Editing Thermodesulfobacteriota

{{short description|Phylum of Gram-negative bacteria}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Dvulgaris micrograph.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris]]''
| taxon = Thermodesulfobacteriota
| authority = Garrity & Holt 2021<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oren A, Garrity GM | title = Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes | journal = Int J Syst Evol Microbiol | year = 2021 | volume = 71 | issue = 10 | pages = 5056 | doi = 10.1099/ijsem.0.005056 | pmid = 34694987 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Classes<ref name="Waite">{{cite journal | vauthors = Waite DW, Chuvochina M, Pelikan C, Parks DH, Yilmaz P, Wagner M, Loy A, Naganuma T, Nakai R, Whitman WB, Hahn MW, Kuever J, ((Hugenholtz P.)) | year = 2020 | title = Proposal to reclassify the proteobacterial classes ''Deltaproteobacteria'' and ''Oligoflexia'', and the phylum ''Thermodesulfobacteria'' into four phyla reflecting major functional capabilities | journal = Int J Syst Evol Microbiol | volume = 70 | issue = 11 | pages = 5972–6016 | doi = 10.1099/ijsem.0.004213 | pmid = 33151140| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| subdivision = 
* "''Ca.'' [[Anaeroferrophillalia]]" <small> Murphy et al. 2021</small>
* "''Ca.'' [[Anaeropigmentia]]" <small> Murphy et al. 2021</small>
* "''Ca.'' [[Dadabacteria]]"<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gavriilidou et al. | title = Candidatus Nemesobacterales is a sponge-specific clade of the candidate phylum Desulfobacterota adapted to a symbiotic lifestyle | journal = The ISME Journal | year = 2023 | volume = 17 | issue = 11 | pages = 1808–1818 | doi = 10.1038/s41396-023-01484-z | doi-access = free | pmid = 37587369 | pmc = 10579324 | bibcode = 2023ISMEJ..17.1808G }}</ref>
* [[Deferrisomatia]] <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* [[Desulfarculia]] <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* [[Desulfobaccia]] <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* [[Desulfobacteria]] <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* [[Desulfobulbia]] <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* "''Ca.'' [[Desulfofervidia]]" <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* [[Desulfomonilia]] <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* [[Desulfovibrionia]] <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* [[Desulfuromonadia]] <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* [[Dissulfuribacteria]] <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* [[Syntrophia]] <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* [[Syntrophobacteria]] <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* [[Syntrophorhabdia]] <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* [[Thermodesulfobacteria]] <small>Hatchikian et al. 2002</small>
* "''Ca.'' [[Zymogenia]]" <small>Murphy et al. 2021</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Waite"/>
| synonyms = * '''Desulfobacterota''' <small>Waite et al. 2020</small>
* "''Ca.'' Dadabacteria" <small>Hug et al. 2016</small>
* "Thermodesulfobacteraeota" <small>Oren et al. 2015</small>
* Thermodesulfobacteria <small>Garrity and Holt 2002</small>
}}

