Editing The Troubles

{{short description|1960s–1990s conflict in Northern Ireland}}
{{redirect|Troubles}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = The Troubles
| partof            = 
| image             = [[File:Map of Ireland's capitals.png|250px|alt=a map showing the outline of Ireland in the colour green with the capitals of the North and South marked on it]]
| caption           = Political map of Ireland
| date              = Late 1960s–1998{{efn|The exact starting date of the Troubles is disputed; the most common dates proposed include the formation of the modern [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] in 1966,<ref name="Beginning of the Troubles, CAIN">{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/faq/faq2.htm#when |title=Beginning of the Troubles |publisher=Cain.ulst.ac.uk – CAIN |access-date=12 October 2009 |archive-date=6 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206192850/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/faq/faq2.htm#when |url-status=live}}</ref> the civil rights march in Derry on 5 October 1968, the beginning of the '[[Battle of the Bogside]]' on 12 August 1969 or the deployment of British troops on 14 August 1969.}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Melaugh |first=Martin |title=Frequently Asked Questions – The Northern Ireland Conflict |url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/faq/faq2.htm |work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] |publisher=[[Ulster University]] |access-date=18 May 2017 |date=3 February 2006 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701054345/http://cain.ulster.ac.uk/faq/faq2.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aughey7" /><ref name="Ireland 1999, page 221"/><ref name="Northern Ireland Conflict' page 250">{{cite book |last=Gillespie |first=Gordon |title=Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-5583-0 |page=250 |year=2008}}</ref>
| place             = [[Northern Ireland]]{{efn|Violence occasionally spread to the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[England]] and [[mainland Europe]]}}
| result            = * Military stalemate<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Taylor (journalist) |chapter=Chapter 21: Stalemate |title=Behind the Mask: The IRA and Sinn Féin |publisher=TV Books |location=New York |year=1997 |pages=246–261 |isbn=978-1-57500-061-9 |oclc=38012191}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cox |first1=Michael |author1-link=Michael Cox (academic) |last2=Guelke |first2=Adrian |author2-link=Adrian Guelke |last3=Stephen |first3=Fiona |title=A Farewell to Arms? Beyond the Good Friday Agreement |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=2006 |page=213 |isbn=978-0-7190-7115-7}}</ref>

* [[Good Friday Agreement]] (1998)
* [[St Andrews Agreement]] (2006)
* Withdrawal of British forces taking part in [[Operation Banner]]<ref name="MODreport" />
* [[Decommissioning in Northern Ireland|Disarmament of paramilitary groups]]
* [[Dissident Irish republican campaign|Continuing sporadic violence]]
| combatant1        = <!-- Do not add flags to the infobox. -->'''State security forces:'''{{plainlist|

*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom).svg}} [[British Armed Forces]]
*{{flagicon image|Force Standard of the RUC.png}} [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]]<hr/>
*[[File:Badge of the Irish Defence Forces.svg|20px]] [[Irish Defence Forces]]
*[[File:Badge of An Garda Síochána.svg|20px]] [[Gardaí]]}}
| combatant2        = <!-- Do not add flags to the infobox. -->'''[[Irish republican]] paramilitaries:'''{{plainlist|

* [[File:Provisional Irish Republican Army Badge.svg|20px]] [[Provisional IRA]] (IRA)
* {{flagicon image|StarryPlough-darkblue.svg}} [[Irish National Liberation Army]] (INLA)
* {{flagicon image|StarryPlough.svg}} [[Official IRA]] (OIRA)
* [[Continuity IRA]] (CIRA)
* [[Real IRA]] (RIRA)
* {{flagicon image|Iplo flag.png}} [[Irish People's Liberation Organisation]] (IPLO)}}
| combatant3        = <!-- Do not add flags to the infobox. -->'''[[Ulster loyalist]] paramilitaries:'''{{plainlist|

* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Association.svg}} [[Ulster Defence Association]] (UDA)
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ulster_Volunteer_Force.svg}} [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] (UVF)
* {{flagicon image|Red hand commando Flag.png}} [[Red Hand Commando]] (RHC)
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_(1953–1972).svg}}  [[Ulster Resistance]] (UR)
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_LVF.png}} [[Loyalist Volunteer Force]] (LVF)
* [[Ulster Protestant Volunteers]] (UPV)}}
| casualties1       = {{Plainlist|
* [[British Army]]: 705<!-- including UDR+RIR -->
* (incl. [[Ulster Defence Regiment|UDR]])
* RUC: 301
* [[Northern Ireland Prison Service|NIPS]]: 24
* [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|TA]]: 7
* [[Law enforcement in the United Kingdom|Other UK police]]: 6
* [[Royal Air Force]]: 4
* [[Royal Navy]]: 2
* '''Total''': 1,049<ref name=suttonstatus/>
----
* [[Irish Army]]: 1
* [[Gardaí]]: 9
* [[Irish Prison Service|IPS]]: 1
* '''Total''': 11<ref name=suttonstatus/>
}}
| casualties2       = {{Plainlist|
* PIRA: 292
* INLA: 38<!-- including PLA -->
* OIRA: 27
* IPLO: 9
* RIRA: 2
* '''Total''': 368<ref name=suttonstatus/>
}}
| casualties3       = {{Plainlist|
* UDA: 91
* UVF: 62
* RHC: 4
* LVF: 3
* UR: 2 
* UPV: 1<ref>{{cite web |last=Melaugh |first=Martin |title=CAIN: Abstracts of Organisations – 'U' |url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/organ/uorgan.htm |work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] |publisher=[[Ulster University]] |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226112139/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/organ/uorgan.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Total''': 162<ref name=suttonstatus/>
}}
| casualties4       = {{Plainlist|
* '''Civilians killed:''' 1,840<ref name=statsum>{{cite web |last=Sutton |first=Malcolm |title=Sutton Index of Deaths – Status Summary |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status_Summary.html |work=Conflict Archive on the Internet |access-date=31 August 2012 |archive-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824193436/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status_Summary.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* (1,935 including ex-combatants)<ref name=suttonstatus/>
* '''Total dead: 3,532'''<ref name=statsum/>
* '''Total injured: 47,500+'''<ref name ="secdef05" />
* '''All casualties:''' {{circa}} 50,000<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kelters |first=Seamus |date=February 2013 |title=Violence in the Troubles |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/topics/troubles_violence |archive-date=5 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605010515/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/topics/troubles_violence |url-status=dead |magazine=[[BBC History]] |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref>
}}
| notes             = 
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Northern Ireland Troubles|state=collapsed}}
{{Campaignbox The Troubles in Britain and Europe}}
{{Campaignbox assassinations Northern Ireland Troubles}}
}}

'''The Troubles''' ({{langx|ga|Na Trioblóidí}})<!-- note. The definite article is ALWAYS used as part of the term. WP includes it in names of articles where it is part of the name and not merely a grammatical usage. --> were<!-- As per reliable sources. It may be singular in substance but it is plural in construction. See [[Talk:The Troubles/Archive 3#Plural or singular?]] --> an [[ethno-nationalist]]<ref name=CMitchell>{{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Claire |title=Religion, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |date=2013 |page=5 |quote=The most popular school of thought on religion is encapsulated in McGarry and O'Leary's ''Explaining Northern Ireland'' (1995) and it is echoed by Coulter (1999) and Clayton (1998). The central argument is that religion is an ethnic marker but that it is not generally politically relevant in and of itself. Instead, ethnonationalism lies at the root of the conflict. Hayes and McAllister (1999a) point out that this represents something of an academic consensus.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McGarry |first1=John |last2=O'Leary |first2=Brendan |title=Explaining Northern Ireland |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=1995 |page=18 |isbn=978-0-631-18349-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Northern Ireland and the Politics of Reconciliation |editor-first=Dermot |editor-last=Keogh |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521459334/page/55 55–59] |isbn=978-0-521-45933-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521459334/page/55}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Coakley |first=John |title=Ethnic Conflict and the Two-State Solution: The Irish Experience of Partition |url=http://www.ucd.ie/ibis/filestore/wp2004/42/42_coakley.pdf |access-date=15 February 2009 |quote=... these attitudes are not rooted particularly in religious belief, but rather in underlying ethnonational identity patterns. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229043534/http://www.passia.org/seminars/2004/John-Coakley-Ireland-Seminar.htm |archive-date=29 February 2012}}</ref> conflict in [[Northern Ireland]] that lasted for about 30 years from the late 1960s to 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=What You Need to Know About The Troubles |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-troubles |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Imperial War Museums |archive-date=6 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106174049/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-troubles |url-status=live}}</ref> Also known internationally as the '''Northern Ireland conflict''',<ref name="Gloss">{{cite web |last1=Melaugh |first1=Martin |last2=Lynn |first2=Brendan |title=Glossary of Terms on Northern Ireland Conflict |url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/glossary.htm#T |work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] |publisher=[[Ulster University]] |quote=The term 'the Troubles' is a euphemism used by people in Ireland for the present conflict. The term has been used before to describe other periods of Irish history. On the CAIN web site the terms 'Northern Ireland conflict' and 'the Troubles', are used interchangeably. |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226172042/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/glossary.htm#T |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="McEvoy 2008">{{cite book |last=McEvoy |first=Joanne |title=The politics of Northern Ireland |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7486-2501-7 |oclc=232570935 |page=1 |quote=The Northern Ireland conflict, known locally as 'the Troubles', endured for three decades and claimed the lives of more than 3,500 people.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McKittrick |first1=David |last2=McVea |first2=David |title=Making Sense of the Troubles: A History of the Northern Ireland Conflict |date=2001 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14-100305-4 |edition=Rdevised}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Aaron |last2=McGrattan |first2=Cillian |title=The Northern Ireland Conflict: A Beginner's Guide |date=2012 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-78074-171-0}}</ref> it began in the late 1960s and is usually deemed to have ended with the [[Good Friday Agreement]] of 1998.<ref name="aughey7">{{cite book |last=Aughey |first=Arthur |title=The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement |publisher=Routledge |location=London / New York |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-32788-6 |oclc=55962335 |page=7}}</ref><ref name="Ireland 1999, page 221">{{cite book |last=Holland |first=Jack |title=Hope Against History: The Course of Terrorist trouble in Northern Ireland |date=1999 |publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]] |isbn=978-0-8050-6087-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221 221] |quote=The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance. |url=https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gillespie |first=Gordon |title=Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict |date=2007 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5583-0 |page=250}}</ref><ref name="elliot">{{cite book |last=Elliott |first=Marianne |title=The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University |date=2007 |publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]] |isbn=978-1-84631-065-2 |pages=2, 188 |edition=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goodspeed |first=Michael |title=When Reason Fails: Portraits of Armies at War : America, Britain, Israel, and the Future |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=0-275-97378-6 |pages=44, 61}}</ref> Although the Troubles mostly took place in Northern Ireland, at times violence spilled over into parts of the [[Republic of Ireland]], England, and mainland Europe.

Sometimes described as an [[Asymmetric warfare|asymmetric]] or [[Irregular warfare|irregular]] war<ref>{{cite book |last=Lesley-Dixon |first=Kenneth |title=Northern Ireland: The Troubles: From The Provos to The Det |publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]] |year=2018 |page=13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Severed States: Dilemmas of Democracy in a Divided World |last=Schaeffer |first=Robert |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=1999 |pages=152}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rainey |first=Mark |title=Special Branch officer's insider view of Northern Ireland's 'secret war' |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/crime/special-branch-officer-s-insider-view-of-northern-ireland-s-secret-war-1-7676099 |work=[[The News Letter]] |publisher=Johnston Publishing (NI) |date=12 November 2016 |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000529/https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/crime/special-branch-officer-s-insider-view-of-northern-ireland-s-secret-war-1-7676099 |url-status=live}}</ref> or a [[low-intensity conflict]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Peter |title=Who Won The War? Revisiting NI on 20th anniversary of ceasefires |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-29369805 |url-status=live |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=26 September 2014 |access-date=26 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328032236/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-29369805 |archive-date=28 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7249681.stm |title=Troubles 'not war' motion passed |publisher=BBC News |date=18 February 2008 |access-date=3 March 2015 |archive-date=25 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225204704/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7249681.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Northern Ireland peace process: ending the troubles? |last=Hennessey |first=Thomas |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-312-23949-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/northernirelandp00henn/page/48 48] |url=https://archive.org/details/northernirelandp00henn/page/48}}</ref> the Troubles were a political and [[nationalistic]] struggle fueled by historical events,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxJutBLDxg0C |title=Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA |last=English |first=Richard |year=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-517753-4}}</ref> with a strong [[Ethnic conflict|ethnic]] and [[sectarian]] dimension,<ref>{{cite book |last=Storey |first=Michael L. |date=2004 |title=Representing the Troubles in Irish Short Fiction |publisher=The Catholic University of America Press |page=149 |isbn=978-0-8132-1366-8}}</ref> fought over the [[Partition of Ireland|status of Northern Ireland]]. [[Unionism in Ireland|Unionists]] and [[Ulster loyalism|loyalists]], who for [[Plantation of Ulster|historical reasons]] were mostly [[Ulster Protestants]], wanted Northern Ireland to remain within the [[United Kingdom]]. [[Irish nationalists]] and [[Irish republicanism|republicans]], who were mostly [[Irish Catholics]], wanted Northern Ireland to leave the United Kingdom and join a [[united Ireland]]. Despite the division between [[Protestant]]s and [[Catholic]]s, it was not primarily a [[religious war]].<ref name=CMitchell/><ref name=RJenkins>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Jenkins |title=Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations |publisher=SAGE Publications |date=1997 |page=120 |quote=It should, I think, be apparent that the Northern Irish conflict is not a religious conflict&nbsp;... Although religion has a place{{snd}}and indeed an important one{{snd}}in the repertoire of conflict in Northern Ireland, the majority of participants see the situation as primarily concerned with matters of politics and nationalism, not religion. And there is no reason to disagree with them.}}</ref>

The conflict began during a campaign by the [[Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association]] to end discrimination against the Catholic-nationalist minority by [[Government of Northern Ireland (1921–1972)|the Protestant-unionist government]] and local authorities.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Richard |last1=English |title=The State: Historical and Political Dimensions |first2=Charles |last2=Townshend |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |page=96 |isbn=0-415-15477-4}}.</ref><ref name="dbryan">{{cite book |first=Dominic |last=Bryan |title=Orange Parades: The Politics of Ritual, Tradition and Control |publisher=Pluto Press |date=2000 |page=94 |isbn=0-7453-1413-9}}.</ref> The government attempted to suppress the protests. The police, the [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]] (RUC), were overwhelmingly Protestant and known for sectarianism and [[police brutality]]. The campaign was also violently opposed by Ulster loyalists, who believed it was a front for republican political activity. Increasing tensions led to the [[1969 Northern Ireland riots|August 1969 riots]] and the [[Operation Banner|deployment of British troops]], in what became the [[British Army]]'s longest operation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-49250284 |title=The Troubles: How 1969 violence led to Army's longest campaign |date=14 August 2019 |publisher=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001024019/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-49250284 |archive-date=1 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> "[[Peace lines|Peace walls]]" were built in some areas to keep the two communities apart. Some Catholics initially welcomed the British Army as a more neutral force than the RUC, but soon came to see it as hostile and biased, particularly after [[Bloody Sunday (1972)|Bloody Sunday]] in 1972.<ref>[http://alphahistory.com/northernireland/operation-banner Operation Banner], alphahistory.com Retrieved 18 June 2016.</ref>

The main [[Outline of the Troubles|participants in the Troubles]] were republican [[paramilitaries]] such as the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) and the [[Irish National Liberation Army]] (INLA); loyalist paramilitaries such as the [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] (UVF) and [[Ulster Defence Association]] (UDA); British state security forces such as the British Army and RUC (Royal Ulster Constabulary); and political activists. The security forces of the Republic of Ireland played a smaller role. Republicans carried out a [[guerrilla]] campaign against British forces as well as a bombing campaign against infrastructural, commercial, and political targets. Loyalists attacked republicans/nationalists and the wider Catholic community in what they described as retaliation. At times, there were bouts of sectarian [[tit-for-tat]] violence, as well as feuds within and between paramilitary groups. The British security forces undertook policing and [[counterinsurgency]] campaigns, primarily against republicans. There were incidents of collusion between British state forces and loyalist paramilitaries (see [[Stevens Inquiries]]). The Troubles also involved numerous riots, mass protests, and acts of [[civil disobedience]], and led to increased [[Segregation in Northern Ireland|segregation]] and the creation of temporary [[no-go area]]s.

More than 3,500 people were killed in the conflict, of whom 52% were [[civilian]]s, 32% were members of the British security forces, and 16% were members of paramilitary groups.<ref name=suttonstatus>{{cite web |last1=Sutton |first1=Malcolm |title=Sutton Index of Deaths |url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status.html |work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701045148/http://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Republic paramilitaries were responsible for 60% of total deaths, followed by loyalist paramilitaries at 30% and security forces  at 10%.<ref name="suttonresponsible"/> Loyalists were responsible for 48% of all civilian deaths, however, followed by republicans at 39% and security forces at 10%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html|title=Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)|work=Conflict Archive on the Internet|access-date=10 December 2020|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324044004/http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html|url-status=live}} (choose "organization summary" and "status" as the variables)</ref>

The [[Northern Ireland peace process]] led to paramilitary [[ceasefire]]s and talks between the main political parties, which resulted in the [[Good Friday Agreement]] of 1998. This Agreement restored self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of "[[power-sharing]]" and it included acceptance of the [[principle of consent]], commitment to [[civil and political rights]], parity of [[respect|esteem]] between the two communities, [[Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland|police reform]], [[Decommissioning in Northern Ireland|paramilitary disarmament]], and early release of paramilitary prisoners.

There has been sporadic violence since the Agreement, including [[Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland|punishment attacks]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Moriarty |first=Gerry |title=Northern Ireland: Eighty-one 'punishment attacks' in past year |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/northern-ireland-eighty-one-punishment-attacks-in-past-year-1.3977767 |url-status=live |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806184710/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/northern-ireland-eighty-one-punishment-attacks-in-past-year-1.3977767 |archive-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> loyalist gangs' control of major organised crime rackets (e.g., drugs supply, community coercion and violence, intimidation),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-56460503 |title=South East Antrim UDA: 'A criminal cartel wrapped in a flag' |publisher=BBC News |date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Drugs and cash seized in raids linked to South East Antrim UDA |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/drugs-and-cash-seized-in-raids-linked-to-south-east-antrim-uda-41872314.html |newspaper=[[Belfast Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/crime/surveillance-recorded-south-east-antrim-uda-drugs-conversation-court-is-told-3178888 |title=Surveillance recorded 'South East Antrim UDA drugs conversation', court is told |work=News Letter |last=Earwin |first=Alan |date=25 March 2021 |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2022/10/15/news/police_seize_suspected_drugs_in_operation_linked_to_the_south_east_antrim_uda-2861926/ |title=Police seize suspected drugs in operation linked to the South East Antrim UDA |date=14 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-45415621 |title=Drugs seized in searches linked to South East Antrim UDA |publisher=BBC News |date=4 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sundayworld.com/crime/irish-crime/loyalist-terror-groups-uvf-and-uda-on-collision-course-over-drug-deal-turned-sour/793582485.html |title=Loyalist terror groups UVF and UDA on collision course over 'drug deal turned sour' |date=16 May 2023}}</ref> and violent crime linked to [[Dissident Irish republican campaign|dissident republican groups]].<ref name="Ireland 1999, page 221"/><ref name="elliot"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/deathsfrom2002draft.htm |title=Draft List of Deaths Related to the Conflict (2003–present) |access-date=31 July 2008 |archive-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105150612/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/deathsfrom2002draft.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Name ==
The word "troubles" has been used as a synonym for violent conflict for centuries. It was used to describe the 17th-century [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] by all three national parliaments. For example, after the [[Restoration (1660)|Restoration]] in 1660, the English ''[[S:An act of free and general pardon, indemnity and oblivion|Act of free and general pardon, indemnity and oblivion]]'' starts with "The King's most excellent Majesty, taking into his gracious and serious consideration the long and great troubles&nbsp;..."; as does the similar act in Scotland: "The king's most excellent majesty, considering that by the late troubles diverse of his subjects&nbsp;..." (Scottish Parliament 1662); and by the [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]] in the [[Act of Settlement 1662#The Act of 1665|Act of Explanation (1665)]] "our royal father of blessed memory had been forced, during the late troubles, to make with the Irish subjects of that our kingdom" (Irish Parliament 1665, § 2). The term was used to describe the [[Irish revolutionary period]] in the early twentieth century.<ref name="cottrell">{{cite book |author=Peter Cottrell |title=The Anglo-Irish War: The Troubles of 1913–1922 |date=2006 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-023-9 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMpGh8UyICgC&pg=PA7 |access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> It was subsequently adopted to refer to the escalating violence in Northern Ireland after 1969.<ref name="storey">{{cite book |author=Michael L. Storey |title=Representing the Troubles in Irish Short Fiction |date=2004 |publisher=CUA Press |isbn=978-0-8132-1366-8 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eAVjfnn0SYC&pg=PA2 |access-date=23 January 2015 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420065038/https://books.google.com/books?id=2eAVjfnn0SYC&pg=PA2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Peter Rose (2001), ''How the Troubles Came to Northern Ireland''. p. 94. {{isbn|978-0333753460}}.</ref><ref>Anisseh Van Engeland & Rachael M. Rudolph. ''From Terrorism to Politics'' (2008), Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. p, 59. {{isbn|978-0754649908}}.</ref><ref>Ryan Hackney and Amy Blackwell Hackney. ''The Everything Irish History & Heritage Book'' (2004). p. 200<!-- publishing info; ISBN needed --></ref>

== Background ==

=== 1609–1791 ===

[[File:De slag aan de Boyne (Ierland) tussen Jacobus II en Willem III, 12 juli 1690 Rijksmuseum SK-A-605.jpeg|thumb|The [[Battle of the Boyne]] (12 July 1690) by [[Jan van Huchtenburg]]]]
In 1609, Scottish and English settlers, known as ''planters'', were given land [[escheat]]ed from the native Irish in the [[Plantation of Ulster]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/12/northern.ireland/index.html |title=Out of trouble: How diplomacy brought peace to Northern Ireland |work=CNN|date=17 March 2008 |access-date=2 November 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719001308/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/12/northern.ireland/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Coupled with Protestant immigration to "unplanted" areas of [[Ulster]], particularly [[County Antrim|Antrim]] and [[County Down|Down]], this resulted in conflict between the native Catholics and the "planters", leading in turn to two bloody religious conflicts known as the [[Irish Confederate Wars]] (1641–1653) and the [[Williamite war]] (1689–1691), both of which resulted in Protestant victories.

