Editing Terminology

{{Short description|Academic discipline studying terms and their general uses}}
{{other uses}}
<!--{{original research|date=May 2012}}--> 
'''Terminology''' is a group of specialized words and respective meanings in a particular field, and also the study of such terms and their use;<ref>The two meanings given by the [[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]] (in their entirety) are: "terms used in an art etc." and "science of proper use of terms".</ref> the latter meaning is also known as '''terminology science'''. A '''''term''''' is a word, [[Compound (linguistics)|compound word]], or multi-word [[Expression (language)|expression]] that in specific [[context (language use)|contexts]] is given specific meanings—these may deviate from the meanings the same words have in other contexts and in everyday language.<ref>a word or expression that has a precise meaning in some uses or is peculiar to a science, art, profession, or subject.{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Term|access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref> Terminology is a discipline that studies, among other things, the development of such terms and their interrelationships within a specialized domain. Terminology differs from [[lexicography]], as it involves the study of [[concept]]s, conceptual systems and their labels (''terms''), whereas lexicography studies words and their meanings.

Terminology is a discipline that systematically studies the "labelling or designating of concepts" particular to one or more subject fields or domains of [[human]] activity. It does this through the research and analysis of terms in context for the purpose of documenting and promoting consistent usage. Terminology can be limited to one or more languages (for example, "multilingual terminology" and "bilingual terminology"), or may have an [[interdisciplinarity]] focus on the use of terms in different fields.

==Overview==
The terminology discipline consists mainly of the following aspects:

* Analyzing concepts and concept structures utilized in a field or area of activity
* Identifying the terms assigned to concepts
* Creating correspondences between terms in the different languages in the case of multilingual or bilingual term.
* Creating new terms in databases or compiling the terms on paper or in databases managing terminology databases as required

==Types of terminology==
A distinction is made between two types of terminology work:
* {{em|Ad hoc}} work on terminology, which deals with a single term or a limited number of terms
* Systematic collection of terminology, which deals with all the terms in a specific subject field or domain of activity, often by creating a structured [[ontology (information science)|ontology]] of the terms within that domain and their interrelationships.

Ad hoc terminology is prevalent in the [[translation]] profession, where a translation for a specific term (or group of terms) is required quickly to solve a particular translation problem.

[[Nomenclature]] comprises types of terminology especially having to do with [[ontology|general ontology]], [[ontology (computer science)|applied ontology]], and [[taxonomy]] ([[categorization]]s and [[classification (general theory)|classification]]s, such as [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy for life forms]], [[taxonomy for search engines]], and so on).

==Terminology as a discipline==
A '''terminologist'''<!--boldface per [[WP:R#PLA]]--> intends to hone categorical organization by improving the accuracy and content of its terminology. Technical industries and [[standardization]] institutes compile their own glossaries.  This provides the consistency needed in the various areas&mdash;fields and branches, movements and specialties&mdash;to work with core terminology to then offer material for the discipline's traditional and doctrinal literature.

Terminology is also then key in boundary-crossing problems, such as in language translation and [[social epistemology]].
Terminology helps to build bridges and to extend one area into another. [[Translator]]s research the terminology of the languages they translate. Terminology is taught alongside translation in universities and translation schools. Large translation departments and translation bureaus have a ''Terminology'' section.

===Science===
'''Terminology science'''<!--boldface per [[WP:R#PLA]]--> is a branch of [[linguistics]] studying special vocabulary.

The main objects of terminological studies are special [[lexical unit]]s (or special [[lexeme]]s), first of all terms. They are analysed from the point of view of their origin, formal structure, their meanings and also functional features. Terms are used to denote concepts, therefore terminology science also concerns itself with the formation and development of concepts, as well as with the principles of exposing the existing relations between concepts and classifying concepts; also, with the principles of defining concepts and appraising the existing definitions. Considering the fact that characteristics and functioning of term depend heavily on its lexical surrounding nowadays it is common to view as the main object of terminology science not separate terms, but rather the whole terminology used in some particular field of knowledge (also called subject field).

Terminological research started seventy years ago and was especially fruitful at the last forty years. At that time the main types of special lexical units, such as terms proper, nomens, terminoids, prototerms, preterms and quasiterms were singled out and studied.{{elucidate|date=July 2013}}

* A {{em|nomen}}, or a {{em|nomenclature unit}}, is  a name of a single notion or a certain unit of mass production,<ref>Канделаки Т. Л. Значения терминов и системы значений научно-технических терминологий // Проблемы языка науки и техники. Логические, лингвистические и историко-научные аспекты терминологии. — Москва, Наука, 1970.</ref> e.g. prefix dis-; Canon 550D; UA-24; etc.
* {{em|Terminoids}}, or {{em|jargon terms}}, are special lexical units which are used to name the phenomena that are absolutely new and whose concepts are not interpreted in a monosemantic way. E.g., Salmon Day, mouse potato, etc.<ref>Хаютин А. Д. (1972) Термин, терминология, номенклатура (учебное пособие). — Самарканд, 1972.</ref>
* {{em|Prototerms}} are special lexemes that appeared and were used in prescientific times.<ref>Гринев С. В. Основы лексикографического описания терминосистем: Дис. … док. филол. наук. — М., 1990.</ref>
* {{em|Preterms}} are a special group of lexemes which is represented by special lexical units used as terms to name new scientific notions. They are represented by a vast descriptive pattern, e.g. [[business process reengineering]], management by walking about, etc.<ref>Лейчик В. М. Некоторые вопросы упорядочения, стандартизации и использования научно-технической терминологии // Термин и слово. — Горький, 1981.</ref>

