in the area and maintains the tower's upper floors as office spaces.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jarboe |first=Michelle |date=15 September 2016 |title=Terminal Tower sold to K&D Management, LLC in $38.5 million deal; apartments planned for 12 floors |url=http://realestate.cleveland.com/realestate-news/2016/09/terminal_tower_sold_to_kd_grou.html |access-date=10 November 2016 |work=The Plain Dealer |location=Cleveland |archive-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114145832/http://realestate.cleveland.com/realestate-news/2016/09/terminal_tower_sold_to_kd_grou.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Architecture==
Built for $179 million by the [[Van Sweringen brothers]], the tower was to serve as an office building atop the city's new [[train station|rail station]], the [[Cleveland Union Terminal]].  Originally planned to be 14 stories, the structure was expanded to 52 floors with a height of {{convert|708|ft|m}}. It rests on {{convert|280|ft|m|adj=on}} caissons.  Designed by the firm of [[Graham, Anderson, Probst & White]], the tower was modeled after the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] [[New York Municipal Building]] by [[McKim, Mead, and White]]. The Terminal Tower was completed in 1927 and opened for tenants in 1928, though the Union Terminal complex was not dedicated until 1930.

It remained the tallest building in the world outside of [[New York City]] until the completion of the [[main building of Moscow State University]] in [[Moscow]] in 1953; it was the tallest building in [[North America]] outside of New York until the [[Prudential Tower|Prudential Center]] in [[Boston]] was completed in 1964.

In the late 1960s through 1980s, radio station [[WKLV-FM|WCLV]] maintained studios on the 15th floor.  The transmitter was on the 43rd floor with transmission line running up the outside of the building to the antenna assembly attached to the flagpole atop the building.  In the tiny cupola, which is technically the 52nd floor, there was equipment for the antenna heaters and a small telephone.
[[File:Cleveland Public Square.jpg|alt=Black and white image of the Terminal Tower in Public Square at night|thumb|Cleveland's Terminal Tower in Public Square at night]]
At one time, many two-way radio and microwave radio systems were also located on the floors above the observation deck. 

In the 1980s, developers sought approval to make their proposed [[BP Building]] taller than the Terminal Tower, but city officials forced them to scale it down. The Terminal Tower remained the tallest building in Ohio until the 1991 completion of Society Center, now [[Key Tower]].

===Observation deck===
On a clear day, visitors on the observation deck can see {{convert|30|mi|km}} from downtown Cleveland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-2541288-cleveland_tours-i |title=Cleveland Recommended Tours |access-date=June 15, 2008 |publisher=Yahoo! Travel |archive-date=September 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910195944/http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-2541288-cleveland_tours-i |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After a 1976 incident involving a man with a gun,<ref name=TurningPoint>{{cite book |last=Hunt |first=Andrew E. |author-link=Andrew Hunt (historian) |title=The Turning: A History of Vietnam Veterans Against the War |date=May 1, 2001 |publisher=[[New York University|New York University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8147-3581-7 |oclc=40848421 |pages=182–183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AhGjLUf8SYC&q=%22Ashby+Leach%22&pg=PA183 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107195724/https://books.google.com/books?id=3AhGjLUf8SYC&q=%22Ashby+Leach%22&pg=PA183 |url-status=live }}</ref> direct access to the floor was removed. The observation deck reopened after Chessie left the building.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

After the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], the observation deck was again closed to the public. In 2007, a proposal was brought to Forest City to reopen the deck. The proposal included a renovation of the deck and the addition of an express elevator to take visitors to it. This was to be done after the upper floors were renovated and the scaffolding removed. In 2010, Forest City Enterprises finished renovating the complex's elevators, upper floors, and spire. The observation deck reopened on July 10, 2010<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Petkovic |title=Terminal Tower observation deck reopens to the public |url=http://www.cleveland.com/goingout/index.ssf/2010/07/terminal_tower_observation_dec.html |work=[[The Plain Dealer]] |date=July 9, 2010 |access-date=July 11, 2010 |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016065239/http://www.cleveland.com/goingout/index.ssf/2010/07/terminal_tower_observation_dec.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Lynn |last=Ischay |title=Gallery: Terminal Tower observation deck reopens |url=http://photos.cleveland.com/4501/gallery/terminal_tower_observation_deck_reopens/index.html |work=[[The Plain Dealer]] |date=July 11, 2010 |access-date=July 13, 2010 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202447/http://photos.cleveland.com/4501/gallery/terminal_tower_observation_deck_reopens/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> for a limited period, with plans to expand public access.<ref>{{cite news |first=Robert L. |last=Smith |title=Hundreds savor the view and the memories from Terminal Tower's observation deck |url=http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2010/08/hundreds_savor_the_view_and_th.html |work=[[The Plain Dealer]] |date=August 1, 2010 |access-date=August 21, 2010 |archive-date=August 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803151520/http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2010/08/hundreds_savor_the_view_and_th.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://downtowncleveland.org/blog/index.php/2010/06/terminal-tower-observation-deck-to-open-this-summer/ |title=Terminal Tower Observation Deck to open this Summer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724022601/http://downtowncleveland.org/blog/index.php/2010/06/terminal-tower-observation-deck-to-open-this-summer |archive-date=July 24, 2010  |work=Downtown Cleveland Alliance |date=June 28, 2010 }}</ref>