[[Anglican]] dominance in Ireland was ensured by the passage of the [[Penal Laws (Ireland)|Penal Laws]] that curtailed the religious, legal, and political rights of anyone (including both Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, such as [[Presbyterian]]s) who did not conform to the state church, the Anglican [[Church of Ireland]]. As the Penal Laws started to be phased out in the latter part of the 18th century, there was more competition for land, as restrictions were lifted on the Irish Catholic ability to rent. With Irish Catholics allowed to buy land and enter trades from which they had formerly been banned, tensions arose resulting in the Protestant "[[Peep o' Day Boys]]"<ref name="Wright">Frank Wright. ''Ulster: Two Lands, One Soil'', 1996, p. 17.<!-- publishing info and ISBN needed --></ref> and Catholic "[[Defenders (Ireland)|Defenders]]". This created polarisation between the communities and a dramatic reduction in reformers among Protestants, many of whom had been growing more receptive to democratic reform.<ref name="Wright"/>

=== 1791–1912 ===
Following the foundation of the [[Irish republican|republican]] [[Society of the United Irishmen]] by Presbyterians, Catholics, and liberal Anglicans, and the resulting failed [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]], sectarian violence between Catholics and Protestants continued. The [[Orange Order]] (founded 1795), with its stated goal of upholding the Protestant faith and loyalty to the heirs of [[William III of England|William of Orange]], dates from this period and remains active to this day.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1422212.stm |title=Profile: The Orange Order |publisher=BBC News |date=4 July 2001 |access-date=2 November 2008 |archive-date=29 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629181232/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1422212.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

With the [[Acts of Union 1800]] (which came into force on 1 January 1801), a new political framework was formed with the abolition of the [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]] and incorporation of Ireland into the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. The result was a closer tie between Anglicans and the formerly republican Presbyterians as part of a "loyal" Protestant community. Although [[Catholic emancipation]] was achieved in 1829, largely eliminating official discrimination against Roman Catholics (then around 75% of Ireland's population), Dissenters, and Jews, the [[Repeal Association]]'s campaign to repeal the 1801 Union failed.

In the late 19th century, the [[Irish Home Rule movement|Home Rule movement]] was created and served to define the divide between most nationalists (usually Catholics) who sought the restoration of an Irish Parliament, and most unionists (usually Protestants) who were afraid of being a minority under a Catholic-dominated Irish Parliament and who tended to support continuing union with Great Britain.

Unionists and Home Rule advocates were the main political factions in late 19th- and early 20th-century Ireland.<ref>{{cite book |last=English |first=Richard |title=Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland |publisher=Pan Books |date=2006 |pages = 200–231 |isbn=978-0-330-42759-3}}</ref>

=== 1912–1922 ===
{{Main|Partition of Ireland}}
[[File:Ulster Covenant.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The ''[[Ulster Covenant]]'' was issued in protest against the [[Third Home Rule Bill]] in September 1912.]]
[[File:Easter Proclamation of 1916.png|thumb|upright=0.7|The ''[[Proclamation of the Irish Republic]]'' was issued during the [[Easter Rising]] of April 1916.]]
[[File:Irish Boundary Commission final report map (1925) - religious distribution.png|thumb|Irish Boundary Commission final report map (1925) shows religious distribution of the population. The green areas signify Catholic majority areas, while the red areas signify non-Catholic majority areas.]]

By the second decade of the 20th century, Home Rule, or limited Irish self-government, was on the brink of being conceded due to the agitation of the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]].
In response to the campaign for Home Rule which started in the 1870s, unionists, mostly Protestant and largely concentrated in Ulster, had resisted both self-government and independence for Ireland, fearing for their future in an overwhelmingly Catholic country dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. In 1912, unionists led by [[Edward Carson]] signed the [[Ulster Covenant]] and pledged to resist Home Rule by force if necessary. To this end, they formed the paramilitary [[Ulster Volunteers|Ulster Volunteer Force]] (UVF).<ref name="coogan"/>

In response, nationalists led by [[Eoin MacNeill]] formed the [[Irish Volunteers]] in 1913, whose goal was to oppose the UVF and ensure enactment of the [[Third Home Rule Bill]] in the event of British or unionist refusal. The outbreak of the [[First World War]] in 1914, and [[Ireland and World War I|Ireland's involvement in the war]], temporarily averted possible civil war in Ireland and delayed the resolution of the question of Irish independence. Home Rule, although passed in the British Parliament with [[Royal Assent]], was suspended for the duration of the war.

The Irish Volunteers split, with a majority, known as the [[National Volunteers]], supporting the war effort, and some of them joining Irish regiments of the [[Kitchener's Army|New British Army]]. Many of those who stayed were radical nationalists, among them [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] infiltrators. From these ranks came those who launched the [[Easter Rising]] in Dublin in 1916, led by [[Patrick Pearse]] and [[James Connolly]]. Two-and-a-half years after the executions of sixteen of the Rising's leaders, the separatist [[Sinn Féin]] party won the December 1918 [[1918 Irish general election|general election in Ireland]] with 47% of the vote and a majority of seats, and set up the 1919 [[First Dáil]] (Irish Parliament) in Dublin. Their victory was aided by the [[Conscription Crisis of 1918|threat of conscription for First World War service]]. The [[Irish War for Independence]] followed, leading to eventual independence in 1922 for the [[Irish Free State]], which comprised 26 of the 32 Irish counties. In [[Ulster]], particularly in the six counties which became [[Northern Ireland]], Sinn Féin fared relatively poorly in the 1918 election, and unionists won a majority.<ref name="coogan"/>

The [[Government of Ireland Act 1920]] partitioned the island of Ireland into two separate jurisdictions, [[Southern Ireland (1921–1922)|Southern Ireland]] and Northern Ireland, both devolved regions of the United Kingdom. This [[partition of Ireland]] was confirmed when the [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] exercised its right in December 1922 under the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] of 1921 to opt out of the newly established Irish Free State.<ref name="Parliament">[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199394/cmhansrd/1993-12-15/Debate-1.html Parliamentary debate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010094440/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199394/cmhansrd/1993-12-15/Debate-1.html |date=10 October 2010 }}: "The British government agree that it is for the people of the island of Ireland alone, by agreement between the two parts respectively, to exercise their right of self-determination on the basis of [[Principle of consent|consent]], freely and concurrently given, North and South, to bring about a united Ireland, if that is their wish."</ref> A part of the treaty signed in 1922 mandated that a boundary commission would sit to decide where the frontier of the northern state would be in relation to its southern neighbour. After the [[Irish Civil War]] of 1922–1923, this part of the treaty was given less priority by the new Dublin government led by [[W. T. Cosgrave]], and was quietly dropped. As counties [[County Fermanagh|Fermanagh]] and [[County Tyrone|Tyrone]] and border areas of [[County Londonderry|Londonderry]], [[County Armagh|Armagh]], and Down were mainly nationalist, the [[Irish Boundary Commission]] could reduce Northern Ireland to four counties or fewer.<ref name="coogan"/> In October 1922, the Irish Free State government established the North-Eastern Boundary Bureau, a government office which by 1925 had prepared 56 boxes of files to argue its case for large areas of Northern Ireland to be transferred to the Free State.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last=Crowley | editor-first=John | editor-last2=Ó Drisceoil | editor-first2=Donal | editor-last3=Murphy | editor-first3=Michael | editor-last4=Borgonovo | editor-first4=John | editor-last5=Hogan | editor-first5=Nick | title=Atlas of the Irish Revolution | publisher = NYU Press | publication-place=New York | date=2017 | isbn=978-1-4798-3428-0 | oclc=1001466881 | page=830}}</ref>

Northern Ireland remained a part of the United Kingdom, albeit under a separate system of government whereby it was given its own [[Parliament of Northern Ireland|parliament]] and [[devolved government]]. While this arrangement met the desires of unionists to remain part of the United Kingdom, nationalists largely viewed the partition of Ireland as an illegal and arbitrary division of the island against the will of the majority of its people. They argued that the Northern Ireland state was neither legitimate nor democratic, but created with a deliberately [[gerrymandered]] unionist majority. Catholics initially composed about 35% of its population.<ref name="familiesatwar">{{cite book|author=Peter Taylor|title=Families at War |publisher=BBC |date=1989 |page=[https://archive.org/details/familiesatwarvoi0000tayl/page/10 10]|isbn=978-0-563-20787-0|url=https://archive.org/details/familiesatwarvoi0000tayl/page/10}}</ref> A total of 557 people, mostly Catholics, were killed in political or sectarian violence from 1920 to 1922 in the six counties that would become Northern Ireland, both during and after the Irish War of Independence.<ref>{{cite book|last=English|first=Richard|author-link=Richard English|title=Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2003|pages=39–40|isbn=978-0-19-517753-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxJutBLDxg0C&pg=PR3|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-date=20 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031341/https://books.google.com/books?id=WxJutBLDxg0C&pg=PR3|url-status=live}}</ref> The result was communal strife between Catholics and Protestants,<ref>{{cite web |title=CRESC Working Paper Series : Working Paper No. 122 |url=http://www.cresc.ac.uk/medialibrary/workingpapers/wp122.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101170441/http://www.cresc.ac.uk/medialibrary/workingpapers/wp122.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2017 |access-date=3 October 2016 |website=Cresc.ac.uk}}</ref> with some historians describing this violence, especially that in [[Belfast]], as a [[pogrom]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/6318325 |title=Facts and Figures of the Belfast Pogroms G.B. Kenna 1922 &#124; Niall Meehan |website=Academia.edu |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=3 October 2016 |last=Meehan |first=Niall}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/tit-for-tat-the-war-of-independence-in-the-northern-counties/ |title=History Ireland |publisher=History Ireland |access-date=3 October 2016 |date=4 March 2013 |archive-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010211229/http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/tit-for-tat-the-war-of-independence-in-the-northern-counties/ |url-status=live}}</ref> although historian Peter Hart argues that the term is not appropriate given the reciprocity of violence in Northern Ireland. (see [[The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)]] and [[Bloody Sunday (1921)]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Hart|title=The I.R.A. at war, 1916–1923|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2003|pages=247, 251|isbn=978-0-19-925258-9}}</ref>

=== 1922–1966 ===
[[File:James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon.jpg|alt=A black-and-white picture of a man with a moustache.|thumb|[[James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon|Sir James Craig]], 1st Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, who said, "All I boast is that we are a Protestant Parliament and Protestant State"]]
A marginalised remnant of the [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|Irish Republican Army]] survived the [[Irish Civil War]]. This would come to have a major impact on Northern Ireland. Although the IRA was proscribed on both sides of the new [[Irish border]], it remained ideologically committed to overthrowing both the Northern Ireland and the Free State governments by force of arms to unify Ireland. The [[Government of Northern Ireland (1921–1972)|government of Northern Ireland]] passed the [[Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922|Special Powers Act]] in 1922, giving sweeping powers to the government and police to intern suspects without trial and to administer [[corporal punishment]] such as [[flogging]] to re-establish or preserve law and order. The Act continued to be used against nationalists long after the violence of this period had come to an end.<ref>Laura K. Dohonue. "Regulating Northern Ireland: The Special Powers Acts, 1922–1972", ''The Historical Journal'' (1998), vol 41, no. 4.<!-- ISBN, publishing info needed --></ref> Various unionist militias were also incorporated into state structures, including the [[Ulster Special Constabulary]], which [[Allen Feldman]] argues "emulated the state's fusion of repressive and ideological apparatuses".<ref>{{cite book | author-last=Feldman| author-first=Allen| title=Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland | edition= 2nd | publisher = University of Chicago Press | publication-place=Chicago | date=1991 | pages=40–41}}</ref>

In 1920, in local elections held under [[proportional representation]], nationalists had won control over many local governments, including the [[County Councils]] of Fermanagh and Tyrone, and the [[Londonderry Borough Council]] governing [[Derry|Derry City]]. In response, in 1922 the new unionist government re-drew the electoral boundaries to give its supporters a disproportionate majority and abolished proportional representation in favour of [[first past the post]] voting.<ref>{{cite book |author1-last=McKittrick |author1-first=David |author2-last=McVea |author2-first=David |title=Making Sense of the Troubles: A History of the Northern Ireland |publisher=Viking |location=London |date=2012 |pages=8–10}}</ref> This resulted in control by unionists of areas such as Derry City, Fermanagh, and Tyrone, where they were actually a minority of voters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theirishstory.com/2018/12/03/revisiting-the-northern-ireland-civil-rights-movement-1968-69/|title=Revisiting the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Movement: 1968–69 – The Irish Story|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307140523/https://www.theirishstory.com/2018/12/03/revisiting-the-northern-ireland-civil-rights-movement-1968-69/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The two sides' positions became strictly defined following this period. From a unionist perspective, Northern Ireland's nationalists were inherently disloyal and determined to force unionists into a united Ireland. This threat was seen as justifying preferential treatment of unionists in housing, employment, and other fields.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} The prevalence of larger families and thus the potential for a more rapid population growth among Catholics was seen as a threat.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Unionist governments ignored [[Edward Carson]]'s warning in 1921 that alienating Catholics would make Northern Ireland inherently unstable. After the early 1920s, there were occasional incidents of sectarian unrest in Northern Ireland. These included severe rioting in Belfast in the 1930s and 1950s, and the IRA's brief [[Northern Campaign (Irish Republican Army)|Northern Campaign]] in the 1940s and [[Border Campaign (Irish Republican Army)|Border Campaign]] between 1956 and 1962, which did not enjoy broad popular support among nationalists. After the IRA called off its campaign in 1962, Northern Ireland became relatively stable for a few years.<ref name="coogan"/>

== Late 1960s ==
{{For timeline}}
There is little agreement on the exact date of the start of the Troubles. Different writers have suggested different dates. These include the formation of the modern [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] in 1966,<ref name="Beginning of the Troubles, CAIN"/> the civil rights march in Derry on 5 October 1968, the beginning of the '[[Battle of the Bogside]]' on 12 August 1969, or the deployment of British troops on 14 August 1969.<ref name="coogan"/> The Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, defined the start of the Troubles as 1 January 1966 for the purposes of the act.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK |type=act |year=2023 |chapter=41 |act=Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023 |section=1 |date=2023-09-18 |accessdate=2024-07-17 }}</ref>

=== Civil rights campaign and unionist backlash ===
{{main|Northern Ireland civil rights movement}}
In March and April 1966, Irish nationalists/republicans held parades throughout Ireland to mark the 50th anniversary of the [[Easter Rising]]. On 8 March, a group of Irish republicans dynamited [[Nelson's Pillar]] in Dublin. At the time, the IRA was weak and not engaged in armed action, but some unionists warned it was about to be revived to launch another campaign against Northern Ireland.<ref name="cain1800"/><ref name="ptuvf">''Loyalists'', pp. 37–40.</ref> In April 1966, loyalists led by [[Ian Paisley]], a Protestant fundamentalist preacher, founded the [[Ulster Constitution Defence Committee]] (UCDC). It set up a paramilitary-style wing called the [[Ulster Protestant Volunteers]] (UPV)<ref name="cain1800"/> to oust [[Terence O'Neill]], [[Prime Minister of Northern Ireland]]. Although O'Neill was a unionist, they viewed him as being too 'soft' on the civil rights movement and opposed his policies.<ref name=tricolour>Andrew Boyd. ''Holy War in Belfast''. [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/docs/boyd69.htm "Chapter 11: The Tricolour Riots"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827111703/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/docs/boyd69.htm |date=27 August 2011 }}. Anvil Books, 1969<!-- ISBN needed -->; reproduced [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk '''here'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070530181849/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ |date=30 May 2007 }}.</ref> At the same time, a loyalist group calling itself the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) emerged in the [[Shankill Road|Shankill]] area of Belfast. It was led by [[Gusty Spence]], a former British soldier. Many of its members were also members of the UCDC and UPV.<ref name="jordan">Hugh Jordan. ''Milestones in Murder: Defining moments in Ulster's terror war''. Random House, 2011. Chapter 3.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> In April and May 1966, the UVF [[petrol bomb]]ed a number of Catholic homes, schools, and businesses. A firebomb killed an elderly Protestant widow, Matilda Gould.<ref name="cain1800"/> 

On 21 May 1966, the UVF issued a statement declaring "war" against the IRA and anyone helping it.<ref name="taylorloyalists"/> The UVF fatally shot a Catholic civilian, John Scullion, as he walked home on 27 May. A month later it shot three Catholic civilians as they left a pub, killing Peter Ward, a Catholic from the [[Falls Road, Belfast|Falls Road]].<ref name="cain1800"/><ref name="taylorloyalists"/> Shortly after, the UVF was [[proscribed]] by the Northern Ireland government.<ref name="cain1800"/> The UVF is still considered a [[terrorist organization]] by the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2/proscribed-terrorist-groups-or-organisations-accessible-version|access-date=2 September 2021|website=GOV.UK|language=en|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719150016/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2/proscribed-terrorist-groups-or-organisations-accessible-version|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the mid-1960s, a non-violent [[Northern Ireland civil rights movement|civil rights campaign]] began in Northern Ireland. It comprised groups such as the [[Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association]] (NICRA), the [[Campaign for Social Justice]], the [[Derry Housing Action Committee]], and [[People's Democracy (Ireland)|People's Democracy]],<ref name="NICRA">{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/nicra/nicra78.htm#contents |title=We Shall Overcome ... The History of the Struggle for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland 1968–1978 |publisher=cain.ulst.ac.uk |access-date=17 March 2015 |archive-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531024030/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/nicra/nicra78.htm#contents |url-status=live }}</ref> whose stated goals were:

* an end to job discrimination – it showed evidence that Catholics/nationalists were less likely to be given certain jobs, especially government jobs
* an end to discrimination in housing allocation – it showed evidence that unionist-controlled local councils allocated housing to Protestants ahead of Catholics/nationalists
* [[one man, one vote]] – in Northern Ireland, only householders could vote in local elections, while in the rest of the United Kingdom all adults could vote
* an end to [[gerrymandering]] of [[Electoral district|electoral boundaries]] – this meant that nationalists had less voting power than unionists, even where nationalists were a majority
* reform of the police force ([[Royal Ulster Constabulary]]) – it was over 90% Protestant and criticised for [[sectarianism]] and [[police brutality]]
* repeal of the [[Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922|Special Powers Act]] – this allowed police to search without a warrant, arrest and imprison people without charge or trial, ban any assemblies or parades, and ban any publications; the Act was used almost exclusively against nationalists<ref name="cain1800">[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch1800-1967.htm Chronology of Key Events in Irish History: 1800 to 1967] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303105236/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch1800-1967.htm |date=3 March 2011 }}, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2013.</ref><ref>[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/pdfs/truth.pdf Northern Ireland: The Plain Truth (second edition)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514183620/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/pdfs/truth.pdf |date=14 May 2011 }}, Campaign for Social Justice in Northern Ireland, 15 June 1969. Retrieved 12 June 2013.</ref><ref name="tonge">{{cite book |author=Jonathan Tonge |title=Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-42400-5 |pages=37–38 |date=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Various |title=Politics UK |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8 |page=770 |date=2006}}</ref><ref name="joint2005p110">{{cite book |title=Counter-Terrorism Policy And Human Rights: Terrorism Bill and related matters: Oral and Written Evidence |author=[[Joint Committee on Human Rights]], [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |volume=2 |date=2005 |publisher=[[The Stationery Office]] |page=110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CRQ6hNzHuAC&pg=PA114 |ref={{harvid|Joint Committee|2005}} |isbn=978-0-10-400766-2 |access-date=17 October 2015 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031450/https://books.google.com/books?id=2CRQ6hNzHuAC&pg=PA114 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some suspected and accused NICRA of being a republican front-group whose ultimate goal was to unite Ireland. Although republicans and some members of the IRA (then led by [[Cathal Goulding]] and pursuing a non-violent agenda) helped to create and drive the movement, they did not control it and were not a dominant faction within it.<ref name="coogan">{{cite book |first=Tim Pat |last=Coogan |title=The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace |date=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref><ref>English (2003), pp. 91, 94, 98</ref><ref name="cameron">Lord Cameron, ''Disturbances in Northern Ireland: Report of the Commission appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland'' (Belfast, 1969). [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/cameron2.htm#chap16 Chapter 16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601151429/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/cameron2.htm#chap16 |date=1 June 2018 }}. Quote: "While there is evidence that members of the I.R.A. are active in the organisation, there is no sign that they are in any sense dominant or in a position to control or direct policy of the Civil Rights Association."</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=M. L. R. Smith |title=Fighting for Ireland?: The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Movement |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |page=81 |quote=Republicans were instrumental in setting up NICRA itself, though they did not control the Association and remained a minority faction within it.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Bob Purdie|title=Politics in the Streets: The origins of the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland |publisher=Blackstaff Press |chapter=Chapter 4: The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association |quote=There is also clear evidence that the republicans were not actually in control of NICRA in the period up to and including the 5 October march.}}</ref>

