Editing The Machine Stops

{{short description|1909 E.M. Forster science fiction short story}}
{{For|the album by Hawkwind|The Machine Stops (album)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox short story |
| name             = The Machine Stops
| author           = [[E. M. Forster]]
| country          = England
| language         = English
| series           =
| genre            = Science fiction short story
| publication_type =
| published_in     = ''[[The Oxford and Cambridge Review]]''
| publisher        = [[Archibald Constable]]
| media_type       = Print (Magazine, Hardback & Paperback)
| pub_date         = November 1909
| preceded_by      =
| followed_by      =
}}
"'''The Machine Stops'''" is a [[science fiction]] [[short story]] by [[E. M. Forster]]. After initial publication in ''[[The Oxford and Cambridge Review]]'' (November 1909), the story was republished in Forster's ''[[The Eternal Moment|The Eternal Moment and Other Stories]]'' in 1928. After being voted one of the best novellas up to 1965, it was included that same year in the popular anthology ''Modern Short Stories''.<ref>''Modern Short Stories'', S. H. Burton ed., Longman Heritage of Literature series, Longman Group Ltd, Great Britain, first published 1965, sixth impression 1970</ref> In 1973 it was also included in ''[[The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two]]''.

The story, set in a world where humanity lives underground and relies on a giant machine to provide its needs, predicted technologies similar to [[instant messaging]] and the [[Internet]].

==Background==
In the preface to his ''Collected Short Stories'' (1947), Forster wrote that "The Machine Stops" was intended as a rebuttal to one of the "earlier heavens" of [[H. G. Wells]]";<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forster |first=E. M. |url=https://archive.org/details/collectedshortst0000unse_y6y7 |title=Collected Short Stories of E.M. Forster |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd. |year=1947 |location=London |pages=vii}}</ref> specifically his quasi-novel, ''[[A Modern Utopia]]'', published in 1905.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SFE: Wells, H G |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/wells_h_g |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=sf-encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SFE: Forster, E M |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/forster_e_m |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=sf-encyclopedia.com}}</ref> In contrast to Wells's political commentary, Forster points to the technology itself as the ultimate controlling force.

==Plot summary==
The story describes a world in which most of the human population has lost the ability to live on the surface of the Earth. Each individual now lives in isolation below ground in a standard room, with all bodily and spiritual needs met by the omnipotent, global Machine. Travel is permitted but is unpopular and rarely necessary. Communication is made via a kind of instant messaging/video conferencing machine with which people conduct their only activity: the sharing of ideas and what passes for knowledge.

The two main characters, Vashti and her son Kuno, live on opposite sides of the world. Vashti is content with her life, which, like most inhabitants of the world, she spends producing and endlessly discussing second-hand 'ideas'. Her son Kuno, however, is a sensualist and a rebel. He persuades a reluctant Vashti to endure the journey (and the resultant unwelcome personal interaction) to his room. There, he tells her of his disenchantment with the sanitised, mechanical world.
He confides to her that he has visited the surface of the Earth without permission and that he saw other humans living outside the world of the Machine. However, the Machine recaptures him, and he is threatened with 'Homelessness': expulsion from the underground environment and presumed death. Vashti, however, dismisses her son's concerns as dangerous madness and returns to her part of the world.

As time passes, and Vashti continues the routine of her daily life, there are two important developments. First, individuals are no longer permitted use of the respirators which are needed to visit the Earth's surface. Most welcome this development, as they are sceptical and fearful of first-hand experience and of those who desire it. Secondly, "Mechanism", a kind of religion, is established in which the Machine is the object of worship. People forget that humans created the Machine and treat it as a mystical entity whose needs supersede their own.

Those who do not accept the deity of the Machine are viewed as 'unmechanical' and threatened with Homelessness. The Mending Apparatus—the system charged with repairing defects that appear in the Machine proper—has also failed by this time, but concerns about this are dismissed in the context of the supposed omnipotence of the Machine itself.

During this time, Kuno is transferred to a room near Vashti's. He comes to believe that the Machine is breaking down and tells her cryptically "The Machine stops." Vashti continues with her life, but eventually defects begin to appear in the Machine. At first, humans accept the deteriorations as the whim of the Machine, to which they are now wholly subservient, but the situation continues to deteriorate as the knowledge of how to repair the Machine has been lost.

Finally, the Machine collapses, bringing 'civilization' down with it. Kuno comes to Vashti's ruined room. Before they both perish, they realise that humanity and its connection to the natural world are what truly matters, and that it will fall to the surface-dwellers who still exist to rebuild the human race and to prevent the mistake of the Machine from being repeated.

