Editing Terminative case

{{Short description|Grammatical case}}
{{redirect|Terminative|the aspect|Terminative aspect}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2021}}

In [[grammar]], the '''terminative''' or '''terminalis''' case ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''term'''}}) is a [[Grammatical case|case]] specifying a limit in space and time and also to convey the goal or target of an action.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Haspelmath|first=Martin|url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199206476.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199206476-e-34|title=Terminology of Case|date=2008-11-27|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor-last=Malchukov|editor-first=Andrej L.|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199206476.013.0034|editor-last2=Spencer|editor-first2=Andrew}}</ref>

==Assamese==
In the [[Assamese language]], the terminative case is indicated by the [[suffix]] {{Lang|as|-(অ)লৈকে}} {{Transliteration|as|-(o)loike}}:

{{fs interlinear|lang=as|indent=3
|আজিৰ পৰা পৰহি'''লৈকে'''
|azir pora porohi'''loike'''
|'from today up to the-day-after-tomorrow'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=as|indent=3
|মৰিগাঁৱৰ পৰা হোজাই'''লৈকে'''
|morigaor pora hüzai'''loike'''
|'From Morigaon up to Hojai.'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=as|indent=3
|নৈৰ ইপাৰৰ পৰা সিপাৰ'''লৈকে'''
|noir iparor pora xipar'''oloike'''
|'From this bank up to that bank of the river'}}

==Bashkir==
In the [[Bashkir language]], the terminative case is indicated by the [[suffix]] {{Transliteration|ba|-ğasa/-gäsä/-qasa/-käsä}}:

{{fs interlinear|lang=ba|indent=3
|киске 12-нән таңғы ете'''гәсә'''
|kiske 12-nän tañğï yete'''gäsä'''
|'from 12 pm up to 7 am'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=ba|indent=3
|Был аҙнала 32 градус'''ҡаса''' эҫетәсәк.
|Bïl aðnala 32 gradus'''qasa''' eśetäsäk
|'This week, it will get hot up to 32 degrees (celsius).'}}

However, [[postposition]]s {{Lang|ba|тиклем}} ({{Transliteration|ba|tiklem}}), {{Lang|ba|хәтлем}} ({{Transliteration|ba|xätlem}}), {{Lang|ba|ҡәҙәр}} ({{Lang|ba|qäðär}}) 'till, up to' are more frequently used in Bashkir to convey this meaning.

== Classical Hebrew ==
T.J. Meek has argued that "the so-called locative {{Transliteration|hbo|hē}}" in [[Classical Hebrew]] "is terminative only and should be renamed terminative {{Transliteration|he|hē}}."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meek|first=Theophile James|date=1940|title=The Hebrew Accusative of Time and Place|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/594010|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=60|issue=2|pages=224–233|doi=10.2307/594010|jstor=594010|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Estonian==
In the [[Estonian language]], the terminative case is indicated by the '-ni' [[suffix]]:

*{{Lang|et|jõeni}}: 'to the river'/'as far as the river'
*{{Lang|et|kella kuueni}}: 'until six o'clock'

==Hungarian==
The [[Hungarian language]] uses the '-ig' suffix.

*{{Lang|hu|a házig}}: 'as far as the house'
*{{Lang|hu|hat óráig/hatig}}: 'until six o'clock'

If used for time, it can also show how long the action lasted.

*{{Lang|hu|hat óráig}}: 'for six hours'/'six hours long'
*{{Lang|hu|száz évig}}: 'for a hundred years'

It is not always clear whether the thing in terminative case belongs to the interval in question or not.

*{{Lang|hu|A koncertig maradtam.}}: 'I stayed until the concert (ended or started?)' Here it is more likely that the person only stayed there until the concert began.
*{{Lang|hu|Mondj egy számot 1-től 10-ig!}}: 'Say a number from 1 to (until) 10.' However here 10 can be said as well.

The corresponding question word is {{Lang|hu|meddig}}''?'', which is simply the question word {{Lang|hu|mi}}''?'' ('what?') in terminative case.

==Sumerian==
In [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]], the terminative case {{Transliteration|sux|-še}} not only was used to indicate end-points in space or time but also end-points of an action itself such as its target or goal. In this latter role, it functioned much like an [[accusative case]].

==Finnish==
The use of the [[postposition]] ''[[wikt:asti#Finnish|asti]]'' (or synonymously ''[[wikt:saakka#Finnish|saakka]]'')  with the [[illative case|illative]] (or [[allative case|allative]] or [[sublative case|sublative]]) case in Finnish very closely corresponds to the terminative.  These same postpositions with the [[elative case|elative]] (or [[ablative case|ablative]]) case also express the opposite of a terminative:  a limit in time or space of origination or initiation.

The old Finnish terminative ''-ni'' is no longer productive, but it appears in the [[Kalevala]]: nominative ''se'' "it, that" ~ terminative ''sini'' "up to where" = modern ''siihen asti'', and nominative ''kuka'' "who, what (poetic)" ~ terminative ''kuni'' "up to where" = modern ''kuhun asti''.<ref>Lönnrot, Elias. Kalevala. 31. runo, säkeet 279-282</ref> Also, the established phrase ''kaikki tyynni'' "every, until completion" contains the terminative ''tyynni'', being derived from an older form ''kaikki tyvennik'' "every, up to its base", where ''tyvi'' is "foot, base".

== Japanese ==
The [[Japanese particle]] [[wikt:まで|まで]] (''made'') acts like a terminative case.

==See also==
* [[Cessative aspect]]
* [[Desiderative mood]]
* [[List of grammatical cases]]

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |last= Anhava |first= Jaakko |year= 2015 |title= Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars |location= Helsinki |website= journal.fi |publisher= Finnish Scholarly Journals Online |url= https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392/16242}}

== References ==
<references />
{{Grammatical cases}}

[[Category:Grammatical cases]]