On 20 June 1968, civil rights activists, including nationalist [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) [[Austin Currie]], protested against housing discrimination by [[squatting]] in a house in [[Caledon, County Tyrone]]. The local council had allocated the house to an unmarried 19-year-old Protestant (Emily Beattie, the secretary of a local UUP politician) instead of either of two large Catholic families with children.<ref name="cain1968">[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch68.htm Chronology of the Conflict: 1968] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806142228/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch68.htm |date=6 August 2011 }}, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2013.</ref> RUC officers – one of whom was Beattie's brother – forcibly removed the activists.<ref name="cain1968"/> Two days before the protest, the two Catholic families who had been squatting in the house next door were removed by police.<ref>{{cite interview |interviewer=Proinsias Ó Conluain |title=Sixteen of us in one small house |type=Interview |url=http://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1031-civil-rights-movement-1968-9/1032-caledon-protest/319342-interview-with-mrs-goodfellow |format=Audio |publisher=RTÉ Archives |date=27 August 1969 |access-date=22 July 2013 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410001129/http://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1031-civil-rights-movement-1968-9/1032-caledon-protest/319342-interview-with-mrs-goodfellow/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Currie had brought their grievance to the local council and to Stormont, but had been told to leave. The incident invigorated the civil rights movement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caledon Housing Protest |url=http://campaignforcivilrights.org/eventsarticles.php?id=162 |publisher=Campaign for Civil Rights |access-date=23 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828171004/http://campaignforcivilrights.org/eventsarticles.php?id=162 |archive-date=28 August 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Civil Rights Commemoration, Coalisland - geograph.org.uk - 1413288.jpg|thumb|A monument to Northern Ireland's first civil rights march]]

On 24 August 1968, the civil rights movement held its first civil rights march from [[Coalisland]] to [[Dungannon]]. Many more marches were held over the following year. Loyalists (especially members of the UPV) attacked some of the marches and held counter-demonstrations in a bid to get the marches banned.<ref name="cain1968"/> Because of the lack of police reaction to the attacks, nationalists saw the RUC, which was almost wholly Protestant, as backing the loyalists and allowing the attacks to occur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serve.com/pfc/policing/submiss1.html |title=Submission to the Independent Commission into Policing |publisher=Serve.com |access-date=2 November 2008 |archive-date=22 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122100048/http://www.serve.com/pfc/policing/submiss1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 5 October 1968, a civil rights march in Derry was banned by the Northern Ireland government.<ref name="derrymarch">{{cite web |title=The Derry March: Main events of the day |author=Martin Melaugh |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/derry/events.htm |work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] (CAIN) |publisher=[[Ulster University]] |access-date=16 February 2008 |archive-date=23 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123235747/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/derry/events.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> When marchers defied the ban, RUC officers surrounded the marchers and beat them indiscriminately and without provocation. More than 100 people were injured, including a number of nationalist politicians.<ref name="derrymarch"/> The incident was filmed by television news crews and shown around the world.<ref name="cathcart">{{cite book |author=Rex Cathcart |title=The Most Contrary Region |date=1984 |publisher=The Blackstaff Press |isbn=978-0-85640-323-1 |page=208}}</ref> It caused outrage among Catholics and nationalists, sparking two days of rioting in Derry between nationalists and the RUC.<ref name="derrymarch"/>

A few days later, a student civil rights group, [[People's Democracy (Ireland)|People's Democracy]], was formed in Belfast.<ref name="cain1968"/> In late November, O'Neill promised the civil rights movement some concessions, but these were seen as too little by nationalists and too much by loyalists. On 1 January 1969, People's Democracy began a four-day march from Belfast to Derry, which was repeatedly harassed and attacked by loyalists. At [[Burntollet Bridge]], the marchers were attacked by about 200 loyalists, including some off-duty police officers, armed with iron bars, bricks, and bottles in a planned ambush. When the march reached Derry City, it was again attacked. The marchers claimed that police did nothing to protect them and that some officers helped the attackers.<ref name="burntollet">Bowes Egan and Vincent McCormack. [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/pdmarch/egan.htm ''Burntollet''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020182023/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/pdmarch/egan.htm |date=20 October 2007 }}. L.R.S. Publishers, 1969; reproduced on CAIN. Retrieved 12 June 2013.<!-- ISBN, pages needed --></ref> That night, RUC officers went on a rampage in the [[Bogside]] area of Derry, attacking Catholic homes, attacking and threatening residents, and hurling sectarian abuse.<ref name="burntollet"/> Residents then sealed off the Bogside with barricades to keep the police out, creating "[[Free Derry]]", which was briefly a [[no-go area]] for the security forces.<ref>{{cite book | last = Taylor | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Taylor (Journalist) | title = Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin | publisher = [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] | year = 1997 | page = 43 | isbn = 0-7475-3818-2 }}</ref><ref name="brits"/>

In March and April 1969, loyalists bombed [[Infrastructure|water and electricity installations]] in Northern Ireland, blaming them on the dormant IRA and elements of the civil rights movement. Some attacks left much of Belfast without power and water. Loyalists hoped the bombings would force O'Neill to resign and bring an end to any concessions to nationalists.<ref name="cain1969">{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch69.htm|title=Chronology of the Conflict: 1969|publisher=cain.ulst.ac.uk|access-date=12 June 2013|archive-date=6 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206184139/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch69.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Jim Cusack & Henry McDonald. ''UVF''. Poolbeg, 1997. p. 28<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> There were six bombings between 30 March and 26 April.<ref name="cain1969"/><ref name="psb">{{cite book|author=Peter Taylor|title=Loyalists|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|date=1999|pages=59–60|isbn=978-0-7475-4519-4}}</ref> All were widely blamed on the IRA, and British soldiers were sent to guard installations. Unionist support for O'Neill waned, and on 28 April he resigned as prime minister.<ref name="cain1969"/>

=== August 1969 riots and aftermath ===
{{main|1969 Northern Ireland riots}}
On 19 April, there were clashes between NICRA marchers, the RUC, and loyalists in the Bogside. RUC officers entered the house of Samuel Devenny (42), an uninvolved Catholic civilian, and beat him along with two of his teenage daughters and a family friend.<ref name="cain1969"/> One of the daughters was beaten unconscious as she lay recovering from surgery.<ref>[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/police/ombudsman/po041001devenny.pdf Police Ombudsman statement on Devenny investigation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006092627/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/police/ombudsman/po041001devenny.pdf |date=6 October 2012 }}, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 October 2001.</ref> Devenny suffered a heart attack and died on 17 July from his injuries. On 13 July, RUC officers beat another Catholic civilian, Francis McCloskey (67), during clashes in [[Dungiven]]. He died of his injuries the next day.<ref name="cain1969"/>

On 12 August, the loyalist [[Apprentice Boys of Derry]] were allowed to march along the edge of the Bogside. Taunts and missiles were exchanged between the loyalists and nationalist residents. After being bombarded with stones and petrol bombs from nationalists, the RUC, backed by loyalists, tried to storm the Bogside. The RUC used [[CS gas]], armoured vehicles, and water cannons, but were kept at bay by hundreds of nationalists.<ref>Russell Stetler. [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/battlebogside/stetler/stetler70.htm Extract from The Battle of Bogside (1970)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620024458/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/battlebogside/stetler/stetler70.htm |date=20 June 2010 }}, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</ref> The continuous fighting, which became known as the [[Battle of the Bogside]], lasted for three days.

In response to events in Derry, nationalists held protests at RUC bases in Belfast and elsewhere. Some of these led to clashes with the RUC and attacks on RUC bases. In Belfast, loyalists responded by invading nationalist districts, burning houses and businesses. There were gun battles between nationalists and the RUC and between nationalists and loyalists. A group of about 30 IRA members was involved in the fighting in Belfast. The RUC deployed [[Shorland armoured car]]s mounted with heavy [[M1919 Browning machine gun|Browning machine guns]]. The Shorlands twice opened fire on a block of flats in a nationalist district, killing a nine-year-old boy named Patrick Rooney. RUC officers opened fire on rioters in Armagh, Dungannon, and Coalisland.<ref name="coogan"/>

During the riots, on 13 August,  [[wikisource:A broadcast by An Taoiseach Mr. Jack Lynch T.D.|Taoiseach Jack Lynch made a television address]]. He condemned the RUC and said that the [[Irish Government]] "can no longer stand by and see innocent people injured and perhaps worse".<ref>
* {{ cite book
| author = [[Richard Aldous]]
| date = 2007
| title = Great Irish Speeches
| url = https://archive.org/details/greatirishspeech0000unse_l7s0/page/133/
| location = 21 Bloomsbury Square, London, WC1A 2NS
| publisher = [[Quercus (publisher)|Quercus Publishing PLC]]
| pages = 133–6 
| isbn = 978-1-84724-195-5 }}
* {{ cite web
 | date = 13 August 1969
 | title = A broadcast by An Taoiseach Mr. Jack Lynch T.D.
 | type = Live television broadcast
 | language = English
 | url = https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1042-northern-ireland-1969/1048-august-1969/320416-broadcast-by-an-taoiseach/ <!-- Alternative recording: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9e-dGwiDM4 -->
 | access-date = 14 January 2024
 | location = [[Dublin]], Ireland
 | publisher = <!-- NB: "TELEFÍS" was the spelling in 1969 --> [[Telefís Éireann]]
 | quote = The Irish Government can no longer stand by and see innocent people injured and perhaps worse.
}}
* ''The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace'', p. 89</ref> He called for a [[United Nations peacekeeping]] force to be deployed and said that [[Irish Army]] [[field hospital]]s were being set up at the border in [[County Donegal]] near Derry. Lynch added that Irish re-unification would be the only permanent solution. Some interpreted the speech as a threat of military intervention.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Ranelagh|title=A Short History of Ireland|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=1994|edition=2, illustrated, revised|page=272|isbn=978-0-521-46944-9}}</ref> After the riots, Lynch ordered the Irish Army to plan for a possible [[humanitarian intervention]] in Northern Ireland. The plan, [[Exercise Armageddon]], was rejected and remained [[Classified information|classified]] for thirty years.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Downey|first1=James|title=Army on Armageddon alert|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/army-on-armageddon-alert-26098330.html|access-date=7 December 2015|work=Irish Independent|date=2 January 2001|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311090921/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/army-on-armageddon-alert-26098330.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 14–15 August, British troops were deployed in [[Operation Banner]] in Derry and Belfast to restore order,<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael McKernan|title=Northern Ireland Yearbook 2005|publisher=Stationery Office|date=2005|page=17|isbn=978-0-9546284-2-0}}</ref> but did not try to enter the Bogside, bringing a temporary end to the riots. Ten people had been killed,<ref>{{cite book |last1=McKittrick |first1=David |title=Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles |date=2004 |publisher = Mainstream Publishing |isbn= 978-1-84018-504-1|page=31}}</ref> among them Rooney (the first child killed by police during the conflict),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sutton |first1=Malcolm |title= Bear in Mind These Dead |date=1994 |publisher=Beyond the Pale Publications |isbn= 0-9514229-4-4}}</ref> and 745 had been injured, including 154 who suffered gunshot wounds.<ref name="ll">{{cite book |last1=McKittrick |first1=David |title=Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles |date=2004 |publisher = Mainstream Publishing |isbn= 978-1-84018-504-1|page=41}}</ref> 154 homes and other buildings were demolished and over 400 needed repairs, of which 83% of the buildings damaged were occupied by Catholics.<ref name="ll"/> Between July and 1 September 505 Catholic and 315 Protestant families were forced to flee their homes.<ref>''The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace'', p. 91</ref> The Irish Army set up refugee camps in the Republic near the border (see [[Gormanston Camp]]). Nationalists initially welcomed the British Army, as they did not trust the RUC.<ref>{{cite book | last=Rudolph | first=Joseph R Jr. | title=From Mediation to Nation-Building: Third Parties and the Management of Communal Conflict | publisher= [[Lexington Books]] | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-7391-7694-8 | page=310}}</ref>

On 9 September, the Northern Ireland Joint Security Committee met at [[Stormont Castle]] and decided that

{{blockquote|A [[Peace lines|peace line]] was to be established to separate physically the [[Falls Road, Belfast|Falls]] and the [[Shankill Road|Shankill]] communities. Initially this would take the form of a temporary barbed wire fence which would be manned by the Army and the Police&nbsp;... It was agreed that there should be no question of the peace line becoming permanent although it was acknowledged that the barriers might have to be strengthened in some locations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Conclusions of a meeting of the Joint Security Committee held on Tuesday, 9th September, 1969, at Stormont Castle [PRONI Public Records HA/32/3/2] |url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/proni/1969/proni_HA-32-3-2_1969-09-09.pdf |website=CAIN |access-date=13 April 2019 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226122931/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/proni/1969/proni_HA-32-3-2_1969-09-09.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
On 10 September, the British Army started construction of the first "peace wall".<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCluskey |first1=Conn |title=Up off their knees: a commentary on the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland |date=1969 |isbn=0-9514837-0-6 |page=173 |publisher=Conn McCluskey and Associates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ax0wAQAAIAAJ |access-date=13 April 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817191819/https://books.google.com/books?id=ax0wAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the first of many such walls across Northern Ireland, and still stands today.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interfaces |url=https://www.peacewall-archive.net/interfaces/ |website=Peacewall Archive |access-date=13 April 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411092815/http://www.peacewall-archive.net/interfaces |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the riots, the [[Hunt Report|Hunt Committee]] was set up to examine the RUC. It published its report on 12 October, recommending that the RUC become an unarmed force and the B Specials be disbanded. That night, loyalists took to the streets of Belfast in protest at the report. During violence in the [[Shankill Road|Shankill]], UVF members shot dead RUC officer Victor Arbuckle. He was the first RUC officer to be killed during the Troubles.<ref>[[David McKittrick]]. ''Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles''. Random House, 2001. p. 42<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> In October and December 1969, the UVF carried out a number of small bombings in the Republic of Ireland.<ref name="coogan"/>

== 1970s ==

=== Violence peaks and Stormont collapses ===
[[File:Ulster.ogv|thumb|1971 [[newsreel]] about the background of the conflict]]
[[File:Shankilltroubles.jpg|thumb|Loyalist banner and graffiti on a building in the [[Shankill Road|Shankill]] area of Belfast, 1970]]
Despite the British government's attempt to do "nothing that would suggest partiality to one section of the community" and the improvement of the relationship between the Army and the local population following the Army assistance with flood relief in August 1970, the [[Falls Curfew]] and a situation that was described at the time as "an inflamed sectarian one, which is being deliberately exploited by the IRA and other extremists" meant that relations between the Catholic population and the British Army rapidly deteriorated.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxJutBLDxg0C&pg=PA136|title=Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA|last=English|first=Richard|year= 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517753-4|pages=136}}</ref>

From 1970 to 1972, an explosion of [[political violence]] occurred in Northern Ireland. The deadliest attack in the early 1970s was the [[McGurk's Bar bombing]] by the UVF in 1971.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-12524214|title=McGurk's bar bombing – A dark night in the darkest times|publisher=BBC News|date=21 February 2011|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131152757/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-12524214|url-status=live}}</ref> The violence peaked in 1972, when nearly 500 people, just over half of them civilians, were killed, the worst year in the entire conflict.<ref name="suttonindexofdeaths">{{cite web |url=http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk |title=Sutton Index of Deaths |first=Malcolm |last=Sutton |website=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet|CAIN – Conflict Archive on the Internet]] |access-date=3 March 2015 |archive-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111174529/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

By the end of 1971, 29 barricades were in place in [[Derry]], blocking access to what was known as [[Free Derry]]; 16 of these were impassable even to the British Army's one-ton armoured vehicles.<ref name="brits">{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Peter |title=Brits: The War Against the IRA |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |date=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/brits00pete/page/82 82] |isbn=978-0-7475-5806-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/brits00pete/page/83}}</ref> Many of the nationalist or republican "[[no-go area]]s" were controlled by one of the two factions of the Irish Republican Army{{snd}}the [[Provisional IRA]] and [[Official IRA]]. There are several reasons offered for why violence escalated in these years.

Unionists say the main reason was the formation of the Provisional IRA and Official IRA, particularly the former.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} These two groups were formed when [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)#1960s: Marxist tendency and the 1969 split|the IRA split]] into the 'Provisional' and 'Official' factions. While the older IRA had embraced non-violent civil agitation,<ref name="bishopmallie">{{cite book |author=Patrick Bishop & Eamonn Mallie |title=The Provisional IRA |publisher=Corgi Books |date=1987 |pages=52–54 |isbn=978-0-552-13337-1}}</ref> the new Provisional IRA was determined to wage "armed struggle" against British rule in Northern Ireland. The new IRA was willing to take on the role of "defenders of the Catholic community",<ref>English (2003), pp. 134–135</ref> rather than seeking working-class ecumenical unity across both communities.

Nationalists point to a number of events in these years to explain the upsurge in violence. One such incident was the Falls Curfew in July 1970, when 3,000 troops imposed a curfew on the nationalist Lower Falls area of Belfast for two days as part of a weapons search, in which four civilians were killed and the army faced sporadic riots and gun battles with the Official IRA, firing over 1500 rounds of ammunition in total. Another was the [[Operation Demetrius|introduction of internment without trial in 1971]] (of 350 initial detainees, none were Protestants).<ref name="rkwalker">{{cite book |author=R.K. Walker |title=The Hunger Strikes |publisher=Lagan Books |date=2006 |page=27 |isbn=978-1-904684-18-3}}</ref> Moreover, due to poor intelligence,<ref>{{cite book |author=David Bonner |title=Executive Measures, Terrorism and National Security: Have the Rules of the Game Changed? |publisher=Ashgate |date=2007 |page=89 |isbn=978-0-7546-4756-0}}</ref> very few of those interned were actually republican activists at the time, but some internees became increasingly radicalised as a result of their experiences.<ref name="coogan"/>

In August 1971, eleven civilians were shot dead in the [[Ballymurphy massacre]] in Belfast. They were innocent and the killings were unjustified, according to a 2021 coroner's inquest. Nine victims were shot by the British Army.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/may/11/inquest-to-report-on-alleged-killings-by-british-soldiers-in-ballymurphy |title=10 people shot dead in Ballymurphy were innocent, inquest finds |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511095242/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/may/11/inquest-to-report-on-alleged-killings-by-british-soldiers-in-ballymurphy |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Bloody Sunday ===
{{Main article|Bloody Sunday (1972)}}
The Bogside massacre, colloquially known as [[Bloody Sunday (1972)|Bloody Sunday]], was the shooting dead of thirteen unarmed men by the British Army at a proscribed anti-internment rally in Derry on 30 January 1972 (a fourteenth man died of his injuries some months later), while fifteen other civilians were wounded.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/bsunday/deadinj.htm |title=CAIN: Events: 'Bloody Sunday' – Names of Dead and Injured |last=Melaugh |first=Dr Martin |work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806133640/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/bsunday/deadinj.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Walsh |first1=Dermot |title=Bloody Sunday and the Rule of Law in Northern Ireland |date=2000 |publisher=Gill & Macmillan |isbn=978-0-7171-3085-6 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4AMAQAAMAAJ |access-date=5 December 2015 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420035442/https://books.google.com/books?id=l4AMAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA). The soldiers involved were members of the [[1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment]], also known as "1 Para".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/widgery.htm |title=CAIN: [Widgery Report] Report of the Tribunal appointed to inquire into events on Sunday 30 January 1972 |last=Melaugh |first=Dr Martin |work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923121509/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/widgery.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

This was one of the most prominent events that occurred during the Troubles as it was recorded as the largest number of civilians killed in a single shooting incident.<ref name="records">{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/majinc.htm |title=CAIN: Violence: List of Significant Violent Incidents |last=Melaugh |first=Dr Martin |work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502112934/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/majinc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Bloody Sunday greatly increased the hostility of Catholics and Irish nationalists towards the British military and government while significantly elevating tensions. As a result, the Provisional IRA gained more support, especially through rising numbers of recruits in the local areas.<ref>{{cite book |title=Those Are Real Bullets, Aren't They? |publisher=Peter Pringle and Phillip Jacobson |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-84115-316-2 |location=London: Fourth Estate |page=293}}</ref>

Following the introduction of internment, there were numerous gun battles between the British Army and both the Provisional and Official IRA. These included the [[Battle at Springmartin]] and the [[Battle of Lenadoon]]. Between 1971 and 1975, 1,981 people were interned: 1,874 were Catholic/republican, and 107 were Protestant/loyalist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/intern/sum.htm |title=Internment – Summary of Main Events |publisher=Cain.ulst.ac.uk |access-date=3 March 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608073225/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/intern/sum.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> There were widespread allegations of abuse and even [[torture]] of detainees,<ref>Oren Gross & [[Fionnuala Ní Aoláin]]''. Law in Times of Crisis: Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice'', p. 188; {{ISBN|978-0-521-83351-6}}.<!-- publishing info needed --></ref><ref name="asmathews">Anthony Stuart Mathews. ''Freedom, state security and the rule of law: Dilemmas of the apartheid society'', p. 246; {{ISBN|978-0-702-11812-8}}.<!-- publishing info needed --></ref> and in 1972, the "[[five techniques]]" used by the police and army for interrogation were ruled to be illegal following a British government inquiry.<ref>Mireille Delmas-Marty. ''The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights: International Protection Versus National Restrictions'', pp. 261–262; {{ISBN|978-0-792-31283-3}}.</ref>