The main principles of terminological work were elaborated, terminologies of the leading European languages belonging to many subject fields were described and analysed. It should be mentioned that at the former USSR terminological studies were conducted on an especially large scale: while in the 1940s only four terminological dissertations were successfully defended, in the 1950s there were 50 such dissertations, in the 1960s their number reached 231, in the 1970s – 463 and in the 1980s – 1110.

As the result of development and specialising of terminological studies, some of the branches of terminology science – such as [[Linguistic typology|typological]] terminology science, [[semasiological]] terminology science, terminological derivatology, comparative terminology science, terminography, functional terminology science, cognitive terminology science, historical terminology science and some branch terminology sciences – have gained the status of independent scientific disciplines.

==Terminological theories==
Terminological theories include general theory of terminology,<ref>{{cite book
 |title=Einführung in die allgemeine Terminologielehre und terminologische Lexikographie. Teil 1-2
 |author=Wüster, E.
 |year=1979
 |publisher=Springer-Verlag
}}</ref> socioterminology,<ref>{{Cite journal
 |title=Socioterminologie: propos et propositions épistémologiques
 |author=Gaudin, F.
 |journal=Le Langage et l'Homme
 |volume=28
 |pages=247–257
 |year=1993
 |publisher=Intercommunications
 |issue=4
}}</ref> communicative theory of terminology,<ref>{{Cite book
 |title=La terminología: representación y comunicación
 |author=Cabré, M.T.
 |year=1999
}}</ref> sociocognitive terminology,<ref>{{Cite book
 |title=Towards new ways of terminology description: the sociocognitive-approach
 |author=Temmerman, R.
 |year=2000|publisher=John Benjamins
}}</ref> and [[frame-based terminology]].<ref>{{Cite journal
 |title=Process-oriented terminology management in the domain of Coastal Engineering
 |author1=Faber, P. |author2=Montero, S. |author3=Castro, M.R. |author4=Senso, J. |author5=Prieto, J.A. |author6=León, P. |author7=Márquez C. |author8=Vega, M. |journal=Terminology
 |volume=12
 |pages=189–213
 |year=2006
 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company
 |issue=2
 |doi=10.1075/term.12.2.03fab
}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Applied linguistics]]
* [[Concept]]
* [[Controlled vocabulary]]
* Critical vocabulary
* [[Dictionary]]
* [[Glossary]]
* [[Euphemism]]
* [[Interpreting]]
* [[Jargon]]
* [[ISO/TC 37]]
* [[Lexicography]]
* [[LSP dictionary]]
* [[Meme]]
* [[Nomenclature]]
* [[Ontology (information science)]]
* [[Orismology]]
* [[Reference work]]
* [[Specialised lexicography]]
* [[Tag cloud]]
* [[Terminology standardization]]
* [[Translation]]
* [[Taxonomy (general)]]
* [[Technical terminology]]
* [[Terminology planning policy]]
* [[Terminology extraction]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*Sonneveld, H, Loenning, K: (1994): Introducing terminology, in Terminology, p.&nbsp;1-6
*Wright, S.E.; Budin, G.: (1997): Handbook of Terminology Management, Volume 1, Basic Aspects of Terminology Management, Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins 370 pp.
*Gaudin, F., 2003, Socioterminologie: une approche sociolinguistique de la terminologie, éd. De Boeck-Duculot, Belgium.
*Wright, S.E.; Budin, G.: (2001): Handbook  of Terminology Management, Volume 2, Application-Oriented Terminology Management, Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins.
*Kockaert, H.J.; Steurs, F.: (2014):  Handbook of Terminology, Volume 1, Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins.

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060716101651/http://www.ottiaq.org/ottiaq_en_bref/terminologie_en.php Terminology] from the [[OTTIAQ]] website
*[http://www.termnet.org TermNet] - International Network for Terminology
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081119145416/http://www.infoterm.org/ Infoterm] - International Information Centre for Terminology
*[http://www.iso.org ISO] Technical Committee 37 "Terminology and other language and content resources" ([[ISO/TC 37]])
*[http://www.fao.org/faoterm Faoterm] from the [[FAO]] Terminology website
*[http://www.termsciences.fr/-/Index/Rechercher/Rapide/?lang=en_GB TermSciences, the Scientific Terminology Database]
*[https://www.upf.edu/web/iula IULA, Institut Universitari de Lingüistica Aplicada]

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[[Category:Terminology| ]]
[[Category:Applied linguistics]]
[[Category:Lexicography]]
[[Category:Translation]]