==Themes==
The main theme of the story is the danger that humanity faces when it becomes overly reliant on technology for its survival; a less obvious, though equally important theme is what Forster refers to as "the sin against the body." This occurs when people's intellectual refinement and spirituality advance to such a point that they become disconnected from their physical bodies and are unable to adapt to changing environments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=Chad |url=https://archive.org/details/fromutopiatonigh0000wals/ |title=From Utopia to Nightmare |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1972 |isbn=0837163250 |location=Westport,  Connecticut |pages=83–5}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
The ''Fantasy Book Review'' calls ''The Machine Stops'' "dystopic and quite brilliant," noting, "In such a short novel ''The Machine Stops'' holds more horror than any number of gothic ghost stories. Everybody should read it, and consider how far we may go ourselves down the road of technological 'advancement' and forget what it truly means to be alive;" rating the story as 10 out of 10.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Machine Stops by EM Forster |url=https://www.fantasybookreview.co.uk/EM-Forster/The-Machine-Stops.html |website=Fantasy Book Review |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

As well as Forster predicting globalisation, the Internet, video conferencing and other aspects of 21st-century reality, [[Will Gompertz]], writing on the [[BBC]] website on 30 May 2020, observed, "'The Machine Stops' is not simply prescient; it is a jaw-droppingly, gob-smackingly, breathtakingly accurate literary description of [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns|lockdown life in 2020]]."<ref>{{cite web|last= Gompertz| first= Will| author-link=Will Gompertz| title= The Machine Stops: Will Gompertz reviews E M Forster's work| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-52821993| date= 30 May 2020| publisher= BBC News| access-date= 30 May 2020 }}</ref>

In 2010, ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' magazine<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Randy Alfred wrote, "1909: E.M. Forster publishes 'The Machine Stops,' a chilling tale of a futuristic information-oriented society that grinds to a bloody halt, literally. Some aspects of the story no longer seem so distant in the future."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Alfred |first=Randy |date=1 November 2010 |title=Nov. 1, 1909: 'The Machine Stops' |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1101em-forster-machine-stops/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722024512/https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1101em-forster-machine-stops/ |archive-date=22 July 2014 |access-date=23 March 2024 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
* A television adaptation, directed by [[Philip Saville]], was shown in the UK on 6 October 1966 as part of the second series of British science-fiction anthology TV series ''[[Out of the Unknown]]''. It is one of only four episodes known to exist from the show's second series.
* In 2001, [[BBC Radio 4]] aired [[Gregory Norminton]]'s adaptation as a radio play.<ref>{{Cite episode| publisher = BBC Radio 4 FM| title = Afternoon Play: The Machine Stops| series= BBC Genome| access-date = 2015-03-29| date = 2001-04-24| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b048jcvg}}</ref> Another radio adaptation, by [[Philip Franks]], aired on Radio 4 on 19 June 2022.<ref>{{cite web| title=BBC Radio 4 – Drama, The Machine Stops| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0018fs6| publisher= [[BBC Online]]| accessdate= 19 June 2022}}</ref>
* Playwright [[Eric Coble]]'s 2004 stage adaptation was broadcast on 16 November 2007 on [[WCLV|WCPN 90.3 FM]] in [[Cleveland]], Ohio.<ref name="WCPNadaptation">{{cite web|url=http://www.ideastream.org/an/entry/7893|title=WCPN Program Highlights|access-date=12 November 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103034228/http://www.ideastream.org/an/entry/7893|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>
* ''TMS: The Machine Stops'' is a graphic novel series adaptation written by [[Michael Lent (producer)|Michael Lent]] with art by Marc Rene, published by Alterna Comics in February 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Machine Stops (mini-series) |url=http://alternacomics.com/#/the-machine-stops/4582365467}}</ref>
* Playwright Neil Duffield's adaptation was staged at [[York Theatre Royal]] in May–June 2016.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-36289890 "The Machine Stops: Did E M Forster predict the internet age?" by Chris Long], BBC, 18 May 2016</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Machine Stops review – EM Forster's chilling vision |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/may/22/the-machine-stops-review-york-theatre-royal-em-forster |website=The Guardian |date=22 May 2016 |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