The Provisional IRA, or "Provos", as they became known, sought to establish themselves as the defender of the nationalist community.<ref name="moloney">[[Ed Moloney]]. ''A Secret History of the IRA'', pp. 89–90; {{ISBN|0-14-101041-X}}.<!-- publishing info needed --></ref><ref>[[Peter Taylor (journalist)|Peter Taylor]]. ''Provos: The IRA and Sinn Féin'', pp. 75–79; {{ISBN|978-0-7475-3818-9}}.</ref> The Official IRA (OIRA) began its own armed campaign in reaction to the ongoing violence. The Provisional IRA's offensive campaign began in early 1971 when the [[IRA Army Council|Army Council]] sanctioned attacks on the British Army.<ref name=English137>English (2003), p. 137</ref>

In 1972, the Provisional IRA killed approximately 100 members of the security forces, wounded 500 others, and carried out approximately 1,300 bombings,<ref name="bobrien">{{cite book |author=Brendan O'Brien |title=The Long War – The IRA and Sinn Féin |publisher=O'Brien Press, Ltd. |date=1995 |page=119 |isbn=978-0-86278-425-6}}</ref> mostly against commercial targets which they considered "the artificial economy".{{explain|date=July 2020|What did they mean by that? They were saying that many or all businesses were artificial?!}}<ref name="suttonindexofdeaths"/><ref name=English137/><ref name="jbb">{{cite book |author=J. Bowyer Bell |title=The Secret Army: The IRA |publisher=Transaction Publishers |date=1997 |page=[https://archive.org/details/secretarmyira00bell/page/381 381] |isbn=978-1-56000-901-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/secretarmyira00bell/page/381}}</ref> Their bombing campaign killed many civilians, notably on [[Bloody Friday (1972)|Bloody Friday]] on 21 July, when they set off 22 bombs in the centre of Belfast, killing five civilians, two British soldiers, a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) reservist, and an Ulster Defence Association (UDA) member.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/2132219.stm |title=Bloody Friday: What happened |date=16 July 2002 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609024401/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/2132219.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1972.html |title=Index of deaths from the conflict in Ireland: 1972 |first=Malcolm |last=Sutton |website=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet|CAIN archive]] |access-date=4 July 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708142032/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1972.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McKittrick |first=David |title=Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles |date=2004 |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |isbn=978-1-84018-504-1 |page=237}}</ref> Ten days later, nine civilians were killed in [[Claudy bombing|a triple car bombing]] in [[Claudy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/victims/memorials/static/monuments/305.html |title=CAIN: Victims: Memorials: Claudy Bomb Memorial |website=cain.ulster.ac.uk |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804123716/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/victims/memorials/static/monuments/305.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The IRA is accused of committing this bombing but no proof for that accusation is yet published.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/new-investigation-into-claudy-bombing-1.439114 |title=New investigation into Claudy bombing |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125161014/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/new-investigation-into-claudy-bombing-1.439114|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jul/31/ira-bomb-claudy-martin-mcguinness|title=IRA bomb in Claudy was indefensible, says Martin McGuinness|date=31 July 2012|website=The Guardian|access-date=20 December 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117092732/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jul/31/ira-bomb-claudy-martin-mcguinness|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1972, the Official IRA's campaign was largely counter-productive.<ref name="sanders">{{cite book | last = Sanders |first = Andrew | title = Inside The IRA: Dissident Republicans And The War For Legitimacy | publisher = [[Edinburgh University Press]] | year = 2012 | page = 70 | isbn = 978-0-7486-4696-8}}</ref> The [[Aldershot bombing]], an attack on the barracks of the Parachute Regiment in retaliation for Bloody Sunday, killed five female cleaners, a gardener and an army [[chaplain]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Moloney |first=Ed |author-link=Ed Moloney |title=A Secret History of the IRA |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2002 |page=111 |isbn=978-0-14-101041-0}}</ref> The Official IRA killed three soldiers in Derry in April, but [[Joe McCann]] was killed by the Parachute Regiment in Belfast during the same month.<ref name="sanders"/> The Official IRA called off its campaign in May 1972.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/30/newsid_2973000/2973759.stm |title=1972: Official IRA declares ceasefire |publisher=BBC News |date=30 May 1981 |access-date=6 April 2009 |archive-date=2 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102225127/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/30/newsid_2973000/2973759.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

British troop concentrations peaked at 1:50 of the civilian population, the highest ratio found in the history of [[counterinsurgency]] warfare, higher than that achieved during the "[[Malayan Emergency]]"/"Anti-British National Liberation War" to which the conflict is frequently compared.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Counterinsurgency force ratio: strategic utility or nominal necessity |first=Riley M. |last=Moore |date=1 October 2013 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=857–878 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2013.866423|s2cid=143467248 }}</ref> [[Operation Motorman]], the military operation for the surge, was the biggest military operation in Ireland since the [[Irish War of Independence]].<ref name="CAIN1972">{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch72.htm |title=CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1972 |first=Dr Martin |last=Melaugh |work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305015858/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch72.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In total, almost 22,000 British forces were involved.<ref name="CAIN1972"/> In the days before 31 July, about 4,000 extra troops were brought into Northern Ireland.<ref name="CAIN1972"/>

Despite a temporary ceasefire in 1972 and talks with British officials, the Provisionals were determined to continue their campaign until the achievement of a united Ireland. The UK government in London, believing the Northern Ireland administration incapable of containing the security situation, sought to take over the control of law and order there. As this was unacceptable to the Northern Ireland Government, the British government pushed through emergency legislation (the [[Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972]]) which suspended the unionist-controlled [[Parliament of Northern Ireland|Stormont]] parliament and government, and introduced "[[Direct rule over Northern Ireland|direct rule]]" from London. Direct rule was initially intended as a short-term measure; the medium-term strategy was to restore self-government to Northern Ireland on a basis that was acceptable to both unionists and nationalists. Agreement proved elusive, however, and the Troubles continued throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and the 1990s within a context of political deadlock. The existence of "no-go areas" in Belfast and Derry was a challenge to the authority of the British government in Northern Ireland, and the British Army demolished the barricades and re-established control over the areas in Operation Motorman on 31 July 1972.<ref name="coogan"/><ref name="jbb"/>

=== Sunningdale Agreement and UWC strike ===
{{multiple image|direction=vertical|width=200|header=Belfast, 1974|image1=British troops investigate a couple on the street in Belfast.jpg|alt1=|caption1=British troops and police investigate a couple behind the [[Europa Hotel, Belfast|Europa Hotel]]. They were taken away.|image2=Protestant_graffiti_in_Belfast,_Northern_Ireland,_1974.jpg|alt2=|caption2=Loyalist graffiti: "You are now in Protestant teratory {{sic}}"}}

In June 1973, following the publication of a British [[White Paper]] and a [[1973 Northern Ireland border poll|referendum]] in March on the status of Northern Ireland, a new parliamentary body, the [[Northern Ireland Assembly, 1973|Northern Ireland Assembly]], was established. [[1973 Northern Ireland Assembly election|Elections]] to this body were held on 28 June. In October 1973, mainstream nationalist and unionist parties, along with the British and Irish governments, negotiated the [[Sunningdale Agreement]], which was intended to produce a political settlement within Northern Ireland, but with a so-called "Irish dimension" involving the Republic. The agreement provided for "power-sharing" – the creation of an executive containing both unionists and nationalists; and a "Council of Ireland" – a body made up of ministers from Northern Ireland and the Republic that was designed to encourage cross-border co-operation.

Unionists were split over Sunningdale, which was also opposed by the IRA, whose goal remained nothing short of an end to the existence of Northern Ireland as part of the UK. Many unionists opposed the concept of power-sharing, arguing that it was not feasible to share power with nationalists who sought the destruction of the state. Perhaps more significant, however, was the unionist opposition to the "Irish dimension" and the Council of Ireland, which was perceived as being an all-Ireland parliament-in-waiting. Remarks by a young [[Social Democratic and Labour Party]] (SDLP) councillor [[Hugh Logue]] to an audience at [[Trinity College Dublin]] that Sunningdale was the tool "by which the Unionists will be trundled off to a united Ireland" also damaged chances of significant unionist support for the agreement. In January 1974, [[Brian Faulkner]] was narrowly deposed as UUP leader and replaced by [[Harry West]], although Faulkner retained his position as Chief Executive in the new government. A [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|UK general election in February 1974]] gave the anti-Sunningdale unionists the opportunity to test unionist opinion with the slogan "Dublin is only a Sunningdale away", and the result galvanised their support: they won 11 of the 12 seats, winning 58% of the vote with most of the rest going to nationalists and pro-Sunningdale unionists.<ref name="coogan"/><ref name="jbb"/>

Ultimately, the Sunningdale Agreement was brought down by mass action on the part of loyalist paramilitaries and workers, who formed the [[Ulster Workers' Council]]. They organised a [[general strike]], the [[Ulster Workers' Council strike]]. This severely curtailed business in Northern Ireland and cut off essential services such as water and electricity. Nationalists argue that the British Government did not do enough to break this strike and uphold the Sunningdale initiative. There is evidence that the strike was further encouraged by [[MI5]], a part of their campaign to 'disorientate' British prime minister [[Harold Wilson]]'s government<ref>''Keeping Secrets'', [[London Review of Books]], April 1987.</ref> (see also [[Harold Wilson conspiracy theories]]). Faced with such opposition, the pro-Sunningdale unionists resigned from the power-sharing government and the new regime collapsed. Three days into the UWC strike, on 17 May 1974, two UVF teams from the Belfast and [[UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade|Mid-Ulster]] brigades<ref name="taylorloyalists">[[Peter Taylor (journalist)|Peter Taylor]]. ''Loyalists'' (1990). London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. pp. 41–44, 125, 143, 163, 188–90<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> detonated [[Dublin and Monaghan bombings|three no-warning car bombs]] in Dublin's city centre during the Friday evening rush hour, resulting in 26 deaths and close to 300 injuries. Ninety minutes later, a fourth car bomb exploded in [[Monaghan]], killing seven additional people. Nobody has ever been convicted for these attacks<ref name="coogan"/><ref name="jbb"/> and the bombings were the greatest loss of life in a single day during the Troubles.<ref name="records"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/uk-urged-to-release-dublin-and-monaghan-bombing-files-1.3086727|title=UK urged to Release Dublin and Monaghan Bombing Files|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=17 May 2017|access-date=18 September 2019|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003332/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/uk-urged-to-release-dublin-and-monaghan-bombing-files-1.3086727|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Proposal of an independent Northern Ireland ===
Even as his government deployed troops in August 1969, Wilson ordered a secret study of whether the British military could withdraw from Northern Ireland, including all 45 bases, such as the submarine school in Derry. The study concluded that the military could do so in three months, but if increased violence collapsed civil society, Britain would have to send in troops again. Without bases, to do so would be an invasion of Ireland; Wilson thus decided against a withdrawal.<ref name="ryder20190812">{{cite news |last=Ryder |first=Chris |date=12 August 2019 |title=Britain's secret plan to pull the Army out of Northern Ireland |language=en-GB |work=Belfast Telegraph |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/britains-secret-plan-to-pull-the-army-out-of-northern-ireland-38393646.html |access-date=25 May 2022 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

Wilson's cabinet discussed the more drastic step of complete British withdrawal from an independent Northern Ireland as early as February 1969, as one of various possibilities for the region including direct rule.<ref name="donnelly20000103">{{cite news |last=Donnelly |first=Rachel |title=Wilson weighed up direct rule in North |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/wilson-weighed-up-direct-rule-in-north-1.230278 |date=3 January 2000 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> He wrote in 1971 that Britain had "responsibility without power" there,{{r|bourke20050103}} and secretly met with the IRA that year while leader of the opposition; his government in late 1974 and early 1975 again met with the IRA to negotiate a ceasefire. During the meetings, the parties discussed complete British withdrawal.{{r|fitzgerald2006}} Although the British government publicly stated that troops would stay as long as necessary, widespread fear from the [[Birmingham pub bombings]] and other IRA attacks in Britain itself increased support among MPs and the public for a military withdrawal.<ref name="sydney">{{cite news |title=Every Briton Now a Target for Death |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZXxXAAAAIBAJ&pg=1156%2C450835 |date=1 December 1974 |access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref>

The failure of Sunningdale and the effectiveness of the UWC strike against British authority were more evidence to Wilson of his 1971 statement. They led to the serious consideration in London of independence until November 1975. Had the withdrawal occurred – which Wilson supported but others, including [[James Callaghan]], opposed – the region would have become a separate [[dominion]].{{r|bourke20050103}}{{r|fitzgerald2006}} According to the secret plan, codenamed "Doomsday",<ref name="bbc20080911">{{cite news |title=Wilson had NI 'doomsday' plan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7610750.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=11 September 2008 |access-date=25 May 2022 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Britain would have had as little to do with the new "Ulster Dominion" as possible, with financial subsidies ending within five years. It would not have been an [[associated state]], with Britain in control only of foreign relations, because a war between Ulster and the Republic would involve Britain.<ref name="bourke20050103">{{cite news |last=Bourke |first=Richard |date=3 January 2005 |title=Wilson clearly wanted to disengage from the North |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/wilson-clearly-wanted-to-disengage-from-the-north-1.403069 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> The dominion would also not have been a member of the [[British Commonwealth]].{{r|bbc20080911}} The [[Northern Ireland Office]] cited the [[1948 Newfoundland referendums]]{{snd}}in which the island voluntarily joined Canada, its larger neighbor{{snd}}as an example that divided Ireland might hopefully follow.{{r|bourke20050103}}

The British negotiations with the IRA, an illegal organisation, angered the Republic's government. It did not know what was discussed but feared that the British were considering abandoning Northern Ireland. Irish Foreign Minister [[Garret FitzGerald]] discussed in a memorandum of June 1975 the possibilities of orderly withdrawal and independence, [[Repartition of Ireland|repartition of the island]], or a collapse of Northern Ireland into civil war and anarchy. The memorandum preferred a negotiated independence as the best of the three "worst case scenarios", but concluded that the Irish government could do little.{{r|fitzgerald2006}}

The Irish government had already failed to prevent a crowd from the [[burning of British Embassy, Dublin]] in 1972. It believed that Ireland could not enlarge the country's small army of 12,500 men without negative consequences. A civil war in Northern Ireland would cause many deaths there and severe consequences for the Republic, as the public would demand that it intervene to protect nationalists. FitzGerald warned Callaghan that the failure to intervene, despite Ireland's inability to do so, would "threaten democratic government in the Republic", which would jeopardise British and European security against [[Communist]] and other foreign nations.{{r|fitzgerald2006}}

Wilson's aides had in 1969 come to a similar conclusion, telling him that removing Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom would cause violence and a military intervention by the Republic that would not allow the removal of British troops.{{r|donnelly20000103}} Loyalist leader [[Glen Barr]] said in 2008 that a British withdrawal would have caused civil war, as Loyalists would have expected the Republic to invade Northern Ireland.{{r|bbc20080911}} [[Peter Ramsbotham]], [[British Ambassador to the United States]], warned of a hostile American reaction.{{r|bourke20050103}}

Wilson's desire to extricate the British government from Northern Ireland was ultimately stymied by the fear that doing so might lead to catastrophe.{{r|bourke20050103}} The Irish government so dreaded the consequences that FitzGerald refused to ask Britain not to withdraw{{snd}}as he feared that openly discussing the issue could permit the British to proceed{{snd}}and other members of government opposed the [[Irish cabinet|Irish Cabinet]] even discussing what FitzGerald referred to as a "doomsday scenario". He wrote in 2006 that "Neither then nor since has public opinion in Ireland realised how close to disaster our whole island came during the last two years of Harold Wilson's premiership";<ref name="fitzgerald2006">{{cite journal |url=http://www.ria.ie/cgi-bin/ria/papers/100573.pdf |title=The 1974–5 Threat of a British Withdrawal from Northern Ireland |author=Garret FitzGerald |journal=Irish Studies in International Affairs |year=2006 |volume=17 |issue=–1 |pages=141–150 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926091138/http://www.ria.ie/cgi-bin/ria/papers/100573.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2007|doi=10.3318/ISIA.2006.17.1.141}}</ref> in 2008, he said that the Republic "was more at risk then than at any time since our formation".{{r|bbc20080911}}

=== Mid-1970s ===
[[File:CW. Derry, IRSP-INLA möte.JPG|thumb|The [[Irish National Liberation Army]] began operations in the mid-1970s.]]
In February 1974, an IRA [[time bomb]] [[M62 coach bombing|killed 12 people on a coach]] on the [[M62 motorway|M62]] in the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]].<ref>{{cite news |title=M62 bomb blast memorial unveiled |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7869077.stm |url-status=live |date=4 February 2009 |access-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210002044/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7869077.stm |archive-date=10 February 2009}}</ref> [[Merlyn Rees]], the [[Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]], lifted the proscription against the UVF in April 1974. In December, a month after the Birmingham pub bombings killed 21 people, the IRA declared a ceasefire; this would theoretically last throughout most of the following year. The ceasefire notwithstanding, sectarian killings escalated in 1975, along with internal feuding between rival paramilitary groups. This made 1975 one of the "bloodiest years of the conflict".<ref name="taylorloyalists"/>

On 7 August 1974, a 24 year old man from Limehill near [[Pomeroy, County Tyrone]] was shot in the back and killed by a member of the British Army (First Battalion, Royal Regiment of Wales). At the first inquest the soldier was cleared of all charges but in 2020 another inquest was ordered by the Attorney General. The inquest was the first in a series of coroners' inquiries into deaths associated with the Troubles.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=21 January 2021 |title=Shooting of Co Tyrone farmer by British soldier in 1974 'unjustified' |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/0121/1191187-paddy-mcelhone/ |work=RTE |location= |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref> The Coroner ruled that the killing of Paddy McElhone was unjustified with a judge stating "an innocent man shot in cold blood without warning when he was no threat to anyone." The McElhone family issued a statement reading in part: "Our family always knew that Paddy was an innocent young man, taken from his home and shot by a British soldier for no reason". The statement also said that his parents "went to their graves broken-hearted knowing that their innocent son had been killed, without justification, explanation or apology".<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=21 January 2021 |title=Paddy McElhone: Farmer shooting by Army unjustified, inquest rules |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-55750776 |work=BBC |location= |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref>     

On 5 April 1975, Irish republican paramilitary members killed a UDA [[volunteer (Ulster loyalist)|volunteer]] and four Protestant [[civilians]] in a [[gun]] and [[bomb]] [[Mountainview Tavern attack|attack at the Mountainview Tavern]] on the [[Shankill Road]], [[Belfast]]. The attack was claimed by the [[Republican Action Force]] believed to be a covername used by Provisional IRA (IRA) [[Volunteer (Irish republican)|volunteers]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Man released over 1975 Shankill pub bombing |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-17232417 |publisher=BBC News |date=2 March 2012 |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mountainview Bar Plaque |url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/cgi-bin/AHRC/mem_deaths.pl?id=707 |work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] |publisher=[[Ulster University]] |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

On 31 July 1975 at Buskhill, outside [[Newry]], popular Irish [[cabaret]] band [[the Miami Showband]] was returning home to Dublin after a gig in [[Banbridge]] when it was [[Miami Showband killings|ambushed by gunmen]] from the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade wearing British Army uniforms at a bogus military [[Security checkpoint|roadside checkpoint]] on the main [[A1 road (Northern Ireland)|A1 road]]. Three of the bandmembers, two Catholics and a Protestant, were shot dead, while two of the UVF men were killed when the bomb they had loaded onto the band's minibus detonated prematurely. The following January, eleven Protestant workers were gunned down in [[Kingsmill massacre|Kingsmill, South Armagh]] after having been ordered off their bus by an armed republican gang, which called itself the [[South Armagh Republican Action Force]]. This resulted in 10 fatalities, with one man surviving despite being shot 18 times. These killings were reportedly in retaliation to a loyalist double shooting attack against the [[Reavey and O'Dowd killings|Reavey and O'Dowd families]] the previous night.<ref name="coogan"/><ref name="suttonindexofdeaths"/><ref name="jbb"/>

The violence continued through the rest of the 1970s. This included a series of attacks in [[Southern England]] in 1974 and 1975 by Provisional IRA [[active service unit]] the [[Balcombe Street Gang]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mullin |first=John |title=Balcombe Street Gang to be freed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/apr/10/johnmullin |url-status=live |work=The Guardian |date=10 April 1999 |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131010427/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/apr/10/johnmullin |archive-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> The British Government reinstated the ban against the UVF in October 1975, making it once more an illegal organisation. The Provisional IRA's December 1974 ceasefire officially ended in January 1976, although it had carried out several attacks in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/truce/chron.htm|title=CAIN: Events: IRA Truce – 9 Feb 1975 to 23 Jan 1976 – A Chronology of Main Events|website=cain.ulster.ac.uk|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707122306/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/truce/chron.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Peter Taylor (journalist)|Peter Taylor]]. ''Provos: The IRA and Sinn Féin'', p. 197; {{ISBN|978-0-7475-3818-9}}.</ref> The Provisional IRA had lost the hope it had felt in the early 1970s that it could force a rapid British withdrawal from Northern Ireland, and instead developed a strategy known as the "[[Long War (Provisional IRA strategy)|Long War]]", which involved a less intense but more sustained campaign of violence that could continue indefinitely.<ref>[[Ed Moloney]]. ''A Secret History of the IRA'', pp. 149–150; {{ISBN|0-14-101041-X}}.</ref> The Official IRA ceasefire of 1972, however, became permanent, and the "Official" movement eventually evolved into the [[Workers' Party (Ireland)|Workers' Party]], which rejected violence completely. However, a splinter from the "Officials"{{snd}}the [[Irish National Liberation Army]]{{snd}}continued a campaign of violence beginning in 1974.<ref name="jbb"/>