The '''Thermodesulfobacteriota''', or '''Desulfobacterota''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Waite |first1=David W |last2=Chuvochina |first2=Maria |last3=Pelikan |first3=Claus |last4=Parks |first4=Donovan H |last5=Yilmaz |first5=Pelin |last6=Wagner |first6=Michael |last7=Loy |first7=Alexander |last8=Naganuma |first8=Takeshi |last9=Nakai |first9=Ryosuke |last10=Whitman |first10=William B |last11=Hahn |first11=Martin W |last12=Kuever |first12=Jan |last13=Hugenholtz |first13=Philip |date=2020-11-01 |title=Proposal to reclassify the proteobacterial classes Deltaproteobacteria and Oligoflexia, and the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria into four phyla reflecting major functional capabilities |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |language=en |volume=70 |issue=11 |pages=5972–6016 |doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.004213 |issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free |pmid=33151140 }}</ref> are a [[phylum]] of [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]] [[Gram-negative bacteria|Gram-negative]] [[bacteria]]. Many representatives are [[sulfate-reducing bacteria]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Albert Leopold |last2=Kjeldsen |first2=Kasper Urup |last3=Rattei |first3=Thomas |last4=Pester |first4=Michael |last5=Loy |first5=Alexander |date=2015-05-01 |title=Phylogenetic and environmental diversity of DsrAB-type dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductases |journal=The ISME Journal |language=en |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=1152–1165 |doi=10.1038/ismej.2014.208 |issn=1751-7362 |pmc=4351914 |pmid=25343514|bibcode=2015ISMEJ...9.1152M }}</ref> others can grow by [[disproportionation]] of various sulphur species,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Slobodkin |first1=A. I. |last2=Slobodkina |first2=G. B. |date=2019 |title=Diversity of Sulfur-Disproportionating Microorganisms |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S0026261719050138 |journal=Microbiology |language=en |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=509–522 |doi=10.1134/S0026261719050138 |issn=0026-2617|url-access=subscription }}</ref> reduction or iron,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Slobodkina |first1=G. B. |last2=Reysenbach |first2=A.-L. |last3=Panteleeva |first3=A. N. |last4=Kostrikina |first4=N. A. |last5=Wagner |first5=I. D. |last6=Bonch-Osmolovskaya |first6=E. A. |last7=Slobodkin |first7=A. I. |date=2012-10-01 |title=Deferrisoma camini gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic, dissimilatory iron(III)-reducing bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent that forms a distinct phylogenetic branch in the Deltaproteobacteria |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.038372-0 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=Pt_10 |pages=2463–2468 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.038372-0 |pmid=22140176 |issn=1466-5026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> or even use external surfaces as electron acceptors ([[Exoelectrogen|exoelectrogens]]).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Bond |first1=Daniel R. |last2=Holmes |first2=Dawn E. |last3=Tender |first3=Leonard M. |last4=Lovley |first4=Derek R. |date=2002-01-18 |title=Electrode-Reducing Microorganisms That Harvest Energy from Marine Sediments |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1066771 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=295 |issue=5554 |pages=483–485 |doi=10.1126/science.1066771 |pmid=11799240 |bibcode=2002Sci...295..483B |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They have highly variable [[Bacterial cellular morphologies|morphology]]: vibrio, rods, cocci,<ref name=":0" /> as well as filamentous [[cable bacteria]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Pfeffer |first1=Christian |last2=Larsen |first2=Steffen |last3=Song |first3=Jie |last4=Dong |first4=Mingdong |last5=Besenbacher |first5=Flemming |last6=Meyer |first6=Rikke Louise |last7=Kjeldsen |first7=Kasper Urup |last8=Schreiber |first8=Lars |last9=Gorby |first9=Yuri A. |last10=El-Naggar |first10=Mohamed Y. |last11=Leung |first11=Kar Man |last12=Schramm |first12=Andreas |last13=Risgaard-Petersen |first13=Nils |last14=Nielsen |first14=Lars Peter |date=2012 |title=Filamentous bacteria transport electrons over centimetre distances |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11586 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=491 |issue=7423 |pages=218–221 |doi=10.1038/nature11586 |pmid=23103872 |bibcode=2012Natur.491..218P |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Individual members of Desulfobacterota are also studied for their [[bacterial nanowires]]<ref name=":5" /> or [[Syntrophy|syntrophic relationships]].<ref name=":3" />[[File:MBE TOL.jpg|left|thumb|[[Phylogenetic tree]] of [[Prokaryote|prokaryotes]] based on [[Ribosomal protein|ribosomal proteins]] and [[RNA polymerase]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martinez-Gutierrez |first1=Carolina A |last2=Aylward |first2=Frank O |date=2021-12-09 |editor-last=Battistuzzi |editor-first=Fabia Ursula |title=Phylogenetic Signal, Congruence, and Uncertainty across Bacteria and Archaea |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/38/12/5514/6358142 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=5514–5527 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msab254 |issn=1537-1719 |pmc=8662615 |pmid=34436605}}</ref> Desulfobacterota are closely related to [[Pseudomonadota|Pseudomonadota/Proteobacteria]], [[Myxococcota]], and [[Bdellovibrionota]].|226x226px]]
== Taxonomy ==
The bacterial phylum Desulfobacterota has been created by merging: 1) the well-established class [[Thermodesulfobacteria]], 2) the proposed phylum Dadabacteria, and 3) various taxa separated from the abandoned non-monophyletic class "Deltaproteobacteria" alongside three other phyla: [[Myxococcota]], [[Bdellovibrionota]], and SAR324.<ref name=":0" />

== Environment ==
In contrast to their close relatives, the [[Aerobic organism|aerobic]] phyla [[Myxococcota]] and [[Bdellovibrionota]], Desulfobacterota are predominantly [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]].<ref name=":0" /> They likely retained their anaerobic lifestyle since before the [[Great Oxidation Event]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Davín |first1=Adrián A. |title=An evolutionary timescale for Bacteria calibrated using the Great Oxidation Event |date=2023-08-11 |url=http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2023.08.08.552427 |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2023.08.08.552427 |last2=Woodcroft |first2=Ben J. |last3=Soo |first3=Rochelle M. |last4=Morel |first4=Benoit |last5=Murali |first5=Ranjani |last6=Schrempf |first6=Dominik |last7=Clark |first7=James |last8=Boussau |first8=Bastien |last9=Moody |first9=Edmund R. R.}}</ref>