To reach the observation deck, visitors take the elevator to the 32nd floor and then transfer to another elevator to reach the 42nd floor. Before its original closure, the deck was open only on weekends to prevent disruption to the law firm that has offices on the 32nd floor.

In 2018, the Observation Deck was open on weekends from noon to 4 pm, with reservations. It had been renovated to its look in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2018/04/hello_cleveland_terminal_tower.html |title=Hello, Cleveland: Terminal Tower observation deck open to public (photos) |work=The Plain Dealer |first=John |last=Petkovic |date=April 6, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2024 |quote=The 52-floor Terminal Tower once stood as the tallest building in North America outside of New York City. It was the pinnacle of Cleveland's heyday, part of a building boom when the city was the fifth largest in America. }}</ref> in 2024, the Observation Deck is open on weekends in the afternoon, closed in winter except for the holidays, and tickets are reserved online.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://clevelandtraveler.com/visiting-terminal-tower-observation-deck/ |title=A Guide to Visiting the Terminal Tower Observation Deck |author=Amanda |work=Cleveland Traveler |date=May 14, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2024 |quote=The Observation Deck at Terminal Tower is usually open on Saturday and Sunday afternoons in the spring and summer. Opening dates tend to change every year, with the deck also being open during the holiday season. }}</ref>

==External lighting==
[[File:Terminal Tower at Night 02.jpg|thumb|left|Terminal Tower lit up in holiday colors for Winterfest Cleveland 2020]]
The Terminal Tower was lit when dedicated in 1930. A [[strobe light]] on top of the tower rotated 360 degrees. It helped ships in Cleveland's port<ref name=pd20241226>{{cite news|first=Megan|last=Sims|title=Who lights up Terminal Tower, and how do they pick the colors?|url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2024/12/who-lights-up-terminal-tower-and-how-do-they-pick-the-colors.html|work=The Plain Dealer|date=December 26, 2024|access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and airplane pilots landing at [[Cleveland Hopkins International Airport]].

The external spotlights that lit the tower at night were turned off as a safety measure at the beginning of World War II.<ref name=pd20241226/> They were not turned on again until September 22, 1974. They were relit on the same day that the annual Greater Cleveland United Torch Drive (a precursor to the [[United Way of America|United Way]]) began. Lights were installed on the 44th, 48th, and 52nd floors.<ref>{{cite news|last=Miller|first=William F.|title=New Buildings Keep Changing Downtown Skyline|work=The Plain Dealer|date=September 22, 1974|pages=A1, AA1}}</ref> In the 1960s, the strobe was retired and replaced with conventional [[aircraft warning lights]]. The tower only once went dark, during the [[Northeast Blackout of 2003|2003 blackout]].

Today, the tower's external lights include 508 [[light-emitting diode|LEDs]] that can be configured into various color schemes, such as red and green during the [[Christmas]] season and red, white, and blue for various federal holidays.<ref name=pd20241226/><ref>[http://origin.wkyc.com/news/article/311310/15/High-tech-lights-help-Terminal-Tower-tweet-its-lights Terminal Tower lights - WKYC.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20141010170615/http://origin.wkyc.com/news/article/311310/15/High-tech-lights-help-Terminal-Tower-tweet-its-lights |date=2014-10-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.towercitycleveland.com/info/lighting |title=Terminal Tower lighting - Tower City Cleveland.com |access-date=2014-08-19 |archive-date=2014-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820002445/http://www.towercitycleveland.com/info/lighting |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many Cleveland social and medical groups light Terminal Tower for their causes. In February, Terminal Tower is red for the [[American Heart Association]] Go Red for Women campaign, and pink for Breast Cancer Awareness month in October. Some of Cleveland's ethnic groups have had the Terminal Tower lit in their traditional colors, such as green on [[Saint Patrick's Day]]. On Polish Constitution Day, usually May 3, Cleveland's Pol-Am community lights the tower in white and red (Polish flag colors), and the tower goes red, green, and white (Italian flag colors) for [[Columbus Day]].