=== Late 1970s ===

By the late 1970s, [[war-weariness]] was visible in both communities. One sign of this was the formation of the [[Community for Peace People|Peace People]], which won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1976. The Peace People organised large demonstrations calling for an end to paramilitary violence. Their campaign lost momentum, however, after they appealed to the nationalist community to provide information on the IRA to security forces.<ref name="dooley">Brian Dooley. ''Black and Green: Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland and Black America'', p. 129; {{ISBN|978-0-74531-295-8}}.<!-- publishing info needed --></ref>

In February 1978, the IRA [[La Mon restaurant bombing|bombed La Mon]], a hotel restaurant in [[Comber]], County Down.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2003/0216/35247-lamon/ |title=1978 La Mon bombing commemorated in Belfast |website=[[RTÉ.ie]] |date=16 February 2003 |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526100805/https://www.rte.ie/news/2003/0216/35247-lamon/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The decade ended with a double attack by the IRA against the British. On 27 August 1979, [[Lord Mountbatten]], while on holiday in Mullaghmore, [[County Sligo]], was killed by a bomb planted on board his boat. Three other people were also killed: [[Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne|Lady Brabourne]], the elderly mother of Mountbatten's son-in-law; and two teenagers, a grandson of Mountbatten and a local boatman.<ref name="suttonindexofdeaths" /> That same day, eighteen British soldiers, mostly members of the [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]], were killed by two remote-controlled bombs in the [[Warrenpoint ambush]] at Narrow Water Castle, near [[Warrenpoint]], County Down.<ref name="taylorloyalists"/> It was the British Army's largest loss of life in a single incident in [[Operation Banner]].<ref>{{cite news |title=1979: Soldiers die in Warrenpoint massacre |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/newsid_3891000/3891055.stm |url-status=live |publisher=BBC News |date=27 August 1979 |access-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307131600/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/newsid_3891000/3891055.stm |archive-date=7 March 2008}}</ref>

Successive British Governments, having failed to achieve a political settlement, tried to "normalise" Northern Ireland. Aspects included the removal of internment without trial and the removal of [[Special Category Status|political status]] for paramilitary prisoners. From 1972 onward, paramilitaries were tried in juryless [[Diplock courts]] to avoid intimidation of jurors. On conviction, they were to be treated as ordinary criminals. Resistance to this policy among republican prisoners led to more than 500 of them in the [[Maze prison]] initiating the [[Blanket protest|"blanket"]] and [[Dirty protest|"dirty"]] protests. Their protests culminated in [[hunger strike]]s in 1980 and 1981, aimed at the restoration of political status, as well as other concessions.<ref name="coogan"/><ref name="jbb"/>

== 1980s ==

In the [[1981 Irish hunger strike]], ten republican prisoners (seven from the Provisional IRA and three from the INLA) died of starvation. The first hunger striker to die, [[Bobby Sands]], was elected to Parliament on an [[Anti-H-Block]] ticket, as was his election agent [[Owen Carron]] following Sands's death. The hunger strikes resonated among many nationalists; over 100,000 people<ref name="cainhsc">{{cite web |title=The Hunger Strike of 1981 – A Chronology of Main Events |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/hstrike/chronology.htm |publisher=CAIN |access-date=26 May 2007 |archive-date=6 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206165221/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/hstrike/chronology.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> attended Sands's funeral mass in West Belfast and thousands attended those of the other hunger strikers. From an Irish republican perspective, the significance of these events was to demonstrate potential for a political and electoral strategy.<ref>English (2003), p. 200</ref>

In the wake of the hunger strikes, Sinn Féin, which had become the Provisional IRA's political wing,<ref name="cainhsc"/><ref name="taylorbehindthemask">Peter Taylor. ''Behind the Mask: The IRA and Sinn Féin'', TV books, Inc., New York, 1997; {{ISBN|1-57500-061-X}}.</ref><ref name="toolis">Kevin Toolis. ''Rebel Hearts: Journeys Within the IRA's Soul'', Picador 2000; {{ISBN|978-0-330-34648-1}}.</ref> began to contest elections for the first time in both Northern Ireland (as [[abstentionism|abstentionists]]) and in the Republic. In 1986, Sinn Féin recognised the legitimacy of the [[Irish Dáil]], which caused a small group of members to break away and form [[Republican Sinn Féin]].<ref name="coogan"/>

The IRA's "Long War" was boosted by large donations of arms from [[Libya]] in the 1980s (see [[Provisional IRA arms importation]]) partly due to [[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s anger at British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s government for assisting the [[Reagan]] government's [[1986 bombing of Libya]], which had allegedly killed one of Gaddafi's children. Additionally, it received funding from supporters in the Republic of Ireland and the [[United States]] and elsewhere throughout the [[Irish diaspora]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bell |first=J. Bowyer |author-link=J. Bowyer Bell |title=The Secret Army: The IRA |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1997 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/secretarmyira00bell/page/556 556–571] |isbn=1-56000-901-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/secretarmyira00bell/page/556}}</ref> Loyalist paramilitaries also received significant funding and arms from supporters in [[Canada]] and [[Scotland]].<ref name="FADD">{{cite journal |author=Andrew Sanders and F. Stuart Ross |date=January 2020 |title=The Canadian Dimension to the Northern Ireland Conflict |url=https://journals.scholarsportal.info/details/07031459/v43inone/192_tcdttnic.xml |journal=The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies |volume=43 |pages=192–218 |jstor=27041321}}</ref><ref>Cusack & McDonald, pp. 198–199</ref>

[[File:South Belfast 1981.jpg|alt=A picture of a city street with an army vehicle in the road.|thumb|left|British troops in South Belfast, 1981]]

In July 1982, the IRA [[Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings|bombed]] military ceremonies in London's [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] and [[Regent's Park]], killing four soldiers, seven bandsmen, and seven horses.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_2515000/2515343.stm|title=1982: IRA bombs cause carnage in London|date=20 July 1982|publisher=BBC News|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308085004/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_2515000/2515343.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The INLA was highly active in the early and mid-1980s. In December 1982, it [[Droppin Well bombing|bombed a disco]] in [[Ballykelly, County Londonderry]], frequented by off-duty British soldiers which killed 11 soldiers and six civilians.<ref name="suttonindexofdeaths" /> In December 1983, the IRA [[Harrods bombing|attacked]] [[Harrods]] using a car bomb, killing six people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/harrods-bomb-blast-kills-six-people/znjnt39 |title=Harrods bomb blast kills six people, 1983 |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421121809/https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/harrods-bomb-blast-kills-six-people/znjnt39 |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the IRA's most high-profile actions in this period was the [[Brighton hotel bombing]] on 12 October 1984, when it set off a 100-pound time bomb in the [[Grand Brighton Hotel]] in [[Brighton]], where politicians including Thatcher were staying for the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] conference. The bomb, which exploded in the early hours of the morning, killed five people, including Conservative MP Sir [[Anthony Berry]], and injured 34 others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_2531000/2531583.stm|title=On This Day: 12 October 1984|publisher=BBC News|date=12 October 2000|access-date=26 May 2013|archive-date=8 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308094001/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_2531000/2531583.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg|thumb|The [[Grand Brighton Hotel]] after the IRA [[Brighton hotel bombing|bomb attack]] in October 1984]]

On 28 February 1985 in Newry, nine RUC officers were killed in [[1985 Newry mortar attack|a mortar attack]] on the police station.<ref name=NB>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-16415672|title=RUC and IRA chiefs' lives feature in national biography|publisher=BBC News|date=5 January 2012|access-date=20 December 2020|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131153031/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-16415672|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/victims/humanface/chron/1985.html|title=CAIN: Victims: Memorials: Search Results Page|website=cain.ulster.ac.uk|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725191451/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/victims/humanface/chron/1985.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was planned by the IRA's [[South Armagh Brigade]] and an IRA unit in Newry. Nine shells were fired from a mark 10 mortar which was bolted onto the back of a hijacked Ford van in [[Crossmaglen]]. Eight shells overshot the station; the ninth hit a [[portable cabin]] which was being used as a canteen. It was the RUC's largest loss of life during the Troubles.<ref name=NB/> On 8 May 1987, eight IRA members [[Loughgall ambush|attacked]] an RUC station in [[Loughgall]], County Armagh, using a bomb and guns.<ref name=BTL>{{cite news|title=IRA men shot dead at Loughgall had been under surveillance for weeks, court told|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/ira-men-shot-dead-at-loughgall-had-been-under-surveillance-for-weeks-court-told-36897577.html|newspaper=Belfast Telegraph |access-date=20 December 2020|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129040041/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/ira-men-shot-dead-at-loughgall-had-been-under-surveillance-for-weeks-court-told-36897577.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All were killed by the SAS – the most IRA members killed in a single incident in the Troubles.<ref name=BTL/> On 8 November 1987 in [[Enniskillen]], County Fermanagh, a Provisional IRA [[Enniskillen bombing|time bomb]] exploded during a [[Remembrance Sunday]] ceremony for UK Commonwealth war casualties. The bomb went off near a [[cenotaph]] that was at the heart of the parade. Eleven people (ten civilians and one serving member of the RUC) were killed and 63 were injured. Former school [[headmaster]] Ronnie Hill was seriously injured in the bombing and slipped into a coma two days later, remaining in this condition for more than a decade before his death in December 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/1093598.stm |title=Northern Ireland &#124; IRA bomb victim buried |publisher=BBC News |date=30 December 2000 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> The unit that carried out the bombing was disbanded.{{when|date=July 2019}} Loyalist paramilitaries responded to the bombing with revenge attacks on Catholics, mostly civilians.<ref>McKittrick, David. ''Lost Lives: The stories of the men, women and children who died as a result of the Northern Ireland Troubles''. Random House, 2001. pp. 1094–1099</ref> Another bomb had been planted at nearby [[Tullyhommon]] at a parallel Remembrance Day commemoration but failed to detonate.<ref name="jbb"/>

In March 1988, three IRA volunteers who were planning a bombing were shot dead by the SAS at a [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] petrol station on Winston Churchill Avenue in [[Gibraltar]], the [[British Overseas Territory]] attached to the south of Spain. This became known as [[Operation Flavius]]. Their funeral at [[Milltown Cemetery]] in Belfast [[Milltown Cemetery attack|was attacked]] by [[Michael Stone (loyalist)|Michael Stone]], a UDA member who threw grenades as the coffin was lowered and shot at people who chased him. Stone killed three people, including IRA volunteer Kevin Brady. Stone was jailed for life the following year, but was freed 11 years later under the Good Friday Agreement.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/24/newsid_2515000/2515041.stm On this day: Loyalist killer Michael Stone freed from Maze] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107110156/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/24/newsid_2515000/2515041.stm |date=7 November 2018 }}, BBC</ref> Two British Army corporals, David Howes and Derek Wood, who were in plain clothes, drove their car into Brady's funeral cortege in [[Andersonstown]]. The crowd assumed the soldiers were loyalists intent on repeating Stone's attack; dozens of people surrounded and attacked their car. The soldiers were pulled out of their car, kidnapped and shot dead by the IRA. This became known as the [[Corporals killings]].<ref name="coogan"/><ref name="jbb"/>

In September 1989, the IRA used a time bomb [[Deal barracks bombing|to attack]] the [[Royal Marine Depot, Deal]] in [[Kent]], killing 11 bandsmen.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-28283083 |title=Deal bombing 25th anniversary remembered |publisher=BBC News |date=13 July 2014 |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414044944/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-28283083 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Towards the end of the decade, the British Army tried to soften its public appearance to residents in communities such as Derry in order to improve relations between the local community and the military. Soldiers were told not to use the telescopic sights on their rifles to scan the streets, as civilians believed they were being aimed at. Soldiers were also encouraged to wear berets when manning checkpoints (and later other situations) rather than helmets, which were perceived as militaristic and hostile. The system of complaints was overhauled – previously, if civilians believed they were being harassed or abused by soldiers in the streets or during searches and made a complaint, they would never find out what action (if any) was taken. The new regulations required an officer to visit the complainants house to inform them of the outcome of their complaint.<ref>Moloney, Ed. ''A Secret History of the IRA''. Penguin UK, 2007.{{ISBN?}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref>

In the 1980s, loyalist paramilitary groups—the Ulster Volunteer Force, the Ulster Defence Association, and [[Ulster Resistance]]—imported arms and explosives from [[South Africa]].<ref name="taylorloyalists"/> The weapons obtained were divided between the groups, although some of the weaponry (such as [[rocket-propelled grenade]]s) were hardly used. In 1987, the [[Irish People's Liberation Organisation]] (IPLO), a breakaway faction of the INLA, engaged in a bloody feud against the INLA which weakened the INLA's presence in some areas. By 1992, the IPLO was destroyed by the Provisionals for its involvement in drug dealing, thus ending the feud.<ref name="coogan"/>

== 1990s ==
{{Main|Northern Ireland peace process}}

=== Escalation in South Armagh ===
The IRA's South Armagh Brigade had made the countryside village of Crossmaglen their stronghold since the 1970s. The surrounding villages of [[Silverbridge]], [[Cullyhanna]], [[Cullaville]], [[Forkhill]], [[Jonesborough, County Armagh|Jonesborough]], and [[Creggan, County Armagh|Creggan]] were also IRA strongholds. In February 1978, a British Army [[Gazelle helicopter]] [[1978 British Army Gazelle downing|was shot down near Silverbridge]], killing Lieutenant Colonel [[Ian Corden-Lloyd]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A Chronology of the Conflict, 1978|work=Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch78.htm#Feb|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=27 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827165111/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch78.htm#Feb|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Sniperatwork.jpg|thumbnail|'Sniper at Work' sign in Crossmaglen]]

In the 1990s, the IRA came up with a new plan to restrict British Army foot patrols near Crossmaglen. They developed [[South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)|two sniper teams]] to attack British Army and RUC patrols.<ref>General Sir Michael Jackson. [http://www.vilaweb.cat/media/attach/vwedts/docs/op_banner_analysis_released.pdf Operation Banner: An Analysis of Military Operations in Northern Ireland (2006)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215447/http://www.vilaweb.cat/media/attach/vwedts/docs/op_banner_analysis_released.pdf |date=3 March 2016}}, [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|MoD]], Army Code 71842. Chapter 2, p. 16, item 247.</ref> They usually fired from an [[Improvised vehicle armour|improvised armoured car]] using a .50 BMG calibre [[Barrett M82|M82 sniper rifle]]. Signs were put up around South Armagh reading "Sniper at Work". The snipers killed a total of nine members of the security forces: seven soldiers and two constables. The last to be killed before the Good Friday Agreement was a British soldier, [[Bombardier (rank)|bombardier]] Steven Restorick.

The IRA had developed the capacity to attack helicopters in South Armagh and elsewhere since the 1980s,<ref name="Toby Harnden-2000"/> including the 1990 [[1990 British Army Gazelle shootdown|shootdown of a Gazelle]] flying over the border between counties Tyrone and [[County Monaghan|Monaghan]] by the East Tyrone Brigade; there were no fatalities in any of those incidents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1jhAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2878,3517395&hl=en|title=Soldiers hurt in IRA attack on helicopter|date=12 February 1990|access-date=17 March 2015|work=Glasgow Herald|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309005810/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1jhAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2878,3517395&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another incident involving British helicopters in South Armagh was the [[Battle of Newry Road]] in September 1993.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Heroes of the Skies|author=Michael Ashcroft|publisher=Hachette UK|date=2012|isbn=978-0-7553-6391-9|pages=355–56}}</ref> Two other [[1994 British Army Lynx shootdown|helicopters]], a British Army [[Westland Lynx|Lynx]] and a [[Royal Air Force]] [[Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma|Puma]] were shot down by [[Barrack buster|improvised mortar]] fire in 1994. The IRA set up checkpoints in South Armagh during this period, which were unchallenged by the security forces.<ref name="Toby Harnden-2000">{{Cite book|title=Bandit Country:The IRA and South Armagh|author=Toby Harnden|publisher=Coronet Books|date=2000|isbn=978-0-340-71737-0|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/banditcountry00toby/page/358 358–359]|url=https://archive.org/details/banditcountry00toby/page/358}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199293/cmhansrd/1993-06-08/Debate-5.html |title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 8 Jun 1993 |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |date=8 June 1993 |access-date=3 October 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053510/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199293/cmhansrd/1993-06-08/Debate-5.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Downing Street mortar attack ===
[[File:1991 Mortar attack on Downing Street.jpg|thumbnail|right|Police officers looking at a burned van used by the IRA in the 1991 mortar attack on 10 Downing Street]]

On 7 February 1991, the IRA attempted to assassinate prime minister [[John Major]] and his [[war cabinet]] by [[Downing Street mortar attack|firing]] a [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] at [[10 Downing Street]] while they were gathered there to discuss the [[Gulf War]].<ref name=IN>{{cite web| url = https://irishnews.com/news/2017/12/07/news/terror-plot-reminiscent-of-ira-attacks-1204792/| title = Terror plot reminiscent of IRA attacks| date = 7 December 2017}}</ref> The shelling caused only four injuries, two of which were to police officers, while Major and the entire war cabinet were unharmed.<ref name=IN/>

=== First ceasefire ===
After a prolonged period of background political manoeuvring, during which the 1992 [[Baltic Exchange bombing|Baltic Exchange]] and [[1993 Bishopsgate bombing]]s occurred in London, both loyalist and republican paramilitary groups declared ceasefires in 1994.
<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Irish News - Shankill.jpg|thumbnail|Aftermath of the 1993 Shankill Road bombing]] -->
The year leading up to the ceasefires included a [[mass shooting]] in [[Castlerock]], County Londonderry in which [[1993 Castlerock killings|four people were killed]]. The IRA responded with the [[Shankill Road bombing]] in October 1993, which aimed to kill the UDA leadership, but instead killed eight Protestant civilian shoppers and a low-ranking UDA member, as well as one of the perpetrators, who was killed when the bomb detonated prematurely. The UDA responded with attacks in nationalist areas including [[Greysteel massacre|a mass shooting]] in [[Greysteel]], in which eight civilians were killed – six Catholics and two Protestants.<ref name="coogan"/>

On 16 June 1994, just before the ceasefires, the Irish National Liberation Army [[1994 Shankill Road killings|killed three UVF members in a gun attack on the Shankill Road]]. In revenge, three days later the UVF [[Loughinisland massacre|killed six civilians in a shooting at a pub]] in [[Loughinisland]], County Down. The IRA, in the remaining month before its ceasefire, killed four senior loyalist paramilitaries, three from the UDA and one from the UVF. On 31 August 1994, the IRA declared a [[ceasefire]]. The loyalist paramilitaries, temporarily united in the "[[Combined Loyalist Military Command]]", reciprocated six weeks later. Although these ceasefires failed in the short run, they marked an effective end to large-scale political violence, as they paved the way for the final ceasefires.<ref name="coogan"/><ref name="jbb"/>

In 1995, the United States appointed [[George J. Mitchell]] as the [[United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland]]. Mitchell was recognised as being more than a token envoy and as representing a President ([[Bill Clinton]]) with a deep interest in events.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2927845.stm|title=US policy and Northern Ireland|publisher=BBC News|date=8 April 2003|access-date=24 May 2009|archive-date=22 May 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040522041845/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2927845.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The British and Irish governments agreed that Mitchell would chair an international commission on disarmament of paramilitary groups.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03EEDD1139F933A05752C1A963958260&scp=2&sq=%22George+Mitchell%22+and+%22northern+Ireland%22&st=nyt|title=A Break in the Irish Impasse|work=The New York Times|date=30 November 1995|access-date=13 February 2017|archive-date=23 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623095555/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/30/opinion/a-break-in-the-irish-impasse.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Second ceasefire ===
On 9 February 1996, less than two years after the declaration of the ceasefire, the IRA revoked it with the [[Docklands bombing]] in the Canary Wharf area of London, killing two people, injuring 39 others,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_2539000/2539265.stm|title=BBC On This Day 1996: Docklands bomb ends IRA ceasefire|publisher=BBC News|date=10 February 1996|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-date=21 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321012534/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_2539000/2539265.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and causing £85&nbsp;million in damage to the city's financial centre. Sinn Féin blamed the failure of the ceasefire on the British Government's refusal to begin all-party negotiations until the IRA decommissioned its weapons.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9602/n_ireland/10/index.html|publisher=CNN|title=IRA claims responsibility for London bombing|access-date=25 May 2010|archive-date=5 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805132308/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9602/n_ireland/10/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:South Quay bombing - 9.2.96.jpg|alt=A picture of a large office building which has been very badly damaged.|thumb|The destruction caused by the Docklands bombing in London, 1996]]

The attack was followed by several more, most notably the [[1996 Manchester bombing]], which destroyed a large area of the centre of the city on 15 June. It was the largest bomb attack in Britain since [[World War II]]. While the attack avoided any fatalities due to a telephone warning and the rapid response of the emergency services, over 200 people were injured in the attack, many of them outside the established cordon. The damage caused by the blast was estimated at £411&nbsp;million. [[Lance bombardier]] Stephen Restorick, the last British soldier killed during the Troubles, was shot dead at a checkpoint on the Green Rd near Bessbrook on 12 February 1997 by the IRA's [[South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)|South Armagh sniper]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/4958589/Northern-Ireland-shootings-The-last-soldier-murdered.html|title=Northern Ireland shootings: The last soldier murdered|work=The Telegraph|date=9 March 2009|access-date=9 May 2017|last1=Bingham|first1=John|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114015230/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/4958589/Northern-Ireland-shootings-The-last-soldier-murdered.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The IRA reinstated their ceasefire in July 1997, as negotiations for the document that became known as the Good Friday Agreement began without Sinn Féin. In September of the same year, Sinn Féin signed [[Mitchell Principles|the Mitchell Principles]] and were admitted to the talks. The UVF was the first paramilitary grouping to split as a result of their ceasefire, spawning the [[Loyalist Volunteer Force]] (LVF) in 1996. In December 1997, the INLA assassinated LVF leader [[Billy Wright (loyalist)|Billy Wright]], leading to a series of revenge killings by loyalist groups. A group split from the Provisional IRA and formed the [[Real IRA]] (RIRA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/10/real-ira-continuity|title=Explainer: Real IRA and Continuity IRA|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=10 March 2009|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225072529/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/10/real-ira-continuity|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 1998, [[Omagh bombing|a Real IRA bomb]] in [[Omagh]] killed 29 civilians, the most by a single bomb during the Troubles.<ref name="records"/> This bombing discredited "[[dissident republican]]s" and their campaigns in the eyes of many who had previously supported the Provisionals' campaign. They became small groups with little influence, but still capable of violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/18.%20Eighteenth%20Report.pdf|title=HC 502 Cover|access-date=2 November 2008|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726174747/http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/18.%20Eighteenth%20Report.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref>

The INLA also declared a ceasefire after the Good Friday Agreement. Since then, most paramilitary violence has been directed at their "own" communities and at other factions within their organisations. The UDA, for example, has feuded with their fellow loyalists the UVF on two occasions since 2000. There have been internal struggles for power between "brigade commanders" and involvement in [[organised crime]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Henry McDonald|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jul/30/northernireland.henrymcdonald|title=New feud rips apart the UDA|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=30 July 2006|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104051/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jul/30/northernireland.henrymcdonald|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Political process ===

[[File:Unidentified irish mural.jpg|thumb|A republican mural in Belfast during the mid-1990s bidding "safe home" ([[Slán Abhaile]]) to British troops. Security normalisation was one of the key points of the Good Friday Agreement.]]