Three closely related classes within Desulfobacterota: [[Thermodesulfobacteria]], [[Dissulfuribacteria]], and [[Desulfofervidia]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Krukenberg |first1=Viola |last2=Harding |first2=Katie |last3=Richter |first3=Michael |last4=Glöckner |first4=Frank Oliver |last5=Gruber-Vodicka |first5=Harald R. |last6=Adam |first6=Birgit |last7=Berg |first7=Jasmine S. |last8=Knittel |first8=Katrin |last9=Tegetmeyer |first9=Halina E. |last10=Boetius |first10=Antje |last11=Wegener |first11=Gunter |date=2016 |title=Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii, a hydrogenotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium involved in the thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane |journal=Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=3073–3091 |doi=10.1111/1462-2920.13283 |issn=1462-2912|doi-access=free |pmid=26971539 |bibcode=2016EnvMi..18.3073K }}</ref> as well as the more distant [[Deferrisomatia]], are exclusively [[Thermophile|thermophilic]], while most members of other classes are [[Mesophile|mesophiles]]<ref name=":0" /> or even [[Psychrophile|psychrophiles]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Knoblauch |first1=Christian |last2=Sahm |first2=Kerstin |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Bo B. |date=1999-10-01 |title=Psychrophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from permanently cold Arctic marine sediments: description of Desulfofrigus oceanense gen. nov., sp. nov., Desulfofrigus fragile sp. nov., Desulfofaba gelida gen. nov., sp. nov., Desulfotalea psychrophila gen. nov., sp. nov. and Desulfotalea arctica sp. nov. |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-49-4-1631 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1631–1643 |doi=10.1099/00207713-49-4-1631 |pmid=10555345 |issn=1466-5026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Isaksen |first1=M. F. |last2=Teske |first2=Andreas |date=1996-09-13 |title=Desulforhopalus vacuolatus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new moderately psychrophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium with gas vacuoles isolated from a temperate estuary |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s002030050371 |journal=Archives of Microbiology |volume=166 |issue=3 |pages=160–168 |doi=10.1007/s002030050371 |bibcode=1996ArMic.166..160I |issn=0302-8933|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Metabolism ==
[[Sulfate-reducing bacteria]] (SRB) utilize [[sulfate]] as a terminal electron acceptor in a respiratory-type metabolism, coupled to the oxidation of [[Organic compound|organic compounds]] or [[hydrogen]]. By reducing sulfate, many Desulfobacterota species substantially contribute to the [[sulfur cycle]].<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Dissimilatory sulfate reduction.svg|thumb|500x500px|Dissimilatory sulfate reduction|none]]
Microbial sulfur [[disproportionation]] (MSD) is a poorly known type of energy metabolism analogous to organic fermentation, where a single inorganic sulfur species of intermediate [[oxidation state]] is simultaneously oxidized and reduced, resulting in production of [[sulfide]] and [[sulfate]]. In Desulfobacterota, MSD is often present in species that also perform [[Sulfate-reducing microorganism|sulfate reduction]].<ref name=":1" />