Terminal Tower also sports the colors of the various sports teams in town, such as red, white, and blue for the [[Cleveland Guardians]], orange and brown for the [[Cleveland Browns]], and wine and gold for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TowerLightsCle/status/558036577944080385|title=I've got my @cavs colors up tonight and I've got a good feeling about this one! #AllForCLE #AllForOne #CavsJazzpic.twitter.com/7uL7rwMYgu|first=Terminal Tower|last=CLE|date=January 21, 2015|access-date=January 22, 2015|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093548/https://twitter.com/TowerLightsCle/status/558036577944080385|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 2014 [[Gay Games]], the tower was lit in a rainbow pattern (representing the gay pride flag).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://photos.cleveland.com/plain-dealer/2013/01/terminal_tower_lighted_in_rain.html|title=Terminal Tower becomes rainbow for Gay Games|website=cleveland.com|access-date=2014-08-19|archive-date=2015-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121014628/http://photos.cleveland.com/plain-dealer/2013/01/terminal_tower_lighted_in_rain.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>  In January 2015, Terminal Tower was lit in scarlet and gray in support of the [[Ohio State Buckeyes]] during the football team's National Championship run as Cleveland has a large OSU fan and alumni base.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TowerLightsCLE/status/554581658083794944|title=O - H! #BucksvsDuckspic.twitter.com/vcXnPhCI7q|first=Terminal Tower|last=CLE|date=January 12, 2015|access-date=November 20, 2015|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043751/https://twitter.com/TowerLightsCLE/status/554581658083794944|url-status=live}}</ref>

Terminal Tower was lit in teal blue on Friday, May 15, in honor of the Class of 2020 Cuyahoga Community College graduates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/05/12/tri-c-holding-virtual-commencement-thursday-terminal-tower-lighting-up-honor-graduates/|title=Tri-C holding virtual commencement on Thursday; Terminal Tower lighting up to honor graduates|date=May 12, 2020 |access-date=2020-07-13|archive-date=2020-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714003453/https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/05/12/tri-c-holding-virtual-commencement-thursday-terminal-tower-lighting-up-honor-graduates/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tower was lit with blue and yellow in support of [[Ukraine]] during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Justice |first1=Camryn |title=Terminal Tower lights up blue and yellow in solidarity with Ukraine amid Russia's invasion |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/cleveland-metro/terminal-tower-lights-up-blue-and-yellow-in-solidarity-with-ukraine-amid-russias-invasion |website=News 5 Cleveland |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227021635/https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/cleveland-metro/terminal-tower-lights-up-blue-and-yellow-in-solidarity-with-ukraine-amid-russias-invasion |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2018}}
[[File:Cleveland - The Vacation City.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Cleveland travel brochure from 1930, featuring the newly dedicated Terminal Tower]]
<!-- All of these need *third-party* references to show that the pop culture reference to the Tower was sufficiently significant to have been noted by someone other than a Wikipedia editor; no Original Research, please -->
* Held annually since 2003, Terminal Tower hosted a "Tackle the Tower" stair-climb charity race from the Tower City mall concourse to the observation deck.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hermescleveland.com/roadracing/events/tower.asp|title=Tackle the Tower Stair Climb|website=Hermes Cleveland|access-date=August 14, 2018|archive-date=August 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813053517/http://www.hermescleveland.com/roadracing/events/tower.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The tower appeared in the climactic scene of the 2001 movie ''[[Proximity (2000 film)|Proximity]]'', starring [[Rob Lowe]]. Lowe's character led his pursuers from the [[Tower City station|RTA rapid station]] to the shopping concourse.
* The tower is featured in the films ''[[The Fortune Cookie]]'' (1966), ''[[The Deer Hunter]]'' (1978), ''[[A Christmas Story]]'' (1983), and ''[[Major League (film)|Major League]]'' (1989).
* Cleveland-based art-punk band [[Pere Ubu (band)|Pere Ubu]] titled their 1985 compilation of early singles and B-sides ''[[Terminal Tower (album)|Terminal Tower]]''.
* The tower can be seen in some scenes from ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007) and ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' (2012), parts of which were filmed in Cleveland.  It is also seen in parts of ''[[Welcome to Collinwood]]'' (2002) and ''[[The Oh in Ohio]]'' (2006).
* On August 20, [[1938 Cleveland Indians season|1938]], as part of a publicity stunt by the Come to Cleveland Committee, [[Cleveland Indians]] players [[Hank Helf]] and [[Frankie Pytlak]] successfully caught baseballs dropped from the tower by the Indians' third baseman [[Ken Keltner]].<ref name="When Baseballs Fell From On High, Henry Helf Rose To The Occasion">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121102205626/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1119227/index.htm ''When Baseballs Fell From On High, Henry Helf Rose To The Occasion'', by Bruce Anderson, Sports Illustrated, March 11, 1985]</ref> The {{convert|708|ft|m|adj=on}} drop broke the 555-foot, 30-year-old record set by Washington Senators catcher [[Gabby Street]] at the [[Washington Monument]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bioproj.sabr.org/bioproj.cfm?a=v&v=l&bid=322&pid=7402|title=The Baseball Biography Project: Ken Keltner|last=Nitz|first=Jim|publisher=Society for American Baseball Research|access-date=20 July 2010|archive-date=14 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714042244/http://bioproj.sabr.org/bioproj.cfm?a=v&v=l&pid=7402&bid=322|url-status=live}}</ref> The baseballs were estimated to have been traveling at {{convert|138|mi|km}}  per hour when caught.<ref name="When Baseballs Fell From On High, Henry Helf Rose To The Occasion"/>
* The Terminal is visible in several episodes of ''[[The Drew Carey Show]]''.
* Terminal Tower is featured in the opening credits of ''[[Hot in Cleveland]]''.
* Graphic artist [[Harvey Pekar]], writer of ''[[American Splendor]]'', regularly featured the tower in his comics.
* Terminal Tower is displayed and mentioned among other Cleveland attractions on a season 1 episode of ''[[30 Rock]]'', titled "[[Cleveland (30 Rock)|Cleveland]]," during a musical montage of the city.
* The tower is featured in cartoon form on the logo of the now defunct Yellow Cab Company's "I Like Cleveland" logo on the fleet of vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2017/05/yellow_cab_co_of_cleveland_clo.html|title=Yellow Cab Co. Of Cleveland closing after 90 years in business|date=26 May 2017|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716082447/https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2017/05/yellow_cab_co_of_cleveland_clo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Terminal Tower was famously photographed by noted photo journalist [[Margaret Bourke-White]].
* The tower is prominently featured on the ''Cleveland That I Love'' clothing line.
* Terminal Tower is regularly presented on the cover of the ''[[Cleveland Magazine]]'', in fact the last section of each issue which recalls past triumphs, tragedies and tales about the city of Cleveland, is entitled ''Terminal Tower''.
* The Terminal Tower features heavily in the 2017 detective noire thriller book called ''The Noir Evil'' which retells the events of the [[Cleveland Torso Murderer]] investigation with elements of ''[[Lovecraftian horror]]''