After the ceasefires, talks began between the main political parties in Northern Ireland to establish political agreement. These talks led to the [[Good Friday Agreement]] of 1998. This Agreement restored self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of "power-sharing". In 1999, an executive was formed consisting of the four main parties, including Sinn Féin. Other important changes included the reform of the RUC, renamed as the [[Police Service of Northern Ireland]], which was required to recruit at least a 50% quota of Catholics for ten years, and the removal of [[Diplock courts]] under the [[Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007]].<ref>[http://www.nio.gov.uk/media-detail.htm?newsID=13803 Northern Ireland becoming a more normalised society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108133243/http://www.nio.gov.uk/media-detail.htm?newsID=13803 |date=8 January 2007 }} – Northern Ireland Office, 27 November 2006.</ref>

A security normalisation process also began as part of the treaty, which comprised the progressive closing of redundant British Army barracks, border observation towers, and the withdrawal of all forces taking part in Operation Banner – including the resident battalions of the [[Royal Irish Regiment (1992)|Royal Irish Regiment]] – that would be replaced by [[19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom)|an infantry brigade]], deployed in ten sites around Northern Ireland but with no operative role in the province.<ref name="MODreport">{{cite report |date=23 July 2007 |title=Ministry of Defence Annual Report and Accounts 2006–2007 |url=http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0607/hc06/0697/0697.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] |access-date=24 February 2016 |id=HC 697 |archive-date=24 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824170853/http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0607/hc06/0697/0697.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The power-sharing Executive and Assembly were suspended in 2002, when unionists withdrew following "[[Stormontgate]]", a controversy over allegations of an IRA spy ring operating at Stormont. There were ongoing tensions about the Provisional IRA's failure to disarm fully and sufficiently quickly. IRA decommissioning has since been completed (in September 2005) to the satisfaction of most parties.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRA 'has destroyed all its arms'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4283444.stm|publisher=BBC|date=26 September 2005|access-date=6 April 2007|archive-date=25 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225155758/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4283444.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

A feature of Northern Ireland politics since the Agreement has been eclipsed in electoral terms of parties such as the [[SDLP]] and [[Ulster Unionist Party]] (UUP) by rival parties such as Sinn Féin and the DUP. Similarly, although political violence is greatly reduced, sectarian animosity has not disappeared. Residential areas are more segregated between Catholic nationalists and Protestant unionists than ever.<ref>Margaret Scanlan. ''Culture and Customs of Ireland'', Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 51, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-313-33162-6}}.</ref>{{Needs update|date=February 2024|reason=Still a problem, but source is from 2006|?=yes}} Thus, progress towards restoring the power-sharing institutions was slow and tortuous. On 8 May 2007, devolved government returned to Northern Ireland. DUP leader [[Ian Paisley]] and Sinn Féin's [[Martin McGuinness]] took office as First Minister and deputy First Minister, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/ian_paisley|access-date=25 February 2016|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925062203/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/ian_paisley|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Support outside Northern Ireland ==

===Arms importation===
{{further information|Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland|Provisional Irish Republican Army arms importation|Official Irish Republican Army#Support|Irish National Liberation Army#Arms importation}}
Both Republican and Loyalist paramilitaries sought to obtain weapons outside of [[Northern Ireland]] in order to achieve their objectives. Irish Republican paramilitaries received the vast majority of external support. Over the years, the Provisional IRA imported arms from external sources such as sympathisers in the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Irish diaspora]] communities within the [[Anglosphere]], mainland Europe, the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], and [[Libya]]n leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. The [[Soviet Union]] and [[North Korea]] supplied the Official IRA with 5,000 weapons,<ref>[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/official-ira-doomsday-bunkers-may-still-contain-thousands-of-weapons-31267631.html "Official IRA "doomsday" bunkers may still contain thousands of weapons"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225253/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/official-ira-doomsday-bunkers-may-still-contain-thousands-of-weapons-31267631.html |date=5 March 2016}}. ''Belfast Telegraph''. 31 May 2015.</ref> and the INLA received considerable arms from overseas as well.

The IRA's primary external support was from the Republic of Ireland, whose safe haven allowed the group to raise legal and illegal funds, organise and train, and manufacture a large number of firearms and explosives with ease and then smuggled them into Northern Ireland and England.<ref name="HWEFA">{{cite news|title=Support in Republic during Troubles 'key for IRA', book claims|url=https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/04/06/news/headline-1591367/|author=John Manley|date=6 April 2019|publisher=[[The Irish News]]}}</ref> The IRA's primary weapon in the Republic was [[explosive]]s (including [[gelignite]] and [[ANFO]]), which were responsible for the vast majority of the bombings in Northern Ireland and England throughout the conflict.<ref name="HWEFA"/> While the [[plastic explosive]] [[Semtex]] donated by Gaddafi was appreciated and infamous in IRA bombing campaigns, they were actually sparsely used. Notable events of IRA bombs of Irish origin included Bloody Friday, the Warrenpoint ambush, the assassination of Lord Mountbatten, and the Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings.

Loyalist paramilitaries also received support, mainly from Protestant supporters in Canada, England, and Scotland (including members of the Orange Order). From 1979 to 1986, loyalist paramilitaries imported up to 100 machine guns and "as many rifles, grenade launchers, magnum revolvers and hundreds of thousands of rounds of ammunition from Canada."<ref>{{cite book|title=UVF – The Endgame|author= Henry McDonald and Jim Cusack|date=1997|page=119|publisher=[[Poolbeg Press]]}}</ref> Members of the [[Grand Orange Lodge of Scotland]] sent gelignite explosives to UDA and UVF members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12445506.revealed-how-scots-loyalists-sent-gelignite-to-paramilitaries-secret-memo-says-explosives-were-shipped-in-small-boats/|title=Revealed: how Scots loyalists sent gelignite to paramilitaries. Secret memo says explosives were shipped in small boats|date=30 December 2005|publisher=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17965179.inside-story-ira-never-attacked-scotland/|title=Inside story: Why the IRA never attacked Scotland|author=Neil Mackay|date=12 October 2019|publisher=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/05/archives/arms-smuggling-is-said-to-aid-protestants-less-than-the-ira.html|title=Arms Smuggling Is Said to Aid Protestants Less Than the I.R.A.|author=[[Bernard Weinraub]]|date=5 February 1976|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> British Army's [[Force Research Unit]] (FRU) agent [[Brian Nelson (Northern Irish loyalist)|Brian Nelson]] also secured a large amount of weaponry from the South African government to loyalists.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4pXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|title=Understanding Shadows: The Corrupt Use of Intelligence|author=Michael Quilligan|date= 2013|pages=330–331|publisher=Clarity Press|isbn=9-7809-8603-6286}}</ref>

===Funding===
{{Further information|Paramilitary finances in the Troubles}}
Irish Republican and Loyalist militants also received significant funding from groups, individuals, and state actors outside Northern Ireland. From the 1970s to the early 1990s, Libya gave the IRA over $12.5&nbsp;million in cash (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|12.5|1980|r=1}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|US}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/gaddafi-ira-support-irish-state-papers|title=Libyan leader Gaddafi's IRA support revealed in secret Irish State Papers|author=Paddy Clancy|date=31 December 2021|publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/1228/1267955-state-papers-libya-ira/|title=Extent of Libyan backing for IRA 'shocked' British|author= David McCullagh, Conor McMorrow and Justin McCarthy|date=28 December 2021|publisher=[[RTÉ]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/libya-gaddafi-financial-support-ira-stunned-british-intelligence|title=Libya: Extent of Gaddafi's financial support for IRA stunned British intelligence|date=28 December 2021|publisher=[[Middle East Eye]]}}</ref> The IRA also received at least $2 million from the [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia]] (FARC) in exchange for training them with bomb techniques, including [[shaped charge]]s, [[propane bomb]]s, [[landmine]]s, and the construction of mortars (see also the [[Colombia Three]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/farc-rebels-may-be-a-ceasefire-1986656-Mar2015/|title=The IRA, the US and Colombia's 50 years of violence|author=Paul Hosford|date=11 March 2015|publisher=[[TheJournal.ie]]}}</ref> On the Loyalist side, the [[Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee]] report of June 2002 stated that "in 1992 it was estimated that Scottish support for the UDA and UVF might amount to £100,000 a year."<ref name="DDBVGEW">{{cite report|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmniaf/978/97806.htm|title=Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs – Part One: The continuing threat from paramilitary organisations|date=26 June 2002|website=UK Parliament}}</ref>

In the [[Anglosphere]] outside Great Britain, [[Irish Americans]], [[Irish Canadians]], [[Irish Australians]], and [[Irish New Zealanders]] provided considerable or substantial financial donations to the Republican movement, mostly the Provisionals.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 July 1979|title=The army's secret opinion|url=https://www.duncancampbell.org/menu/journalism/newstatesman/newstatesman-1979/the%20army's%20secret%20opinion.pdf#page=2|page=2|publisher=[[New Statesman]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Inside the IRA: Dissident Republicans and the War for Legitimacy|author=Andrew Sanders|year= 2011 |page=105|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7486-8812-8|quote=The [British] [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office|FCO]] noted [in the 1970s] that 'the IRA has also looked to Irish communities elsewhere to obtain cash for its terror campaign of the past four years', also noting the presence of fundraising organisations in Canada and Australia, and an attempt to establish connections in New Zealand.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-let-ira-members-slip-through-sources-say/article4154732/|title=Canada let IRA members slip through, sources say|author=Andrew Mitrovica|date=13 October 2001|publisher=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> The financial backbone of the Provisional cause in America was the Irish Northern Aid Committee ([[NORAID]]), which was estimated to have raised $3.6 million between 1970 and 1991, including for supporting families of dead or imprisoned IRA members, lobbying and propaganda efforts, and sometimes purchasing weapons for the Provisional IRA.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Counter-Insurgency Myth: The British Experience of Irregular Warfare|author=Andrew Mumford|page=119|year=2012|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=9-7811-3664-9387}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis · Volume 2|author=Nicholas Sambanis and Paul Collier|date= 2005 |page=171|publisher=[[World Bank]] |isbn=9-7808-2136-0507|quote=Estimated to have sent at total of $3.6 million to Ireland from 1970 to 1991, NORAID's contributions represented a small, but not [politically] insignificant, part of the IRA's income, which is estimated to have amounted to approximately $10 million a year.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Terrorist Finance|author=T. Wittig|pages=154–155|date=2011|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=9-7802-3031-6935|quote=From its founding in 1969 until 1991, NORAID raised approximately $3.6 million for Irish republican causes, through a combination of testimonial fundraising dinners and an extensive campaign to solicit donations through direct mail, dinner-dance benefits, and "passing the hat" in Irish American-owned businesses (such as bars) in major US cities.' This money was ostensibly to provide support for any number of causes related to Ireland and Irish republicanism, ranging from political activities to support to the families of imprisoned PIRA members}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/sinn-fein-raised-12-million-in-the-united-states-1.2126033|title=Sinn Féin raised $12 million in the United States|author=Pamela Duncan and Simon Carswell|date=5 March 2015|publisher=[[The Irish Times]]}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Lessons of Case Studies for Strengthening International Mediation and Arbitration to Prevent Deadly Conflict|page=31|date=1997|quote=[T]he Irish Northern Aid Committee (NORAID) which was established in the early 1970s to raise money for the republican cause, is reported to have collected and sent at least $3 million to Ireland by 1986.}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/files/neu:1836/fulltext.pdf#page=196|title=Diasporas, Ethnic Conflict, and Traumatic Events|author=Christopher P. Cunningham|date=April 2013 |page=196 |publisher=Northeastern University Department of Political Science}}</ref> In Australia, officials estimated that by the 1990s, no more than A$20,000 were raised annually for the Provisionals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jesser |first1=P. |last2=Young |first2=P. |title=The Media and the Military |page=65 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=9-7802-3037-6809}}</ref> Canadian supporters raised money to secretly purchase weapons, notably detonators used for Canadian mining sites and smuggled to the IRA.<ref>{{cite book|title=Terrorism in Ireland (RLE: Terrorism & Insurgency)|year=2015 |page=20|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=9-7813-1744-8945|quote=The only other source of arms outside the United States that warrants inclusion here is Canada, because of several attempts in that country to supply arms and finance to both Loyalist and Republican paramilitary organisations in Northern Ireland. The first evidence of this supportive activity was seen in August 1969 with an announcement by some 150 Toronto Irish-Canadians that they intended sending money, which could be used to buy guns if necessary, to the women and children of the [[Battle of the Bogside|(Catholic) Bogside in Derry]]. Thereafter the networks of the US-based Irish Northern Aid Committee (NORAID) and the Irish Republican Clubs were extended to Canada.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Bridge in the Parks: The Five Eyes and Cold War Counter-Intelligence|author=Dennis G. Molinaro|year=2021 |page=229|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=9-7814-8752-3718|quote=Supporters of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) smuggled detonators from Canadian mining operations for use in the indiscriminate bombings that wracked Northern Ireland for years.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cold Terror: How Canada Nurtures and Exports Terrorism Around the World|author=Stewart Bell|year= 2008 |pages=31–32|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|isbn=9-7804-7015-6223|quote=[T]he [[RCMP]] found that the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was also fundraising in Canada, but authorities at first did nothing because collecting cash was considered a nonviolent pursuit that was not a threat to Canada. The British government, however, put pressure on Ottawa to take action, since the money raised in Canada was financing the purchase of weapons. Canadian-made detonators were turning up inside IRA bombs.}}</ref>

However, nearly all or the vast majority of the funding for both Republican and Loyalist paramilitaries came from criminal and business activities within the island of Ireland and Great Britain.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Political Economy of the Provos: Inside the Finances of the Provisional IRA – A Revision|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1283195|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|author=Isabel Woodford and M.L.R. Smith|page=3|volume=41|issue=3|date=2018|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2017.1283195 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1187&context=mjil#page=8|journal=Michigan Journal of International Law|title=Anti-Terrorist Finance in the United Kingdom and United States|author=Laura K. Donohue|pages=8|date=2006|volume=27 |issue=2|publisher=Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation}}</ref><ref name="DDBVGEW"/><ref name="HWEFA"/> The Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee report of June 2002 stated that:<blockquote>Historically, the vast majority of paramilitary funds for both Republican and Loyalist groups have been generated within Northern Ireland. The primary reason for this is the relative ease of raising funds within these communities. Sympathy for the cause is greatest within the originating community. Those concerned also have the local knowledge which facilitates crime or the direct intimidation of individuals from whom money is sought. The fact that Northern Ireland remains predominantly a cash economy also encourages a local focus, as it facilitates money laundering and makes it difficult for the law enforcement agencies to trace transactions.<ref name="DDBVGEW"/></blockquote>

== Collusion between security forces and paramilitaries ==
There were many incidents of [[collusion]] between the British state security forces (the British Army and RUC) and loyalist paramilitaries. This included soldiers and policemen taking part in loyalist attacks while off-duty, giving weapons and intelligence to loyalists, not taking action against loyalists, and hindering police investigations. The [[Desmond Lorenz de Silva|De Silva]] Report found that, during the 1980s, 85% of the intelligence loyalists used to target people came from the security forces,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-20662412 "Pat Finucane murder: 'Shocking state collusion', says PM"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125004348/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-20662412 |date=25 January 2021}}, BBC News. Retrieved 11 March 2015.</ref> who in turn also had [[double agent]]s and [[informer]]s within loyalist groups who organised attacks on the orders of or with the knowledge of their [[Agent handling|handlers]]. Of the 210 loyalists arrested by the [[Stevens Inquiries]] team, all but three were found to be state agents or informers.<ref name=bbcmay2015>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-32887445 "UK agents 'worked with NI paramilitary killers'"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124023847/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-32887445 |date=24 November 2018}}, BBC News, 28 May 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.</ref>

The British Army's locally recruited [[Ulster Defence Regiment]] (UDR) was almost wholly Protestant.<ref>Thomas G. Mitchell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3PNt46aB_sYC&pg=PA55 ''Native Vs. Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420054346/https://books.google.com/books?id=3PNt46aB_sYC&pg=PA55& |date=20 April 2017}}, p. 55.</ref><ref>Brett Bowden, Michael T. Davis (eds). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dZjj87U6v9AC&pg=PA234 ''Terror: From Tyrannicide to Terrorism''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419233211/https://books.google.com/books?id=dZjj87U6v9AC&pg=PA234 |date=19 April 2017}}, p. 234<!-- publishing info; ISBN/ISSN needed --></ref> Despite recruits being vetted, some loyalist militants managed to enlist, mainly to obtain weapons, training, and information.<ref name="cain-subversion">[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/publicrecords/1973/subversion_in_the_udr.htm "Subversion in the UDR"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007030836/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/publicrecords/1973/subversion_in_the_udr.htm |date=7 October 2014}}, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 March 2015.</ref> A 1973 British Government document (uncovered in 2004), ''Subversion in the UDR'', suggested that 5–15% of UDR soldiers then were members of loyalist paramilitaries.<ref name="cain-subversion"/><ref name="irishnewsmay06">[http://www.nuzhound.com/articles/irish_news/arts2006/may2_subversion_colluson_UDR.php "Collusion – Subversion in the UDR"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310213754/http://www.nuzhound.com/articles/irish_news/arts2006/may2_subversion_colluson_UDR.php |date=10 March 2007}}. ''[[Irish News]]'', 3 May 2006.</ref> The report said the UDR was the main source of weapons for those groups,<ref name="cain-subversion"/> although by 1973, UDR weapons losses had dropped significantly, partly due to stricter controls.<ref name="cain-subversion"/> In 1977, the Army investigated [[10th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment|a UDR battalion]] based at Girdwood Barracks, Belfast. The investigation found that 70 soldiers had links to the UVF, that thirty soldiers had fraudulently diverted up to £47,000 to the UVF, and that UVF members socialised with soldiers in their mess. Following this, two UDR members were dismissed.<ref name="detail2011">[http://www.thedetail.tv/issues/20/udr-girdwood-story/british-army-covered-up-udr-units-links-to-uvf "British army 'covered up' UDR units links to UVF"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104020943/http://www.thedetail.tv/issues/20/udr-girdwood-story/british-army-covered-up-udr-units-links-to-uvf |date=4 November 2014}}. ''The Detail'', 31 July 2011.</ref> The investigation was halted after a senior officer claimed it was harming morale.<ref name="detail2011"/> By 1990, at least 197 UDR soldiers had been convicted of loyalist terrorist offences and other serious crimes, including 19 convicted of murder.<ref>John Eldridge. ''Getting the Message: News, Truth, and Power''. Routledge, 2003. p. 79.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> This was only a small fraction of those who served in the UDR, but the proportion was higher than the regular British Army, the RUC, and the civilian population.<ref>Brendan O'Leary and John McGarry. ''The Politics of Antagonism: Understanding Northern Ireland''. Athlone Press, 1996. pp. 268–269.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref>