==Related works==
* ''[[Mad (magazine)|Mad]]'' #1 (Oct–Nov 1952) featured "[[wikt:blob|Blobs]]",<ref>{{cite web|title="The Nostrand Zone" by Bhob Stewart|date=7 March 2014 |url=http://www.tcj.com/the-nostrand-zone-by-bhob-stewart/|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MAD MAGAZINE NEVER STOPS- 1952 MAD version of MACHINE STOPS (Video)|date=25 October 2011 |url=https://mediabastard.wordpress.com/2011/10/25/mad-magazine-never-stops-1952-mad-version-of-machine-stops-wow/|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hajdu|first1=David|title=The Ten-Cent Plague: The Great Comic-Book Scare and How It Changed America|date=18 March 2008|page=199|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=9781429937054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7B6EPG7vG8C&q=mad+1952+machine+stops+blobs&pg=PA199|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> a seven-page story drawn by [[Wallace Wood]] where two inhabitants of 1,000,000 AD discuss the history of man and his evolution into "blobs" totally dependent on the Machine.
* [[Stephen Baxter (author)|Stephen Baxter]]'s story "Glass Earth Inc.", which refers explicitly to "The Machine Stops", is included in the book ''[[Phase Space (story collection)|Phase Space]]'', published in 2003.
*[[Isaac Asimov]]'s second novel in the [[Robot series|''Robot'' Series]], ''[[The Naked Sun]]'' (1957), takes place on a planet similar to the Earth seen in this story. On the Planet Solaria human colonists live isolated from one another, only viewing each other through holograms, and only have interactions with their robot retinues. After several centuries the humans have become so dependent on this practice it has become taboo to even be in the presence of another human being.   
* The song "[[Standing in the Light|The Machine Stops]]" by the band [[Level 42]] not only shares the same title with the story but also has lyrics that echo Kuno's thoughts.
* The band [[A Hope for Home]] based their song "The Machine Stops" on their album [[Realis (album)|Realis]] on this story by Forster.
* Both George Lucas's film ''[[THX 1138]]'' (1971) and the original novel version of ''[[Logan's Run]]'' (1967) by [[William F. Nolan]] and [[George Clayton Johnson]] bear similarities to "The Machine Stops".{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
* The space rock band [[Hawkwind]] released a concept album titled ''[[The Machine Stops (album)|The Machine Stops]]'' in 2016 based on the story by Forster.

== See also ==
* [[1909 in science fiction]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Seegert, Alf (2010), "[http://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/joe/article/view/98/269 Technology and the Fleshly Interface in E. M. Forster's 'The Machine Stops']", ''Journal of Ecocriticism'' 2: 1.
* {{cite journal |last=Napier |first=Susan J. |author-link=Susan J. Napier |date=November 2002 |title=When the Machines Stop: Fantasy, Reality, and Terminal Identity in ''Neon Genesis Evangelion'' and ''Serial Experiments Lain'' |journal=Science Fiction Studies |volume=29 |issue=88 |pages=418–435 |issn=0091-7729 |url= http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/abstracts/a88.htm#Napier |access-date=4 May 2007}}
* Pordzik, Ralph. 2010. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/english_literature_in_transition/v053/53.1.pordzik.pdf Closet fantasies and the future of desire in E. M. Forster's "The Machine Stops"]. ''English Literature in Transition 1880–1920'' 53, No. 1 (Winter): 54–74. {{doi|10.2487/elt.53.1(2010)0052}}
*[https://www.slideshare.net/DoctorSequoia/the-machine-stops-77020537 Wally Wood's version for ''Mad Magazine'', 1952]

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/e-m-forster/short-fiction|Display Name=An omnibus collection of Forster's short fiction|noitalics=true}}
* {{librivox book | title=The Machine Stops | author=E. M. FORSTER}}
* {{ISFDB title|41186}}
{{Gutenberg book|72890|name=The eternal moment, and other stories|chapter=The Machine Stops|chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/72890/pg72890-images.html#THE_MACHINE_STOPS}}
*[https://www.goodreads.com/ebooks/download/135676.The_Machine_Stops_and_Other_Stories The Machine Stops and Other Stories by E. M. Forster, Rod Mengham] Online text via Goodreads

{{E. M. Forster}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Machine Stops, The}}
[[Category:Dystopian literature]]
[[Category:Plays by Eric Coble]]
[[Category:1909 short stories]]
[[Category:Religion in science fiction]]
[[Category:British short stories]]
[[Category:Short stories by E. M. Forster]]
[[Category:Science fiction short stories]]
[[Category:Works originally published in British magazines]]
[[Category:Works originally published in literary magazines]]
[[Category:Constable & Co. books]]
[[Category:Fictional computers]]