[[Microbial oxidation of sulfur|Sulfur oxidation]] is rare among Desulfobacterota.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Thorup |first1=Casper |last2=Schramm |first2=Andreas |last3=Findlay |first3=Alyssa J. |last4=Finster |first4=Kai W. |last5=Schreiber |first5=Lars |date=2017-07-18 |title=Disguised as a Sulfate Reducer: Growth of the Deltaproteobacterium Desulfurivibrio alkaliphilus by Sulfide Oxidation with Nitrate |journal=mBio |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=10.1128/mbio.00671–17 |doi=10.1128/mbio.00671-17 |pmc=5516251 |pmid=28720728}}</ref> However, several strains are known to perform this type of metabolism using diverse mechanisms. Strain MLMS-1 couples oxidation of [[sulfide]] to [[Arsenate-reducing bacteria|reduction]] [[Arsenate-reducing bacteria|of arsenate]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hoeft |first1=Shelley E. |last2=Kulp |first2=Thomas R. |last3=Stolz |first3=John F. |last4=Hollibaugh |first4=James T. |last5=Oremland |first5=Ronald S. |date=2004 |title=Dissimilatory arsenate reduction with sulfide as electron donor: experiments with mono lake water and Isolation of strain MLMS-1, a chemoautotrophic arsenate respirer |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=2741–2747 |doi=10.1128/AEM.70.5.2741-2747.2004 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=404439 |pmid=15128527|bibcode=2004ApEnM..70.2741H }}</ref> ''[[Dissulfuribacter thermophilus]]'' ([[Dissulfuribacteria]]) oxidizes elemental sulfur with [[dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Slobodkina |first1=Galina B. |last2=Mardanov |first2=Andrey V. |last3=Ravin |first3=Nikolai V. |last4=Frolova |first4=Anastasia A. |last5=Chernyh |first5=Nikolay A. |last6=Bonch-Osmolovskaya |first6=Elizaveta A. |last7=Slobodkin |first7=Alexander I. |date=2017 |title=Respiratory Ammonification of Nitrate Coupled to Anaerobic Oxidation of Elemental Sulfur in Deep-Sea Autotrophic Thermophilic Bacteria |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=8 |pages=87 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.00087 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-302X |pmc=5276818 |pmid=28194142}}</ref> ''[[Desulfurivibrio alkaliphilus]]'' ([[Desulfobulbia]]) couples oxidation of sulfide to the dissimilatory reduction of [[nitrate]] and [[nitrite]] to ammonium.<ref name=":6" /> [[Cable bacteria]], closely related to ''D.''&nbsp;''alkaliphilus'', oxidize sulfide using a long-distance electron transport to oxygen or nitrate reduction — see below.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trojan |first1=Daniela |last2=Schreiber |first2=Lars |last3=Bjerg |first3=Jesper T. |last4=Bøggild |first4=Andreas |last5=Yang |first5=Tingting |last6=Kjeldsen |first6=Kasper U. |last7=Schramm |first7=Andreas |date=2016 |title=A taxonomic framework for cable bacteria and proposal of the candidate genera Electrothrix and Electronema |journal=Systematic and Applied Microbiology |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=297–306 |doi=10.1016/j.syapm.2016.05.006 |issn=1618-0984 |pmc=4958695 |pmid=27324572|bibcode=2016SyApM..39..297T }}</ref>

[[Ferric|Fe(III) minerals]] can be microbially reduced by Fe-reducing bacteria (FeRB) using a wide range of organic compounds or H<sub>2</sub> as electron donors. FeRB are widespread across [[Bacteria]]. Among Desulfobacterota, they are represented e.g. by the genus ''[[Geobacter]]'' ([[Desulfuromonadia]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Luef |first1=Birgit |last2=Fakra |first2=Sirine C |last3=Csencsits |first3=Roseann |last4=Wrighton |first4=Kelly C |last5=Williams |first5=Kenneth H |last6=Wilkins |first6=Michael J |last7=Downing |first7=Kenneth H |last8=Long |first8=Philip E |last9=Comolli |first9=Luis R |last10=Banfield |first10=Jillian F |date=2013-02-01 |title=Iron-reducing bacteria accumulate ferric oxyhydroxide nanoparticle aggregates that may support planktonic growth |journal=The ISME Journal |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=338–350 |doi=10.1038/ismej.2012.103 |issn=1751-7362 |pmc=3554402 |pmid=23038172|bibcode=2013ISMEJ...7..338L }}</ref>

