Editing Testament of Job

{{Short description|Apocryphal book}}
[[File:Jacob Jordaens - Abraham Grapheus as Job.JPG|200px|thumb|[[Jacob Jordaens]] - Abraham Grapheus as Job]]
The '''''Testament of Job''''' (also referred to as ''Divrei Lyov'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/wife-of-job-apocrypha#:~:text=Unique%20to%20the%20apocryphal%20account,of%20people%27s%20contempt%20and%20pity | title=Wife of Job: Apocrypha }}</ref> literally meaning "''Words of Job''") is a book written in the 1st century BC or the 1st century AD. Some [[Midrash]]ic parallels in the work<ref>Itemized in Kaufmann Kohler (1897). [https://www.nli.org.il/en/articles/NNL_ALEPH990030147820205171/NLI The Testament of Job : an Essene Midrash on the Book of Job.] - reedited and translated with introductory and exegetical notes by K. Kohler.</ref> indicate that it was a production of the pre-Christian era, and belongs to the Jewish apocrypha.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=332&letter=J ''Jewish Encyclopedia''] Testament of Job Summary</ref> Christian scholars refer to such writings as belonging to "[[intertestamental literature]]".

The text is not directly dependent on the canonical [[Book of Job]], and presents many differences from it.

== Manuscripts ==
The earliest surviving manuscript is in [[Coptic language|Coptic]], of the 5th century;  other early surviving manuscripts are in Greek and [[Old Church Slavonic|Old Slavonic]].

In 1967, Sebastian Brock published an edition of the Testament using the Greek ms P as his base.<ref>Brock, Sebastian P. Testamentum Iobi. Pseudepigrapha Veteris Testamenti Graeca 2 Leiden: Brill, 1967 P. 1–59</ref> Then a bilingual Greek and English edition, edited by Robert A. Kraft, was issued in New York by the Society of Biblical Literature in 1974 with {{ISBN|0-88414-044-X}}. It used the Greek mss S-V as the base.<ref>Ed Gallagher 2025, [https://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2025/05/testament-of-job-textual-attestation.html?m=1 Testament of Job: Textual Attestation.]</ref>

Maria Haralambakis (2012) surveyed as many as nine Slavonic manuscripts, some of which are now lost. The date of these manuscripts is between the 14th and 18th centuries. Also she covers the ongoing publication of the Coptic text, which is unfortunately rather fragmentary.<ref>Maria Haralambakis 2012, [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9780567064981_A23694637/preview-9780567064981_A23694637.pdf The Testament of Job: Text, Narrative and reception History.] Bloomsbury T&T Clark</ref>

The Slavonic tradition is not believed to be derived from the two main Greek textual traditions. It seems to be separate from them, and contains the readings characteristic of both of them.<ref>Brock, Sebastian P. Testamentum Iobi. Pseudepigrapha Veteris Testamenti Graeca 2 Leiden: Brill, 1967 P. 1–59. pages 14-15</ref>

==Contents==
In folktale manner in the style of Jewish [[aggada]],<ref>[http://www.library.uu.nl/digiarchief/dip/diss/2004-0205-103455/c3.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926195224/http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2004-0205-103455/c3.pdf |date=2009-09-26 }}</ref> it elaborates upon the [[Book of Job]] making Job a king in Egypt. Like many other ''Testament of ...'' works in the Old Testament apocrypha, it gives the narrative a framing-tale of Job's last illness, in which he calls together his sons and daughters to give them his final instructions and exhortations. The ''Testament of Job'' contains all the characters familiar in the ''Book of Job'', with a more prominent role for [[Wife of Job|Job's wife]], given the name ''Sitidos'', and many parallels to Christian beliefs that Christian readers find, such as intercession with God and forgiveness. In this text, Job's first wife dies and the seven sons and three daughters that he had in the epilogue of the book of Job were from his second wife, whom he married after his trials ended. According to the ''Testament of Job'', his second wife is [[Dinah]], the daughter of [[Jacob]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vestibularfamaz.com.br/hotsite/divrei-iyov-transforms-the-spouse-as-a-main-6/ | title=Divrei Iyov transforms the spouse as a main character regarding the plot that is entire &#124; UNIFAMAZ }}</ref> This would mean that not only was Job joined to the [[Israelites|house of Israel]], but also that Job lived between the death of [[Abraham]] and the birth of [[Moses]].