During the 1970s, the [[Glenanne gang]]{{snd}}a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers, and RUC officers{{snd}}carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the "murder triangle".<ref name="cassel2006">[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf The Cassel Report (2006)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050645/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf |date=20 February 2015}}, pp. 8, 14, 21, 25, 51, 56, 58–65.</ref><ref name="SArmagh">[http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sarmagh/sarmagh.html Collusion in the South Armagh/Mid Ulster Area in the mid-1970s] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426121606/http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sarmagh/sarmagh.html |date=26 April 2011}} , patfinucanecentre.org. Retrieved 2 January 2011.</ref> It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly uninvolved civilians.<ref name=lethal-allies-conc>[http://patfinucanecentre.org/collusion/PFC%20Conclusions%20-%20Lethal%20Allies%20%28Oct%2023%29.pdf ''Lethal Allies: British Collusion in Ireland'' – Conclusions] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222181333/http://patfinucanecentre.org/collusion/PFC%20Conclusions%20-%20Lethal%20Allies%20%28Oct%2023%29.pdf |date=22 February 2014}} , patfinucanecentre.org. Retrieved 6 March 2015.</ref> The ''Cassel Report'' investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those.<ref name=cassel4>[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf The Cassel Report (2006), p. 4] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050645/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf |date=20 February 2015}}, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</ref> One member, RUC officer [[John Weir (loyalist)|John Weir]], claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue.<ref>[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf The Cassel Report (2006)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050645/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf |date=20 February 2015}}, p. 63</ref> The [[Cassel Report]] also stated some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate, or punish perpetrators.<ref name=cassel4/> Attacks attributed to the group include the [[Dublin and Monaghan bombings]] (1974), the [[Miami Showband killings]] (1975), and the [[Reavey and O'Dowd killings]] (1976).<ref>[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf The Cassel Report (2006), p. 8] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050645/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf |date=20 February 2015}}, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</ref>

The Stevens Inquiries found that elements of the security forces had used loyalists as "proxies"<ref name="stevenspeople">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2956161.stm|title=Stevens Inquiry: Key people|publisher=BBC News|date=17 April 2003|access-date=27 September 2013|archive-date=14 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914113505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2956161.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> who, via double-agents and informers, had helped loyalist groups to kill targeted individuals, usually suspected republicans but also civilians both intentionally and otherwise. The inquiries concluded this had intensified and prolonged the conflict.<ref name="guardianscandal">[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/apr/17/northernireland.northernireland2 "Scandal of Ulster's secret war"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301041522/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/apr/17/northernireland.northernireland2 |date=1 March 2017}}, ''The Guardian'', 17 April 2003. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref><ref name="forcesaidedloyalists">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2954773.stm "Security forces aided loyalist murders"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313111404/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2954773.stm |date=13 March 2007}}, BBC News, 17 April 2003. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref> The British Army's Force Research Unit (FRU) was the main agency involved.<ref name="stevenspeople"/> Brian Nelson, the UDA's chief 'intelligence officer', was a FRU agent.<ref name="nelsonobituary">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/apr/17/guardianobituaries.northernireland|title=Obituary: Brian Nelson|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, UK|date=17 April 2003|access-date=27 September 2013|archive-date=18 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918072051/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/apr/17/guardianobituaries.northernireland|url-status=live}}</ref> Through Nelson, FRU helped loyalists target people for assassination. FRU commanders say they helped loyalists target only suspected or known republican activists and prevented the killing of civilians.<ref name="stevenspeople"/> The Inquiries found evidence only two lives were saved and that Nelson/FRU was responsible for at least 30 murders and many other attacks, many on civilians.<ref name="guardianscandal"/> One victim was solicitor [[Pat Finucane]]. Nelson also supervised the shipping of weapons to loyalists in 1988.<ref name="nelsonobituary"/> From 1992 to 1994, loyalists were responsible for more deaths than republicans,<ref>{{cite book|last=Clayton|first=Pamela|title=Enemies and Passing Friends: Settler ideologies in twentieth-century Ulster|date=1996|publisher=Pluto Press|page=156|quote=More recently, the resurgence in loyalist violence that led to their carrying out more killings than republicans from the beginning of 1992 until their ceasefire (a fact widely reported in Northern Ireland) was still described as following 'the IRA's well-tested tactic of trying to usurp the political process by violence'&nbsp;...}}</ref> partly due to FRU involvement.<ref name="birw">[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/birw0299.htm "Deadly Intelligence: State Involvement in Loyalist Murder in Northern Ireland – Summary"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119223458/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/birw0299.htm |date=19 November 2013}}, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</ref><ref>Human Rights in Northern Ireland: Hearing before the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|Committee on International Relations]] of the [[United States House of Representatives]], 24 June 1997. US Government Printing Office, 1997.</ref> Members of the security forces tried to obstruct the Stevens investigation.<ref name="forcesaidedloyalists"/><ref>[http://www.madden-finucane.com/patfinucane/archive/pat_finucane/2003-04-17_stevens_report.pdf Stevens Enquiry 3: Overview & Recommendations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610153435/http://www.madden-finucane.com/patfinucane/archive/pat_finucane/2003-04-17_stevens_report.pdf |date=10 June 2011}} , madden-finucane.com, 17 April 2003. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref>

A [[Police Ombudsman]] report from 2007 revealed that UVF members had been allowed to commit a string of terrorist offences, including murder, while working as informers for RUC Special Branch. It found that Special Branch had given informers immunity by ensuring they were not caught or convicted and blocking weapons searches.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6286695.stm "NI police colluded with killers"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830230651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6286695.stm |date=30 August 2007}}. BBC News, 22 January 2007.</ref> Ombudsman [[Nuala O'Loan]] concluded that this had led to "hundreds" of deaths<ref name=bbcmay2015/> and said senior British Government officials pressured her into halting her investigation.<ref>[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/bombshell-documentary-uncovers-government-collusion-with-loyalist-paramilitaries-31296370.html "Bombshell documentary uncovers Government collusion with loyalist paramilitaries"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623095600/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/rte-documentary-uncovers-government-collusion-with-loyalist-paramilitaries-31296370.html |date=23 June 2020}}, ''Belfast Telegraph'', 12 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.</ref> UVF member [[Robin Jackson]] has been linked to between 50<ref>[[David McKittrick]]. ''Lost Lives''. Mainstream Publishing, 1999. p. 724.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref><ref>Stephen Howe, "Killing Fields", ''New Statesman'', 14 February 2000. Retrieved 2 February 2011.</ref> and 100<ref name="SArmagh"/> killings in Northern Ireland, although he was never convicted for any.<ref name=cassel68>[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf The Cassel Report (2006)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050645/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf |date=20 February 2015}}, p. 68. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</ref> It is alleged by many, including members of the security forces, that Jackson was an RUC agent.<ref name=cassel68/> The Irish Government's Barron Report alleged that Jackson also "had relationships with British Intelligence".<ref>{{cite web|last=Houses of the Oireachtas|first=Joint Committee on Justice, Equality, Defence and Women's Rights |author-link=Oireachtas#Committees|title=The Barron Report|publisher=Oireachtas|year=2003|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/dublin/barron03.pdf |page=135 |access-date=20 August 2013|archive-date=8 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608075529/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/dublin/barron03.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, a new Ombudsman report concluded that there had been collusion between the police and the UVF in relation to the deaths of six Catholic men in the 1994 [[Loughinisland massacre]] and that the investigation was undermined by the wish to protect informers, but found no evidence police had foreknowledge of the attack.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-36486779 "Loughinisland: Ombudsman confirms collusion between police and loyalist killers"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002023056/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-36486779 |date=2 October 2018}}. BBC News, 9 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.</ref>

The [[Smithwick Tribunal]] concluded that a member of the {{lang|ga|[[Garda Síochána]]|italic=no}} (the Republic of Ireland's police force) colluded with the IRA in the [[1989 Jonesborough ambush|killing of two senior RUC officers in 1989]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://opac.oireachtas.ie/AWData/Library3/smithwickFinal03122013_171046.pdf |title=Smithwick Report |access-date=5 March 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015195444/http://opac.oireachtas.ie/AWData/Library3/smithwickFinal03122013_171046.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbc collusion">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-25199800|title=Irish police colluded in IRA murders|date=3 December 2013|publisher=BBC News|access-date=13 August 2018|archive-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104235346/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-25199800|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/10492655/Irish-police-colluded-in-RUC-officers-murder-report-finds.html|title=Irish police colluded in murders of RUC officers Harry Breen and Bob Buchanan, report finds|last=Agencies|date=3 December 2013|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928120922/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/10492655/Irish-police-colluded-in-RUC-officers-murder-report-finds.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-25219718 BBC report on Smithwick Tribunal report] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129074706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-25219718 |date=29 January 2017}}, 4 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</ref> The two officers were ambushed by the IRA near [[Jonesborough, County Armagh]], when returning from a cross-border security conference in [[Dundalk]] in the Republic of Ireland.<ref name="bbc collusion"/>

== The Disappeared ==
{{main|Disappeared (Northern Ireland)}}
During the 1970s and 1980s, republican and loyalist paramilitaries abducted a number of individuals, many alleged to have been informers, who were then secretly killed and buried.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-10814888 "Who were the 'Disappeared'?"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014060049/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-10814888 |date=14 October 2018}}, BBC News. Retrieved 4 July 2015.</ref> Eighteen people{{snd}}two women and sixteen men{{snd}}including one British Army officer, were kidnapped and killed during the Troubles. They are referred to informally as "[[Disappeared (Northern Ireland)|The Disappeared]]". All but one, Lisa Dorrian, were abducted and killed by republicans. Dorrian is believed to have been abducted by loyalists. The remains of all but four of "The Disappeared" have been recovered and turned over to their families.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-nireland-disappeared-widerimage-idUKKBN0JM0WH20141208 Northern Ireland Disappeared] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519081531/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-nireland-disappeared-widerimage-idUKKBN0JM0WH20141208 |date=19 May 2020}}, Reuters. Retrieved 7 September 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iclvr.ie/en/ICLVR/Pages/TheDisappeared|title=The Disappeared|access-date=3 May 2014|publisher=Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains|archive-date=4 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504234918/http://www.iclvr.ie/en/ICLVR/Pages/TheDisappeared|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-24818800|title=Disappeared issue 'a festering wound' says McGuinness|date=5 November 2013|access-date=10 April 2014|publisher=BBC News|archive-date=25 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325190320/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-24818800|url-status=live}}</ref>

== British Army attacks on civilians ==
British government security forces, including the [[Military Reaction Force]] (MRF), carried out what have been described as "[[extrajudicial killing]]s" of unarmed civilians.<ref name=BBC1>{{cite news|title=Undercover soldiers 'killed unarmed civilians in Belfast'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-24987465|access-date=28 November 2014|publisher=BBC|date=21 November 2014|archive-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103162930/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-24987465|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=II1>{{cite news|author=Michael McHugh|title=Amnesty wants probe into British army 'death squad'|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/amnesty-wants-probe-into-british-army-death-squad-29775256.html|access-date=28 November 2014|newspaper=Irish Independent|archive-date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204211431/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/amnesty-wants-probe-into-british-army-death-squad-29775256.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Book reveals Adams, McGuinness were on British Army death squad hit list|url=http://www.irishcentral.com/news/book-reveals-adams-mcguinness-were-on-british-army-death-squad-hit-list-232325111-237788191.html|access-date=28 November 2014|publisher=IrishCentral.com|date=18 November 2013|archive-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205222240/http://www.irishcentral.com/news/book-reveals-adams-mcguinness-were-on-british-army-death-squad-hit-list-232325111-237788191.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Their victims were often Catholic or suspected Catholic civilians unaffiliated with any paramilitaries, such as the Whiterock Road shooting of two unarmed Catholic civilians by British soldiers on 15 April 1972, and the [[Military Reaction Force#Andersonstown shootings|Andersonstown shooting]] of seven unarmed Catholic civilians on 12 May that same year.<ref name=mckittrick182>McKittrick. ''Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles'', p. 182.<!-- publisher, ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> A member of the MRF stated in 1978 that the Army often attempted [[false flag]] sectarian attacks, provoking sectarian conflict and "taking the heat off the Army".<ref name=murray44-45>Raymond Murray. ''The SAS in Ireland''. Mercier Press, 1990. pp. 44–45.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> A former member stated: "[W]e were not there to act like an army unit, we were there to act like a terror group."<ref>{{cite news|author=Owen Bowcott|title=Undercover Northern Ireland soldiers accused of killing unarmed civilians|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/21/army-unit-killings-northern-ireland|access-date=28 November 2014|work=The Guardian|date=21 November 2013|archive-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205002707/http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/21/army-unit-killings-northern-ireland|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Shoot-to-kill allegations ==
{{main|Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland}}
Republicans allege that the security forces operated a shoot-to-kill policy rather than arresting IRA suspects. The security forces denied this and pointed out that six of the eight IRA men killed in the [[Loughgall ambush]] in 1987 were heavily armed. On the other hand, the [[Operation Flavius|shooting of three unarmed IRA members]] in [[Gibraltar]] by the [[Special Air Service]] ten months later appeared to confirm suspicions among republicans and in the British and Irish media of a tacit British shoot-to-kill policy of suspected IRA members.<ref name="maxinewilliams">Maxine Williams.[http://www.rcgfrfi.easynet.co.uk/larkin_pubs/older/motr/motr_all.htm ''Murder on the Rock''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204153946/http://www.rcgfrfi.easynet.co.uk/larkin_pubs/older/motr/motr_all.htm |date=4 February 2007 }} , rcgfrfi.easynet.co.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2015. The article includes a list of suspected shoot-to-kill victims between 1982 and 1986.</ref>

== Parades issue ==
{{Main|Parades in Northern Ireland|Drumcree conflict|Quinn brothers' killings}}
[[File:Orangemen parade in Bangor, 12 July 2010 - geograph - 1964645.jpg|thumb|Orangemen [[Orange walk|marching]] in [[Bangor, County Down|Bangor]] on the [[Twelfth of July]] 2010]]

Inter-communal tensions rise and violence often breaks out during the "marching season" when the Protestant Orange Order parades take place across Northern Ireland. The parades are held to commemorate William of Orange's victory in the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in 1690, which secured the [[Protestant Ascendancy]] and [[British rule in Ireland]]. One particular flashpoint which has caused continuous annual strife is the Garvaghy Road area in [[Portadown]], where an Orange parade from [[Drumcree Church]] passes through a mainly nationalist estate off the Garvaghy Road. This parade has now been banned indefinitely, following nationalist riots against the parade and loyalist counter-riots against its banning.

In 1995, 1996, and 1997, there were several weeks of prolonged rioting throughout Northern Ireland over the impasse at Drumcree. A number of people died in this violence, including a Catholic taxi driver killed by the [[Loyalist Volunteer Force]], and three (of four) nominally Catholic brothers (from a mixed-religion family) died when their house in [[Ballymoney]] [[Quinn brothers' killings|was petrol-bombed]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Michael McGoldrick, 64, Activist in Ulster, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/06/world/europe/06mcgoldrick.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 April 2006|access-date=13 February 2017|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107110013/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/06/world/europe/06mcgoldrick.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Angelique Chrisafis|title=Police hold six over loyalist turf war deaths|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/aug/05/uk.northernireland1|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London |date=5 August 2005|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104317/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/aug/05/uk.northernireland1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_2500000/2500503.stm|title=1998: Children die in Drumcree protests|publisher=BBC News|date=12 July 1986|access-date=27 May 2008|archive-date=7 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307121057/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_2500000/2500503.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Social repercussions ==
{{further|Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland}}
[[File:RUC, Crois.jpg|thumb|A watchtower at a heavily fortified RUC base in [[Crossmaglen]]]]
[[File:Belfast peaceline Bombay Street.jpg|thumb|A "[[peace lines|peace line]]" at the back of a house on Bombay Street, Belfast]]
[[File:Belfast peace line Cupar Way.jpg|thumb|right|A "[[peace lines|peace line]]" in Belfast, 2010, built to separate nationalist and unionist neighbourhoods]]
The impact of the Troubles on the ordinary people of Northern Ireland has been compared to that of the [[The Blitz|Blitz]] on the people of London.<ref>Dervla Murphy. ''[[A Place Apart]]''. Penguin Books, 1978, p. 134.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> The stress resulting from bomb attacks, street disturbances, security checkpoints, and the constant military presence had the strongest effect on children and young adults.<ref>Murphy, p. 209.</ref> There was also the fear that local paramilitaries instilled in their respective communities with the [[Corporal punishment|punishment beatings]], "romperings", and the occasional [[tarring and feathering]] meted out to individuals for various purported infractions.<ref name="nelson126">Sarah Nelson. ''Ulster's Uncertain Defenders: Protestant Political, Paramilitary and Community Groups and the Northern Ireland Conflict'', 1984, Belfast: Appletree Press. p. 126.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> The legacy of the Troubles has been viewed by some, including researcher Rupert Taylor, as still persistent in Northern Ireland more than two decades after the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, as inequality and division between Catholics and Protestants continue.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Rupert |date=2024-11-29 |title=Systemic sectarianism in Northern Ireland |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03063968241300088 |journal=Race & Class |volume=66 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=55–70 |doi=10.1177/03063968241300088 |issn=0306-3968|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 

In addition to the violence and intimidation, there was chronic unemployment and a severe housing shortage. Many people were rendered homeless as a result of intimidation or having their houses burnt, and urban redevelopment played a role in the social upheaval. Belfast families faced being transferred to new, alien estates when older, decrepit districts such as [[Sailortown, Belfast|Sailortown]] and the [[Pound Loney]] were being demolished. According to social worker and author Sarah Nelson, this problem of homelessness and disorientation contributed to the breakdown of the normal fabric of society, allowing for paramilitaries to exert a strong influence in certain districts.<ref name="nelson126"/> Vandalism was also a major problem. In the 1970s, there were 10,000 vandalised empty houses in Belfast alone. Most of the vandals were aged between eight and thirteen.<ref>Murphy, p. 210.</ref>

According to one historian of the conflict, the stress of the Troubles engendered a breakdown in the previously strict sexual morality of Northern Ireland, resulting in a "confused [[hedonism]]" in respect of personal life.<ref>[[Jack Holland (writer)|Jack Holland]]. ''Hope Against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland'', 1999, pp. 12–13. <!-- ISBN/ISSN needed --></ref> In Derry, [[Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate births]] and [[alcoholism]] increased for women and the divorce rate rose.<ref>Murphy, p. 80.</ref> Teenage alcoholism was also a problem, partly as a result of the drinking clubs established in both loyalist and republican areas. In many cases, there was little parental supervision of children in some of the poorer districts.<ref>Murphy, pp. 279–282.</ref> The Department of Health has looked at a report written in 2007 by Mike Tomlinson of [[Queen's University of Belfast|Queen's University]], which asserted that the legacy of the Troubles has played a substantial role in the current rate of suicide in Northern Ireland.<ref>BBC News, 4 July 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</ref>

Further social issues arising from the Troubles include [[antisocial behavior]] and an aversion towards political participation. According to one historian, children raised during the Troubles were found to develop similar antisocial external behaviors as children similarly born in regions of conflict, notably those born and raised during [[World War II]].<ref>Muldoon, ''Children of the Troubles: The Impact of Political Violence in Northern Ireland'', p. 461</ref> Further studies into the impact of violence on the psychological development of children in Northern Ireland also found that those raised during the Troubles were more likely to be averse towards political participation, noting that while older generations still actively associated with their own social and political groups, younger generations became wary of such groups as social and political divisions continued to expand during the thirty years of the Troubles.<ref>Muldoon, ''Children of the Troubles: The Impact of Political Violence in Northern Ireland'', p. 464</ref>

Peace lines, which were built in Northern Ireland during the early years of the Troubles, remain in place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-01-14/northern-ireland-still-divided-peace-walls-20-years-after-conflict|title=Northern Ireland still divided by peace walls 20 years after conflict|website=The World from PRX|date=13 January 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126042135/https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-01-14/northern-ireland-still-divided-peace-walls-20-years-after-conflict|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to a 2022 poll, 69% of Irish nationalists polled believe there was no option but "violent resistance to British rule during the Troubles".<ref>{{cite news |last=Breen |first=Suzanne |title=Seven in 10 nationalists agree with Michelle O'Neill that there was 'no alternative' to IRA's campaign of violence, new poll reveals |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/seven-in-10-nationalists-agree-with-michelle-oneill-that-there-was-no-alternative-to-iras-campaign-of-violence-new-poll-reveals/41924287.html |work=Belfast Telegraph |date=19 August 2022}}</ref>

== Casualties ==
[[File:Troubles deaths by perpetrator.png|thumb|Responsibility for Troubles-related deaths between 1969 and 2001]]
According to the [[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] (CAIN), 3,532 people were killed as a result of the conflict between 1969 and 2001.<ref name="sutton-year">{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Year.html|title=Sutton Index of Deaths: Year of the death|work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] (CAIN)|publisher=[[Ulster University]]|access-date=25 February 2016|archive-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714232618/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Year.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Of these, 3,489 were killed up to 1998.<ref name="sutton-year"/> According to the book ''Lost Lives'' (2006 edition), 3,720 people were killed as a result of the conflict from 1966 to 2006. Of these, 3,635 were killed up to 1998.<ref>[[David McKittrick]] et al. ''Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles''. Random House, 2006. pp. 1551–1554</ref>

In ''The Politics of Antagonism: Understanding Northern Ireland'', [[Brendan O'Leary]] and [[John McGarry]] point out that "nearly two per cent of the population of Northern Ireland have been killed or injured through political violence [...] If the equivalent ratio of victims to population had been produced in Great Britain in the same period some 100,000 people would have died, and if a similar level of political violence had taken place, the number of fatalities in the USA would have been over 500,000".<ref>Brendan O'Leary and John McGarry. ''The Politics of Antagonism: Understanding Northern Ireland''. London: The Athlone Press, 2nd edition, 1996. pp. 12–13.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> Using this relative comparison to the US, analyst John M. Gates suggests that whatever one calls the conflict, it was "certainly not" a "[[low intensity conflict]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch11.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103183053/http://www.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch11.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2007|title=John M. Gates, Ch. 11, The Continuing Problem of Conceptual Confusion – Title|date=3 January 2007}}</ref>