Certain species of the families [[Geobacteraceae]] and [[Desulfuromonadaceae]] ([[Desulfuromonadia|Desulfuromonadia)]] are able to use external surfaces as [[electron acceptors]] to complete respiration.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Holmes |first1=Dawn E. |last2=Nicoll |first2=Julie S. |last3=Bond |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Lovley |first4=Derek R. |date=2004 |title=Potential Role of a Novel Psychrotolerant Member of the Family Geobacteraceae , Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in Electricity Production by a Marine Sediment Fuel Cell |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=70 |issue=10 |pages=6023–6030 |doi=10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=522133 |pmid=15466546|bibcode=2004ApEnM..70.6023H }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reguera |first1=Gemma |last2=McCarthy |first2=Kevin D. |last3=Mehta |first3=Teena |last4=Nicoll |first4=Julie S. |last5=Tuominen |first5=Mark T. |last6=Lovley |first6=Derek R. |date=2005 |title=Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03661 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=435 |issue=7045 |pages=1098–1101 |doi=10.1038/nature03661 |pmid=15973408 |bibcode=2005Natur.435.1098R |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Species of the genus ''[[Geobacter]]'' use [[bacterial nanowires]] to transfer electrons to extracellular electron acceptors such as [[Fe(III)]] oxides.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Reguera |first1=Gemma |last2=McCarthy |first2=Kevin D. |last3=Mehta |first3=Teena |last4=Nicoll |first4=Julie S. |last5=Tuominen |first5=Mark T. |last6=Lovley |first6=Derek R. |date=2005 |title=Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03661 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=435 |issue=7045 |pages=1098–1101 |doi=10.1038/nature03661 |pmid=15973408 |bibcode=2005Natur.435.1098R |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Geobacter Sulfurreducens Pathway.jpg|none|thumb|400x400px|Alternative [[Electron transport chain|Electron Transport Chain]] to move electrons to outer membrane of ''[[Geobacter sulfurreducens|Geobacter Sulfurreducens]]'']]
Certain species of the class [[Syntrophia]] use simple organic molecules as [[Electron donor|electron donors]] and grow only in the presence of [[Hydrogen|H<sub>2</sub>]]/[[formate]]-utilizing partners ([[Methanogen|methanogens]] or ''[[Desulfovibrio]]'') in [[Syntrophy|syntrophic]] associations.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kuever |first=Jan |title=The Family Syntrophaceae |date=2014 |work=The Prokaryotes |pages=281–288 |editor-last=Rosenberg |editor-first=Eugene |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-39044-9_269 |access-date=2025-03-27 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-39044-9_269 |isbn=978-3-642-39043-2 |editor2-last=DeLong |editor2-first=Edward F. |editor3-last=Lory |editor3-first=Stephen |editor4-last=Stackebrandt |editor4-first=Erko|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The family [[Desulfobulbaceae]] contains two genera of [[cable bacteria]]: ''Ca.''&nbsp;[[Electronema]] and ''Ca.''&nbsp;[[Electrothrix]]. These filamentous [[bacteria]] conduct electricity across distances over 1&nbsp;cm, which allows them to connect distant sources of [[Electron donor|electron donors]] and [[electron acceptors]].<ref name=":4" /><gallery>
File:Cable bacteria in sediment.png|[[Cable bacteria]] in between two layers of sediment
File:Cable diagram.svg|Diagram demonstrating [[cable bacteria]] metabolism in surface sediment
File:Model representation of a cable bacteria cell.jpg|Model representation of a [[cable bacteria]] cell
</gallery>