Unlike the Biblical Book of Job, [[Satan]]'s vindictiveness towards Job is described in the Testament as being due to Job destroying a non-Jewish temple. Indeed, Satan is described in a far more villainous light, rather than simply being a ''prosecuting counsel''. Job is equally portrayed differently; Satan is shown to directly attack Job, but fails each time due to Job's willingness to be patient, unlike the Biblical narrative where Job falls victim but retains faith.

The latter section of the work, dedicated like the Biblical text to Job's comforters, deviates even further from the Biblical narrative. Rather than complaining or challenging God, Job consistently asserts his faith despite the laments of his comforters. While one of the comforters gives up, and the others try to get him medical treatment, Job insists his faith is true, and eventually the voice of God tells the comforters to stop their behaviour. When most of the comforters choose to listen to God's voice, they decide to taunt the one remaining individual who still laments Job's fate.

Unlike many ''Testament of ....'' works, there is little concentration on ethical discourses, instead the text concentrates on delivering narrative, as well as embedding a noticeably large number of [[hymn]]s.

One passage concerns ''multicoloured cords'' for women to put around their [[breasts]] to enable them to sing in the ''language of the angels''.<ref>Jennifer Zilm, “Multi-Coloured Like Woven Works: Gender, Ritual Clothing and Praying with the Angels in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Testament of Job,” in ''Prayer and Poetry in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature'' (ed. Jeremy Penner, Ken Penner, and Cecilia Wassen; Leiden: Brill, 2011), 443, n. 26.</ref> Some scholars have suggested that this text also shows an interest in [[glossolalia]] (speaking in tongues).<ref>T. Job 48–50; 52:7</ref> Indeed, this is an early example of such a phenomenon, although the precedent for this is also found within Judaism and late antique Christianity.<ref name="u917"/>{{rp|54}}

== Composition ==
There has been a general consensus in scholarship that the Testament of Job comes from the Jewish origins because it lacks any clear Christian features. Yet some possibly Christian features have also been noted in the text, such as the use of the Greek compound word ἀπροσωπόληπτός ("impartiality").<ref>T. Job 4:8</ref> After analysing such features in the Testament of Job, Nicholas List concludes that they may be explained as the work of a later Christian scribe or editor.<ref name="u917">{{cite journal | last=List | first=Nicholas | title=Jewish and Christian “signature features” in the Testament of Job | journal=Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha | volume=33 | issue=1 | date=2023 | issn=0951-8207 | doi=10.1177/09518207221137064 | doi-access=free | pages=51–74 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/09518207221137064 | access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref>

Although in early scholarship the suggestions were made that the original text was written in Hebrew or Aramaic, there has been a more recent scholarly consensus that the original language of composition of the Testament of Job was Greek.<ref>Maria Haralambakis 2012, [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9780567064981_A23694637/preview-9780567064981_A23694637.pdf The Testament of Job: Text, Narrative and reception History.] Bloomsbury T&T Clark. p.11</ref>

=== Parallels in Qumran literature ===
Some scholars have noted that the Testament of Job shares some thematic and ideological similarities with the [[Qumran]] community. For example, James H. Charlesworth has called attention to the numerous parallels between the Testament of Job and some of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]. In particular he commented upon a “striking resemblance to the Qumran concept of the fellowship of the just with the angels” as found in the Testament. This refers especially to the ability of Job’s daughters to have access to the language of the angels. Also, according to Charlesworth, “The whole of the hymn against Elihu (TJob 43:4-17), in fact, is replete with Qumran affinities.”<ref>James H. Charlesworth 2010, [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Old_Testament_Pseudepigrapha/TNdeolWctsQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA855 The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.] p.855, note 'd'</ref>

===Montanists===
The assertion has been made that the ''ecstatic speech'' of the [[Montanists]] (a later Christian sect), was another example of ''speaking in tongues''.  This has led some scholars, such as Spittler,<ref>The Testament of Job, as found in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Translated by R. P. Spittler. J. H. Charlesworth, ed. Vol. 1. New York: Doubleday and Company. 1983. Pg. 834</ref> to suggest that the Montanists may have edited parts of the Testament of Job, adding sections such as these.<ref>Charles A. Sullivan 2020, [https://charlesasullivan.com/14354/the-testament-of-job-and-angelic-tongues/ The Testament of Job and Angelic tongues.]</ref> But Spittler also suggested that this could have been the Therapeutae who were responsible.