==See also==
*[[List of tallest buildings in Cleveland]]
*[[List of tallest buildings in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Cleveland Architecture 1890–1930: Building the City Beautiful|last=DeNobel Love|first=Jeannine|date=2020|publisher=Michigan State University Press|location=East Lansing, Michigan|isbn=978-1611863499}}
* {{cite book|title=Cleveland Landmarks|last=Herrick|first=Claydate|date=1987|publisher=Cleveland Restoration Society|location=Cleveland|isbn=9789996188725}}
* {{cite book|title=Cleveland Architecture, 1876-1976|last=Johannesen|first=Eric|date=1979|publisher=Western Reserve Historical|location=Cleveland|isbn=9780911704211}}
* {{cite book|title=Progressive Vision: The Planning of Downtown Cleveland 1903-1930|last=Rarick|first=Holly M.|year=1986|publisher=The Cleveland Museum of Art and Indiana University Press|location=Cleveland and Bloomington|isbn=9780910386869}}
* {{cite book|title=Cleveland Landmarks Series, Vol. I: The Terminal Tower Complex, 1930-1980|last1=Toman|first1=Jim|last2=Cook|first2=Dan|date=1981|publisher=Cleveland Landmarks Press|location=Cleveland|isbn=0-936760-01-X}}
* {{cite book|title=Cleveland's Towering Treasure: A Landmark Turns 75|last1=Toman|first1=James A.|last2=Cook|first2=Daniel J.|date=2005|publisher=Cleveland Landmarks Press|isbn=0-936760-20-6|location=Cleveland}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://www.terminaltower.com/ The Terminal Tower Residences]
*[http://www.clevelandmemory.org/cut-coll/ Cleveland Union Terminal Collection]
*[http://www.nyc-architecture.com/ARCH/ARCH-notes-municipal.htm Giralda Towers in the United States (Includes Terminal Tower and many NYC buildings)]
*[https://www.cleveland.com/business/2016/05/best_terminal_tower_photos_thr.html The Plain Dealer Terminal Tower Photos]

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{{succession box
| before=[[Chicago Temple Building]]
| title=Tallest building in the United States outside of New York City
| years=1927&ndash;1964<br/><small>216 m</small>
| after=[[Prudential Tower]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Buildings in Cleveland, Ohio timeline}}
{{Buildings in Ohio timeline}}
{{Cleveland}}

{{Tower City Center}}

[[Category:Apartment buildings in Cleveland]]
[[Category:Office buildings completed in 1928]]
[[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in Cleveland]]
[[Category:Forest City Realty Trust]]
[[Category:1928 establishments in Ohio]]
[[Category:Downtown Cleveland]]
[[Category:Tower City Center]]