== Notable species ==

* ''[[Desulfobulbus propionicus]]'' ([[Desulfobulbia]]), described in 1982 from mud samples in [[Germany]], can serve as a [[Biocatalysis|biocatalyst]] in microbial [[electrosynthesis]], i.e. the usage of [[Electron|electrons]] by microorganism to reduce [[carbon dioxide]] to [[Organic compound|organic molecules]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gong |first1=Yanming |last2=Ebrahim |first2=Ali |last3=Feist |first3=Adam M. |last4=Embree |first4=Mallory |last5=Zhang |first5=Tian |last6=Lovley |first6=Derek |last7=Zengler |first7=Karsten |date=2013-01-02 |title=Sulfide-Driven Microbial Electrosynthesis |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es303837j |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=568–573 |doi=10.1021/es303837j |pmid=23252645 |bibcode=2013EnST...47..568G |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* ''[[Lawsonia intracellularis]]'' ([[Desulfovibrionia]]), described in 1995 from the intestines of [[Pig|pigs]] with proliferative [[enteropathy]] disease, is a highly pathogenic [[Intracellular parasite|intracellular]] parasite.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McORIST |first1=S. |last2=Gebhart |first2=C. J. |last3=Boid |first3=R. |last4=Barns |first4=S. M. |date=1995-10-01 |title=Characterization of Lawsonia intracellularis gen. nov., sp. nov., the Obligately Intracellular Bacterium of Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-45-4-820 |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=820–825 |doi=10.1099/00207713-45-4-820 |pmid=7547305 |issn=0020-7713}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gebhart |first1=C. J. |last2=Barns |first2=S. M. |last3=Mcorist |first3=S. |last4=Lin |first4=G.-F. |last5=Lawson |first5=G. H. K. |date=1993-07-01 |title=Ileal Symbiont Intracellularis, an Obligate Intracellular Bacterium of Porcine Intestines Showing a Relationship to Desulfovibrio Species |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-43-3-533 |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=533–538 |doi=10.1099/00207713-43-3-533 |pmid=8347512 |issn=0020-7713}}</ref>
* ''[[Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis]]'' ([[Desulfovibrionia]]), described in 2004 from an [[oil well]] in [[Alaska]], corrodes metals and reduces toxic [[Radionuclide|radionuclides]] and metals such as [[uranium]] and [[chromium]] to less soluble and less toxic forms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feio |first=M. J. |date=2004-09-01 |title=Desulfovibrio alaskensis sp. nov., a sulphate-reducing bacterium from a soured oil reservoir |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.63118-0 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |language=en |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=1747–1752 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.63118-0 |pmid=15388739 |issn=1466-5026|hdl=21.11116/0000-0001-D111-F |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hauser |first1=Loren J. |last2=Land |first2=Miriam L. |last3=Brown |first3=Steven D. |last4=Larimer |first4=Frank |last5=Keller |first5=Kimberly L. |last6=Rapp-Giles |first6=Barbara J. |last7=Price |first7=Morgan N. |last8=Lin |first8=Monica |last9=Bruce |first9=David C. |last10=Detter |first10=John C. |last11=Tapia |first11=Roxanne |last12=Han |first12=Cliff S. |last13=Goodwin |first13=Lynne A. |last14=Cheng |first14=Jan-Fang |last15=Pitluck |first15=Samuel |date=2011-08-15 |title=Complete Genome Sequence and Updated Annotation of Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20 |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |language=en |volume=193 |issue=16 |pages=4268–4269 |doi=10.1128/JB.05400-11 |issn=0021-9193 |pmc=3147700 |pmid=21685289}}</ref>
* ''[[Syntrophorhabdus aromaticivorans]]'' (Syntrophorhabdia), described in 2008 from industrial [[wastewater]], is the first cultured [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobe]] capable of degrading [[phenol]] to [[acetate]] in obligate [[Syntrophy|syntrophic]] associations with a hydrogenotrophic [[methanogen]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qiu |first1=Yan-Ling |last2=Hanada |first2=Satoshi |last3=Ohashi |first3=Akiyoshi |last4=Harada |first4=Hideki |last5=Kamagata |first5=Yoichi |last6=Sekiguchi |first6=Yuji |date=2008 |title=Syntrophorhabdus aromaticivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., the First Cultured Anaerobe Capable of Degrading Phenol to Acetate in Obligate Syntrophic Associations with a Hydrogenotrophic Methanogen |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=74 |issue=7 |pages=2051–2058 |doi=10.1128/AEM.02378-07 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=2292594 |pmid=18281436|bibcode=2008ApEnM..74.2051Q }}</ref>

* ''[[Dissulfuribacter thermophilus]]'' ([[Dissulfuribacteria]]), described in 2013 from a [[Deep sea|deep-sea]] [[hydrothermal vent]], does not reduce sulfate and instead [[Disproportionation|disproportionates]] elemental [[sulfur]] and other intermediate sulfur species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Slobodkin |first1=A. I. |last2=Reysenbach |first2=A.-L. |last3=Slobodkina |first3=G. B. |last4=Kolganova |first4=T. V. |last5=Kostrikina |first5=N. A. |last6=Bonch-Osmolovskaya |first6=E. A. |date=2013-06-01 |title=Dissulfuribacter thermophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, autotrophic, sulfur-disproportionating, deeply branching deltaproteobacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.046938-0 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |language=en |volume=63 |issue=Pt_6 |pages=1967–1971 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.046938-0 |pmid=23024145 |issn=1466-5026|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* ''Ca.'' [[Desulfofervidus auxilii]] (''Ca.'' Desulfofervidia), described in 2016 from [[Guaymas Basin]] sediments, is involved in the [[anaerobic oxidation of methane|anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM)]] together with [[Archaea|archaeal]] [[Syntrophy|syntrophic]] partners.<ref name=":3" />