In 2010, it was estimated that 107,000 people in Northern Ireland suffered some physical injury as a result of the conflict. On the basis of data gathered by the [[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]], the [[Victims' Commissioner|Victims Commission]] estimated that the conflict resulted in 500,000 'victims' in Northern Ireland alone. It defines 'victims' are those who are directly affected by 'bereavement', 'physical injury', or 'trauma' as a result of the conflict.<ref>Simon Cunningham. "Troubles created 500 000 victims says official body", ''The Irish News'', 27 September 2011.</ref>

One statistical breakdown of Troubles deaths put the death toll at 3,466, with 3,218 lives lost in Northern Ireland, 125 in Great Britain, 105 in the Republic of Ireland, and 18 in the rest of Europe.<ref name="TroublesRepublic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/troubles/troubles_stats.html|title=Statistical breakdown of deaths in the 'Troubles'|website=www.wesleyjohnston.com|access-date=28 April 2024|archive-date=19 October 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021019190826/https://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/troubles/troubles_stats.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Responsibility ===
Republican paramilitaries were responsible for some 60% of all deaths, loyalists 30% and British security forces 10%.<ref name="suttonresponsible"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Responsibility for killing<ref name="suttonresponsible"/>
|-
! scope="col" |Responsible party
! scope="col" |No.
! scope="col" |%
|-
| Republican paramilitary groups
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,058
| style="text-align:right;" | 60%
|-
| Loyalist paramilitary groups
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,027
| style="text-align:right;" | 30%
|-
| British security forces
| style="text-align:right;" | 365
| style="text-align:right;" | 10%
|-
| Persons unknown
| style="text-align:right;" | 77
| style="text-align:right;" | 
|-
| Irish security forces
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
| style="text-align:right;" | 
|-
| '''Total'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''3,532'''
|}

Loyalists killed 48% of the [[civilian]] casualties, republicans killed 39%, and the British security forces killed 10%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html|title=Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)|work=Conflict Archive on the Internet|access-date=10 December 2020|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324044004/http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html|url-status=live}} (choose "organization summary" and "status" as the variables)</ref> Most of the Catholic civilians were killed by loyalists, and most of the Protestant civilians were killed by republicans.<ref>Rogelio Sáenz, David G. Embrick, Néstor P. Rodríguez (editors). ''The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity''. Springer, 2015. p. 518</ref>

Of those killed by republican paramilitaries:<ref name=org-status/>

* 1,080 (~52.5%) were members/former members of the British security forces
* 722 (~35.1%) were civilians
* 188 (~9.2%) were members of republican paramilitaries
* 57 (~2.8%) were members of loyalist paramilitaries
* 11 (~0.5%) were members of the [[Irish security forces]]

Of those killed by loyalist paramilitaries:<ref name=org-status/>

* 878 (~85.5%) were civilians
* 94 (~9.2%) were members of loyalist paramilitaries
* 41 (~4.0%) were members of republican paramilitaries
* 14 (~1.4%) were members of the British security forces

Of those killed by British security forces:<ref name=org-status>{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html|title=Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)|work=Conflict Archive on the Internet|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324044004/http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html|url-status=live}} (choose "organization summary" and "status summary" as the variables)</ref>

* 188 (~51.5%) were civilians
* 146 (~40.2%) were members of republican paramilitaries
* 18 (~5.0%) were members of loyalist paramilitaries
* 13 (~3.6%) were fellow members of the British security forces

=== Status ===

Approximately 52% of the dead were civilians, 32% were members or former members of the British security forces, 11% were members of republican paramilitaries, and 5% were members of loyalist paramilitaries.<ref name="suttonresponsible">{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Organisation_Summary.html|title=Sutton Index of Deaths: Summary of Organisation responsible|work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] (CAIN)|publisher=[[Ulster University]]|access-date=24 February 2016|archive-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721103456/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Organisation_Summary.html|url-status=live}}</ref> About 60% of the civilian casualties were Catholics, 30% of the civilians were Protestants, and the rest were from outside Northern Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html|title=Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)|work=Conflict Archive on the Internet|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324044004/http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html|url-status=live}} (choose "status summary" and "religion summary" as the variables)</ref>

About 257 of those killed were children under the age of seventeen, representing 7.2% of the total,<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-link=Orla Muldoon|last=Muldoon|first=Orla T.|year=2004|title=Children of the Troubles:The Impact of Political Violence in Northern Ireland|journal=Journal of Social Issues|volume=60|issue=3|pages=453–468|doi=10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00366.x}}</ref> while 274 children under the age of eighteen were killed during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Browne|first=Brendan|year=2014|title=Navigating Risk: Understanding the Impact of the Conflict on Children and Young People in Northern Ireland|journal=Studies in Conflict and Terrorism|volume=37|issue=9|pages=792–805|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2014.931213|s2cid=111038600|url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/18617363/Navigating_Risk_Understanding_the_Impact_of_the_Conflict_on_Children_and_Young_People.pdf|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155821/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/18617363/Navigating_Risk_Understanding_the_Impact_of_the_Conflict_on_Children_and_Young_People.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

It has been the subject of dispute whether some individuals were members of paramilitary organisations. Several casualties that were listed as civilians were later claimed by the IRA as their members.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/bloodysunday/article/0,,718401,00.html "Bloody Sunday victim did volunteer for us, says IRA"], ''The Guardian'', 19 May 2002.</ref> One Ulster Defence Association (UDA) and three Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) members killed during the conflict were also Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldiers at the time of their deaths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1975.html|title=Sutton Index of Deaths: 1975|work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]](CAIN)|publisher=[[Ulster University]]|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-date=14 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514143816/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1975.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At least one civilian victim was an off-duty member of the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]].<ref>Robert Dunseath, killed in the Teebane massacre was a member of the [[Royal Irish Rangers]]: [http://www.royalirishrangers.co.uk/role.html Royal Irish Rangers roll of honour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010084137/http://www.royalirishrangers.co.uk/role.html |date=10 October 2017 }}, royalirishrangers.co.uk. Retrieved 11 March 2015.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deaths by status of victim<ref name="suttonstatus"/>
|-
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | No.
|-
| Civilians <small>(inc. Civilian political activists)</small>
| style="text-align:right;" | 1840<!-- the Sutton tables don't count ex-combatants as civilians -->
|-
| British security force personnel <small>(serving and former members)</small>
| style="text-align:right;" | 1114<!-- the Sutton tables don't count ex-combatants as civilians -->
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[British Army]] (inc. [[Ulster Defence Regiment|UDR]], [[Royal Irish Regiment (1992)|RIR]] and [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|TA]])
| style="text-align:right;" | 757
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 319
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Northern Ireland Prison Service]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 26
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Policing in the United Kingdom|English police forces]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 6
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Royal Air Force]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 4
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Royal Navy]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 2
|-
| Irish security force personnel
| style="text-align:right;" | 11
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Garda Síochána]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Irish Army]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | [[Irish Prison Service]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1
|-
| Republican paramilitaries
| style="text-align:right;" | 397<!-- the Sutton tables don't count ex-combatants as civilians -->
|-
| Loyalist paramilitaries
| style="text-align:right;" | 170<!-- the Sutton tables don't count ex-combatants as civilians -->
|}

=== Location ===
[[File:Deaths in The Troubles by area.png|thumb|Troubles deaths by area]]
Most killings took place within Northern Ireland, especially in Belfast and County Armagh. Most of the killings in Belfast took place in the west and north of the city. [[Dublin]], London and [[Birmingham]] were also affected, albeit to a lesser degree than Northern Ireland itself. Occasionally, the IRA attempted or carried out attacks on British targets in Gibraltar, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/dfa72018b4c95d84d74ccc418561acda|title=Two Suspected IRA members Arrested in Belgium, Netherlands|website=AP NEWS|access-date=20 October 2019|archive-date=23 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623161305/https://apnews.com/dfa72018b4c95d84d74ccc418561acda|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/29/archives/ira-sets-off-bomb-at-belgian-concert-15-persons-are-hurt-in.html|title=I.r.a. Sets Off Bomb at Belgian Concert|newspaper=The New York Times|date=29 August 1979|access-date=22 October 2019|archive-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307151347/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/29/archives/ira-sets-off-bomb-at-belgian-concert-15-persons-are-hurt-in.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conflict-related deaths by location<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Location.html|title=Sutton Index of Deaths: Geographical Location of the death|work=Conflict Archive on the Internet|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-date=8 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608064741/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Location.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | No.
|-
| [[Belfast]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,541
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | West Belfast
| style="text-align:right;" | 623
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | North Belfast
| style="text-align:right;" | 577
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | South Belfast
| style="text-align:right;" | 213
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | East Belfast
| style="text-align:right;" | 128
|-
| [[County Armagh]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 477
|-
| [[County Tyrone]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 340
|-
| [[County Down]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 243
|-
| [[Derry]] City
| style="text-align:right;" | 227
|-
| [[County Antrim]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 209
|-
| [[County Londonderry]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 123
|-
| [[County Fermanagh]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 112
|-
| [[Republic of Ireland]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 116
|-
| England
| style="text-align:right;" | 125
|-
| Continental Europe
| style="text-align:right;" | 18
|}

=== Chronological listing ===

<!-- THE TROUBLES ARE SEEN AS HAVING FINISHED IN 1998. 2003 DEATHS DO NOT BELONG HERE UNLESS SOMEWHERE LIKE CAIN UPDATES THEIR SITE, EDITORS SHOULD NOT ARBITRARILY DECIDE TO EXTEND THE TROUBLES -->

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Conflict-related deaths by year<ref name="sutton-year" />
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | No.
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align:right;" | 16
|-
| 2000
| style="text-align:right;" | 19
|-
| 1999
| style="text-align:right;" | 8
|-
| 1998
| style="text-align:right;" | 55
|-
| 1997
| style="text-align:right;" | 22
|-
| 1996
| style="text-align:right;" | 18
|-
| 1995
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
|-
| 1994
| style="text-align:right;" | 64
|-
| 1993
| style="text-align:right;" | 88
|-
| 1992
| style="text-align:right;" | 88
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align:right;" | 97
|-
| 1990
| style="text-align:right;" | 81
|-
| 1989
| style="text-align:right;" | 76
|-
| 1988
| style="text-align:right;" | 104
|-
| 1987
| style="text-align:right;" | 98
|-
| 1986
| style="text-align:right;" | 61
|-
| 1985
| style="text-align:right;" | 57
|-
| 1984
| style="text-align:right;" | 69
|-
| 1983
| style="text-align:right;" | 84
|-
| 1982
| style="text-align:right;" | 111
|-
| 1981
| style="text-align:right;" | 114
|-
| 1980
| style="text-align:right;" | 80
|-
| 1979
| style="text-align:right;" | 121
|-
| 1978
| style="text-align:right;" | 82
|-
| 1977
| style="text-align:right;" | 110
|-
| 1976
| style="text-align:right;" | 297
|-
| 1975
| style="text-align:right;" | 260
|-
| 1974
| style="text-align:right;" | 294
|-
| 1973
| style="text-align:right;" | 255
|-
| 1972
| style="text-align:right;" | 480
|-
| 1971
| style="text-align:right;" | 171
|-
| 1970
| style="text-align:right;" | 26
|-
| 1969
| style="text-align:right;" | 16
|}

=== Additional statistics ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Additional estimated statistics on the conflict<ref name="secdef05">{{cite web |last1=Melaugh |first1=Mertin |last2=Lynn |first2=Brendan |last3=McKenna |first3=F. |title=Northern Ireland Society – Security and Defence |url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/ni/security.htm |work=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] |publisher=[[Ulster University]] |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226112129/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/ni/security.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Incident
! scope="col" | No.
|-
| Injury
| style="text-align:right;" | 47,541
|-
| Shooting incident
| style="text-align:right;" | 36,923
|-
| Armed robbery
| style="text-align:right;" | 22,539
|-
| People charged with paramilitary offences
| style="text-align:right;" | 19,605
|-
| Bombing and attempted bombing
| style="text-align:right;" | 16,209
|-
| Arson
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,225
|}

=== List of Deaths (1969) ===
{{main|List of people killed during The Troubles (1969–1998)}}

== Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023 ==
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act to address the legacy of the Northern Ireland Troubles and promote reconciliation by establishing an Independent Commission for Reconciliation and Information Recovery, limiting criminal investigations, legal proceedings, inquests and police complaints, extending the prisoner release scheme in the Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998, and providing for experiences to be recorded and preserved and for events to be studied and memorialised, and to provide for the validity of interim custody orders.
| year = 2023
| citation = [[List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 2023|2023]] c. 41
| introduced_commons = 
| introduced_lords = 
| territorial_extent = {{ubli|[[Northern Ireland]]|[[England and Wales]]|[[Scotland]]}}
| royal_assent = 18 September 2023
| commencement = {{ubli|18 September 2023|18 November 2023|1 May 2024}}
| expiry_date = 
| repeal_date = 
| amends = {{ubli|Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998}}
| replaces = 
| amendments = 
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation = 
| status = current
| legislation_history = https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3160
| theyworkforyou = 
| millbankhansard = 
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/41/contents/enacted
| revised_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/41/
| use_new_UK-LEG = 
| UK-LEG_title = Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023
| collapsed = yes
}}
On 18 September 2023, the '''Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023''' (c. 41), also known as the '''Legacy Act''' received royal assent.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK |type=act |year=2023 |chapter=41 |act=Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023 |section= |date=2023-09-18 |accessdate=2024-07-17 }}</ref> 

The [[Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission]] has raised concerns about the legislation's incompatibility with the [[Human Rights Act 1998]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nihrc.org/news/detail/northern-ireland-human-rights-commission-responds-to-legacy-judgment |title=Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission responds to Legacy Judgment |author=[[Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission]] |date=2024-02-28|website=Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission |access-date=2024-07-17  |quote=The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission notes today’s significant judgment. The Commission has continually made clear its concerns about the failure of this legislation to comply with the law, in particular that which was incorporated into UK law by the Human Rights Act 1998.}}</ref>  The legislation exempts conduct related to the Troubles from prosecution and establishes the Independent Commission for Reconciliation and Information Recovery.<ref>{{cite news |last=O’Toole |first=Fintan |date=2024-05-11 |title=On an island still tormented by the Troubles, Britain's Legacy Act is making things worse |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/may/11/island-ireland-troubles-legacy-act-keir-starmer |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=2024-07-17}}</ref>

The legislation has been criticised by all major [[political parties in Northern Ireland]], the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and the Irish government - the Irish government announced it was challenging the legislation through the [[European Court of Human Rights]] and Labour have pledged to repeal the legislation, but have stated they would keep the Independent Commission for Reconciliation and Information Recovery.<ref>{{cite news |last=Crozier|first=Raymona |date=2024-07-05 |title=Hilary Benn is new Northern Ireland secretary|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cx827v8rxzyo|work=BBC|location=London |access-date=2024-07-17}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Ireland|Northern Ireland|United Kingdom}}
* [[2021 Northern Ireland riots]]
* [[Irish Children's Fund]]
* [[List of bombings during the Troubles]]
* [[List of Gardaí killed in the line of duty]]
* [[List of Irish uprisings]]
* [[Outline of the Troubles]]
* [[Segregation in Northern Ireland]]
* [[Timeline of Continuity IRA actions]]
* [[Timeline of Irish National Liberation Army actions]]
* [[Timeline of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions]]
* [[Timeline of Real Irish Republican Army actions]]
* [[Timeline of the Troubles]]
* [[Timeline of Ulster Defence Association actions]]
* [[Timeline of Ulster Volunteer Force actions]]

=== In popular culture ===
* [[:Category:Works about The Troubles (Northern Ireland)]]
* [[List of books about the Troubles]]
* [[List of The Troubles films]]
* [[Murals in Northern Ireland]]

=== Similar conflicts ===
* [[Algerian War]] - Algeria, France
* [[Basque conflict]] – Basque Country, Spain
* [[Corsican conflict]] – Corsica, France
* [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] – Sri Lanka
* [[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead]] - Italy
* [[Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency]] - Turkey

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{main|List of books about the Troubles}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bew |first1=Paul |author-link=Paul Bew |title=Northern Ireland: a chronology of the troubles, 1968–1993 |last2=Gillespie |first2=Gordon |date=1993 |publisher=[[Gill & Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-7171-2081-9 |location=Dublin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bourke |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Bourke (academic) |title=Peace in Ireland: the war of ideas |date=2003 |publisher=[[Pimlico Books]] |isbn=978-1-84413-316-1 |series=Pimlico |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Coogan |first=Tim Pat |author-link=Tim Pat Coogan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWgfwHuOCHYC |title=Ireland in the twentieth century |date=2003 |publisher=[[Arrow Books]] |isbn=978-0-09-941522-0 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Curtis |editor-first=Edmund |editor-link=Edmund Curtis |editor-last2=McDowell |editor-first2=R. B. |editor-link2=R. B. McDowell |date=1977 |orig-date=1943 |chapter=The Act of Settlement, 1662 |title=Irish historical documents, 1172–1922 |chapter-url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/E660001-001.html |series=Methuen Library Reprints |location=London |publisher=Methuen Publishing |pages=158–169 |isbn=978-0-416-85930-0 |oclc=2866114}}
* {{Cite book |last=English |first=Richard |author-link=Richard English |url=https://archive.org/details/armedstrugglehis00engl |title=Armed struggle: the history of the IRA |date=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-516605-7 |location=Oxford; New York |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=English |first=Richard Ludlow |author-link=Richard English |title=Civil resistance and power politics: the experience of non-violent action from Gandhi to the present |date=2009 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-955201-6 |editor-last=Roberts |editor-first=Adam |editor-link=Adam Roberts (scholar) |location=London |pages=75–90 |chapter=The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in Northern Ireland, 1967–72 |editor-last2=Ash |editor-first2=Timothy Garton |editor-link2=Timothy Garton Ash}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ingram |first1=Martin |author-link=Martin Ingram |url=https://archive.org/details/stakeknifebritai0000hark_s6b7 |title=Stakeknife: Britain's secret agents in Ireland |last2=Harkin |first2=Greg |date=2004 |publisher=O'Brien |isbn=978-0-86278-843-8 |location=Dublin |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=Stephen |date=2022 |title=Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975–1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oy8LEAAAQBAJ |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-11538-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=McKittrick |first1=David |last2=McVea |first2=David |date=2002 |title=Making sense of the Troubles: the story of the conflict in Northern Ireland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-OD6zU_8uEC |edition=Revised |series=Penguin Books |location=Chicago |publisher=New Amsterdam Books |isbn=978-1-56131-070-8}}
* {{Cite book |last1=McKittrick |first1=David |author-link=David McKittrick |last2=Kelters |first2=Seamus |last3=Feeney |first3=Brian |last4=Thornton |first4=Chris |last5=McVea |first5=David |date=2008 |title=Lost lives: the stories of the men, women, and children who died as a result of the Northern Ireland troubles |title-link=Lost Lives |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |edition=Revised and updated |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-84018-504-1 |oclc=ocm41503120}}
* {{Cite book |last=Myers |first=Kevin |author-link=Kevin Myers |title=Watching the door: a memoir, 1971–1978 |date=2006 |publisher=[[Lilliput Press]] |isbn=978-1-84351-085-7 |location=Dublin, Ireland}}
* {{Cite book |last=Potter |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwCTBMB_w2EC |title=A testimony to courage: the regimental history of the Ulster Defence Regiment |date=2001 |publisher=Leo Cooper |isbn=978-0-85052-819-0 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ryder |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Ryder (journalist) |url=https://archive.org/details/ulsterdefencereg0000ryde |title=The Ulster Defence Regiment: an instrument of peace? |date=1991 |publisher=[[Methuen Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-413-64800-6 |location=London |url-access=registration}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Northern Ireland Troubles}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections Northern Ireland Elections Archive]
* [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ Northern Ireland Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN Project)]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/troubles/the_troubles_article_01.shtml BBC Northern Ireland: The Troubles]
* [http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/troubles/index.htm The Troubles – Statistical Analysis]
* [http://www.peacewall-archive.net Peacewall Archive] – An archive of photos, maps, texts and links relating to Belfast's [[Peace lines]] – a legacy of 'The Troubles'
* [https://wikileaks.org/wiki/UK_military_operations_in_Northern_Ireland_1969-2006_aka_Operation_Banner British Army Historical Document]
* [[Linen Hall Library]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130203185316/http://www.linenhall.com/northernIrelandPoliticalCollection.asp Northern Ireland Political Collection]
* [https://www.c-span.org/video/?42686-1/irish-troubles ''Booknotes'' interview with J. Bowyer Bell on ''The Irish Troubles: A Generation of Violence, 1967–1992'', 6 June 1993.]
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.1633583|name=Ulster|description=(1970)}}
* [http://www.theirishstory.com/tag/the-troubles/ The Irish Story archive on the Troubles]
* [http://www.sinnfein.org/releases/freedom.html The Conflict in Ireland – 1991 Sinn Féin document]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24987465 Interview with undercover soldiers by BBC dated 21 November 2013]
* [http://player.bfi.org.uk/film/watch-belfast-no-way-out-1970/ Belfast: No Way Out (1970) on BFI Player]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712122750/http://player.bfi.org.uk/film/watch-belfast-no-way-out-1970/ |date=12 July 2017 }}
* [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch72.htm Timeline of events]

{{The Troubles|state = collapsed}}
{{Post-Cold War European conflicts}}
{{Ireland topics}}
{{1968 protests}}
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{{PIRA}}
{{OIRA/WP}}
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{{CIRA/RSF}}
{{RIRA/32CSM}}
{{Ulster Defence Association}}
{{Ulster Volunteer Force}}
{{Loyalist Volunteer Force}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Troubles, The}}
[[Category:The Troubles (Northern Ireland)| ]]
[[Category:1960s in Irish politics]]
[[Category:1969 in Northern Ireland]]
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