The letter ends with a reference to life after death; "It is written that he will rise up with those whom the Lord will reawaken. To our Lord by glory. Amen."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/1251114/Testament-of-Job-Revised-English|title=Testament of Job (Revised English) &#124; Book of Job &#124; Satan}}</ref>

===Therapeutae===
It has been suggested that the work originated from the [[Therapeutae]].<ref>Spittler, Russel Paul (1983), 'Testament of Job', in James H. Charlesworth (ed. Old Testament Pseudepigrapha Vol I Doubleday</ref><ref>Taylor, Joan E., "Virgin Mothers: Philo on the Women Therapeutae," Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha, 12.1(2001): 37-63. doi:10.1177/095182070101200102</ref>  However, [[glossolalia|speaking in tongues]] has not been recorded as a practice of the Therapeutae.

==Apocrypha categorisation==
At the end of the 5th century, the ''Testament of Job'' was relegated to the [[apocrypha]] by the [[Decretum Gelasianum|Gelasian Decree]], concerning canonical and noncanonical books. Subsequently, the ''Testament of Job'' was ignored by Roman Catholic writers until it was published in 1833 in the series edited by [[Angelo Mai]] (''Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio'' Vol. vii, pp.&nbsp;180–191). Mai's manuscript had a double title:  ''Testament of Job the Blameless, the Conqueror in Many Contests, the Sainted'' (which seems to be the older title) and ''The Book of Job Called [[Jobab ben Zerah|Jobab]], and His Life, and the Transcript of His Testament''.

==See also==
*[[Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Maria Haralambakis 2012, [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9780567064981_A23694637/preview-9780567064981_A23694637.pdf The Testament of Job: Text, Narrative and reception History.] Bloomsbury T&T Clark
*R. P. Spittler, ''Outside the Old Testament,''
*Robert A. Kraft (ed.), ''Testament of Job''.  Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press for the Society of Biblical Literature, 1974 (Texts and Translations 5: Pseudepigrapha Series 3).
*R. P. Spittler, "Testament of Job", in: J. H. Charlesworth, editor, ''Old Testament Pseudepigrapha'', volume I Garden City, New York etc.: Doubleday, 1983.
*Raymond F. Surburg, ''Introduction to the Intertestamental Period,''
*Jan Dochhorn, "Das Testament Hiobs als Produkt narrativer Exegese. Eine Studie zur Wirkungsgeschichte des griechischen und hebräischen Hiobbuchs," in Wolfgang Kraus & Martin Karrer in collaboration with Martin Meiser (ed.), ''Die Septuaginta - Texte, Theologien, Einflüsse. 2. Internationale Fachtagung veranstaltet von Septuaginta Deutsch (LXX.D), Wuppertal 23.-27. Juli 2008'' (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010) (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament (WUNT I), 252).

==External links==
* Ed Gallagher 2025, [https://sanctushieronymus.blogspot.com/2025/05/testament-of-job-textual-attestation.html?m=1 Testament of Job: Textual Attestation.]
*[https://pseudepigrapha.org/docs/text/TJob ''The Online Critical Pseudepigrapha'':] Testament of Job in Greek
*[http://wesley.nnu.edu/sermons-essays-books/noncanonical-literature/noncanonical-literature-ot-pseudepigrapha/testament-of-job/ ''Wesley Center Online''] Testament of Job in English
*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=332&letter=J ''Jewish Encyclopedia''] Testament of Job Summary
*[http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/testjob.html ''Early Jewish Writings''] Notes on Testament of Job

{{Montanism}}{{Jewish Apocrypha}}{{Book of Job}}
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[[Category:Old Testament pseudepigrapha]]
[[Category:Job (biblical figure)]]
[[Category:Satan]]
[[Category:Jewish apocrypha]]