== Microscopy ==
<gallery>
File:Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense JSP.jpg|[[Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense|''Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense'']]
File:Dvulgaris micrograph.JPG|''[[Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris]]''
File:Caldimicrobium rimae.jpg|''[[Caldimicrobium rimae]]''
File:Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilum.jpg|''[[Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilum]]''
File:Cell morphology of Dissulfuribacter thermophilus strain S69.gif|[[Dissulfuribacter thermophilus|''Dissulfuribacter thermophilus'']]
File:Thermodesulfatator indicus CIR 29812.jpg|''[[Thermodesulfatator indicus]]''
File:Thermosulfurimonas dismutans.jpg|[[Thermosulfurimonas dismutans|''Thermosulfurimonas dismutans'']]
File:Thermodesulfobacterium commune.jpg|''[[Thermodesulfobacterium commune]]''
File:Thermodesulfatator atlanticus.jpg|''[[Thermodesulfatator atlanticus]]''
File:Thermosulfuriphilus ammonigenes.jpg|''[[Thermosulfuriphilus ammonigenes]]''
File:Desulfovibrio alaskensis cells on stainless steel 304.jpg|''[[Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis]]''
File:Electronema candidate specie.jpg|''Ca.'' [[Electronema]] sp.
File:Mouse gut-derived taurine-respiring strain LT0009 that represents Taurinivorans muris.jpg|''[[Taurinivorans muris]]''
File:41467 2023 41008 Fig1c-FISH.jpg|''[[Taurinivorans muris]]''
File:Proposal of catalyzing bio-voltage memristors.webp|''[[Geobacter sulfurreducens]]'' and its [[bacterial nanowires]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fu |first1=Tianda |last2=Liu |first2=Xiaomeng |last3=Gao |first3=Hongyan |last4=Ward |first4=Joy E. |last5=Liu |first5=Xiaorong |last6=Yin |first6=Bing |last7=Wang |first7=Zhongrui |last8=Zhuo |first8=Ye |last9=Walker |first9=David J. F. |last10=Joshua Yang |first10=J. |last11=Chen |first11=Jianhan |last12=Lovley |first12=Derek R. |last13=Yao |first13=Jun |date=2020-04-20 |title=Bioinspired bio-voltage memristors |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=1861 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-15759-y |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7171104 |pmid=32313096|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.1861F }}</ref>
File:Geobacter sulfurreducens.TIF|''[[Geobacter sulfurreducens]]''
</gallery>

==Phylogeny==
{{see also|Bacterial taxonomy}}
The phylogeny is based on [[phylogenomic]] analysis:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=1 | 
! colspan=1 | 120 marker proteins based [[Genome Taxonomy Database|GTDB]] 09-RS220<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 09-RS220 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]] |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=bac120_r220.sp_labels |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release220/220.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r220.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]] |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]] |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>
|- 
| style="vertical-align:top|
'''Waite et al. 2020'''<ref name="Waite"/>

{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|label1=Thermodesulfo
|sublabel1=-bacteriota
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
    |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Deferrisomatia]]
      |1=[[Deferrisomatales]]
       }}
    |2={{clade
      |1="[[Dadaibacteria]]"
      |2={{clade
        |label1=Desulfuromonadia
        |1={{clade
          |1=[[Geobacterales]]
          |2=[[Desulfuromonadales]]
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
        |label1=[[Desulfomonilia]]
        |1=Desulfomonilales
         }}
      |2={{clade
        |label1=[[Syntrophia]]
        |1=[[Syntrophales]]
        |label2=[[Syntrophorhabdia]]
        |2=Syntrophorhabdales
         }}
       }}
    |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1={{clade
            |label1=[[Dissulfuribacteria]]
            |1=Dissulfuribacterales
            |label2="[[Thermodesulfobacteria|Thermodesulfobacteriia]]"
            |2=[[Thermodesulfobacteriales]]
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Desulfobulbia]]
            |1=Desulfobulbales
             }}
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |label1="[[Desulfofervidia]]"
          |1="Desulfofervidales"
          |label2=[[Desulfovibrionia]]
          |2=[[Desulfovibrionales]]
           }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1={{clade
            |label1=[[Syntrophobacteria]]
            |1=[[Syntrophobacterales]]
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Desulfobaccia]] 
            |1=Desulfobaccales
            |label2=[[Desulfarculia]]
            |2={{clade
              |1="Adiutricales"
              |2=Desulfarculales
               }}
             }}
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |label1=[[Desulfobacteria]]
          |1={{clade
            |1=[[Desulfatiglandales]]
            |2=[[Desulfobacterales]]
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}


'''16S rRNA based [[The All-Species Living Tree Project|LTP]]_10_2024'''<ref>{{cite web |title=The LTP |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP| access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LTP_all tree in newick format |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LTP_10_2024 Release Notes |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref>

{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|label1=Desulfobacterota G
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Syntrophorhabdia]]
  |1=Syntrophorhabdales
   }}
}}
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1="Desulfuromonadota"
  |1={{clade
    |label1=Desulfuromonadia
    |1={{clade
      |1=[[Geobacterales]]
      |2=[[Desulfuromonadales]]
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1=Desulfobacterota_A
  |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Desulfovibrionia]]
    |1=[[Desulfovibrionales]]
     }}
   }}
}}
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
|label1="[[Desulfatiglandia]]"
|1=Desulfatiglandales
   }}
}}
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Desulfomonilia]]
  |1=[[Desulfomonilales]]
  |label2=[[Syntrophia]]
  |2=[[Syntrophales]]
   }}
}}
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Desulfobacterota]]
  |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Desulfobacteria]]
    |1=[[Desulfobacterales]]
     }}
   }}
}}
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1=Thermodesulfobacteriota
  |1={{clade
    |label1="[[Thermodesulfobacteria|Thermodesulfobacteriia]]"
    |1=[[Thermodesulfobacteriales]]
     }}
   }}
}}
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Desulfobaccia]]
    |1=Desulfobaccales
    |label2=[[Dissulfuribacteria]]
    |2=Dissulfuribacterales
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Desulfarculia]]
      |1=Desulfarculales
      |label2=[[Syntrophobacteria]]
      |2=[[Syntrophobacterales]]
       }}
    |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Desulfobulbia]]
      |1=Desulfobulbales
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1="[[Deferrisomatota]]"
  |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Deferrisomatia]] 
    |1=[[Deferrisomatales]]
     }}
   }}
}}
|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1="[[Binatota]]"
  |sublabel1=(Desulfobacterota B)
  |1={{clade
    |label1="Binatia" 
    |1="Binatales"
     }}
  |label2="[[Deferrisomatota]]"
  |sublabel2=(Desulfobacterota C)
  |2={{clade
    |label1=[[Deferrisomatia]] 
    |1=[[Deferrisomatales]]
     }}
   }}
}}
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1="[[Deferrimicrobiota]]"
  |sublabel1=(Desulfobacterota E)
  |1={{clade
    |label1="Deferrimicrobiia" 
    |1="Deferrimicrobiales" 
     }}
  |label2=Thermodesulfo
  |sublabel2=-bacteriota
  |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
      |label1="[[Zymogenia]]"
      |1="Zymogenales"
      |label2="[[Anaeroferrophilia]]" 
      |2="Anaeroferrophilales"
       }}
    |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
      |label1=Desulfuromonadia
      |1={{clade
        |1=[[Geobacterales]]
        |2=[[Desulfuromonadales]]
         }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |label1=[[Desulfomonilia]]
          |1=[[Desulfomonilales]]
          |label2=[[Syntrophia]]
          |2=[[Syntrophales]]
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
              |1={{clade
                |label1=[[Dissulfuribacteria]]
                |1=Dissulfuribacterales
                |label2="[[Thermodesulfobacteria|Thermodesulfobacteriia]]"
                |2=[[Thermodesulfobacteriales]]
                 }}
              |2={{clade
                |label1=[[Desulfobulbia]]
                |1=Desulfobulbales
                 }}
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |label1=[[Desulfovibrionia]]
              |1=[[Desulfovibrionales]]
               }}
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
              |label1="[[Desulfofervidia]]"
              |1="Desulfofervidales"
              |label2="[[Desulfatiglandia]]"
              |2=Desulfatiglandales
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |1={{clade
                |1={{clade
                  |label1=[[Desulfobaccia]]
                  |1=Desulfobaccales
                  |label2=[[Desulfarculia]]
                  |2={{clade
                    |1="Adiutricales"
                    |2=Desulfarculales
                     }}
                   }}
                |2={{clade
                  |label1=[[Syntrophobacteria]]
                  |1=[[Syntrophobacterales]]
                   }}
                 }}
              |2={{clade
                |label1=[[Desulfobacteria]]
                |1=[[Desulfobacterales]]
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
    |label1=Desulfobacterota G
    |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Syntrophorhabdia]]
      |1=Syntrophorhabdales
       }}
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |label1="[[Dadaibacteriota]]" 
    |sublabel1=(Desulfobacterota D)
    |1={{clade
      |label1="Dadabacteria" 
      |1="Nemesobacterales" 
       }}
    |label2="[[Acidulodesulfobacteriota]]"
    |2={{clade
    |label1="Acidulodesulfobacteriia"
    |1="Acidulidesulfobacterales" <br/>(SZUA-79)
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|}

== See also ==

* [[Sulfur cycle]]
* [[Exoelectrogen]]
* [[Cable bacteria]]
* [[Syntrophy]]
* [[Thermophile]]
* [[Bacterial nanowires]]
* [[Sulfate-reducing microorganism|Sulfate reducing bacteria]]

==Reference==
{{Reflist|2}}{{Bacteria classification}}
{{Life on Earth}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q20643853}}
[[Category:Thermodesulfobacteriota| ]]
[[Category:Bacteria phyla]]
[[Category:Astrobiology]]
[[Category:Extremophiles]]
[[Category:Thermophiles]]