Editing Thomas C. Hart

{{Short description|US Navy admiral and US senator (1877–1971)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|image       = Thomas Charles Hart.jpg
|alt         = Senator Thomas Charles Hart
|caption     = 
|jr/sr       = United States Senator
|state       = [[Connecticut]]
|term_start  = February 15, 1945
|term_end    = November 5, 1946
|appointed   = [[Raymond E. Baldwin]]
|predecessor = [[Francis T. Maloney]]
|successor   = [[Raymond E. Baldwin]]
|birth_name  = Thomas Charles Hart
|birth_date  = {{Birth date|1877|6|12}}
|birth_place = [[Davison, Michigan]], US
|death_date  = {{Death date and age|1971|7|4|1877|6|12}}
|death_place = [[Sharon, Connecticut]], US
|restingplace = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
|party       = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|spouse      = Caroline Robinson Brownson (1884–1982)
|children    = Roswell Roberts Hart, Thomas Comins Hart, Harriet Taft (Hart) Sayre
<!--Military service-->
|allegiance= [[United States of America]]
|branch={{Naval|United States|navy-1864}}
|serviceyears = 1897–1945
|rank = [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|35px]] [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]]
|commands = {{USS|Chicago|CA-14|6}}<br />[[Submarine Division 2]]<br />[[Submarine Division 5]]<br />{{USS|Mississippi|BB-41|6}}<br />[[Submarine Flotilla 3]]<br />[[Cruiser Division 6]]<br />[[United States Asiatic Fleet]]<br />[[ABDACOM|ABDAFLOAT]]
|battles     = [[Spanish–American War]]
* [[Battle of Santiago de Cuba]]
[[World War I]]<br>
[[World War II]]
* [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)]]
* [[Dutch East Indies Campaign]]

|mawards= [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal|Distinguished Service Medal]] (2)
}}
'''Thomas Charles Hart''' (June 12, 1877{{spaced ndash}}July 4, 1971) was an [[admiral]] in the [[United States Navy]], whose service extended from the [[Spanish–American War]] through [[World War II]]. Following his retirement from the navy, he served briefly as a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Connecticut]].

==Life and career==
Hart was born in Davison, Michigan. He attended the [[United States Naval Academy]] at [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]], graduating 13th in a class of 47 in 1897. Naval policy at the time required two years of sea duty following graduation from Annapolis before a naval cadet was commissioned an ensign.   Hart spent the next two years aboard the battleship {{USS|Massachusetts|BB-2}}. During the Spanish–American War, '' Massachusetts'' became part of the American fleet blockading the Spanish squadron at Santiago de Cuba. Hart received a letter of commendation for his command of a steam cutter dispatched to reconnoiter Cabanas Bay for possible landing sites.  Under a withering fusillade of fire from Spanish shore batteries, Hart completed the mission and returned his craft to the ship without any casualties although the skiff was struck several times.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UStHAQAAIAAJ&q=naval+cadet+hart+annual+report+of+the+secretary+of+the+navy+1898&pg=PA499|title=Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the Year 1898, Appendix to the Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation |year=1898 |pages=499–500|access-date=October 29, 2015}}</ref> Because of his ship handling skills, Hart was sent to augment the crew of a converted yacht, {{USS|Vixen|PY-4}}.<ref name="NavHistHartbio">[https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/thomas-c-hart.html Thomas C. Hart biography at Naval History and Heritage Command]</ref>  under Lt. Alexander Sharp Jr. and executive officer Ensign [[Arthur MacArthur III]], older brother of Douglas MacArthur. The three quickly became lifelong friends.

Following the Spanish–American War, Hart spent two years on the sloop-of-war {{USS|Hartford}}, after which he was posted to the Naval Academy, where he taught [[Artillery|ordnance]] and gunnery for two years.  While at Annapolis, he courted  Miss Caroline Brownson, daughter of Rear Admiral [[Willard H. Brownson]], then superintendent of the Naval Academy and later commander of the [[United States Asiatic Fleet|Asiatic Fleet]] in 1906–07.  Following his time at Annapolis, Hart served as a division officer on {{USS|Missouri|BB-11}} and then assumed his first command, the destroyer {{USS|Lawrence|DD-8}}.  Hart married Miss Brownson on March 30, 1910.  At that time, LCDR Hart was assigned to inspect the building of the new {{sclass|Delaware|battleship}} {{USS|North Dakota|BB-29|2}} at the [[Fore River Shipyard]] in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], to which he was assigned prior to its commissioning on Monday, April 11, 1910.<ref>''[[Oakland Tribune]]'' (Sunday morning edition, March 27, 1910, p. 4, column 1, section – "Washington Society News and Gossip")</ref><ref>''[[The Washington Post]]'' (Thursday edition, March 31, 1910, p. 7, columns 3–4, section – "Miss Brownson a Bride").</ref> The Harts spent their honeymoon at the newly rebuilt luxury resort "[[The Omni Homestead Resort|The Homestead]]", in [[Hot Springs, Virginia|Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia]].<ref>''The Washington Post'' Monday edition, April 11, 1910, p. 7, column 3, section – "Personal Paragraphs".</ref>

Following his assignment on {{USS|North Dakota|BB-29|6}}, Hart became qualified to command submarines. In 1917 he was chief of staff to the Commander, Submarine Force, Atlantic Fleet ([[COMSUBLANT]]), commanding COMSUBLANT's flagship {{USS|Chicago|CA-14|2}} at [[Submarine Base New London|New London]], [[Connecticut]].<ref name="NavHistHartbio"/>  He also served in [[World War I]] as Director of Submarine Operations for the Navy Department. Serving in this office as its head until 1922, Hart fought doggedly to improve the lot of the submarine arm of the navy. His tenacity was responsible for the U.S. Navy's acquisition of surrendered German [[U-boat]]s after World War I to learn the details of the technical innovations incorporated in the erstwhile enemy craft. Examination and trials of these U-boats were very influential in subsequent US Navy submarine design.<ref>Friedman submarines, pp. 159–161</ref> He also was involved in the development of the [[Mark 6 exploder|Mark 6]] [[torpedo]] [[fuze|exploder]].<ref name= cox>{{cite book| last = Cox| first = Jeffrey| title = Rising Sun, Falling Skies: The disastrous Java Sea Campaign of World War II| publisher = Osprey Publishing| edition = illustrated| date = 2015| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SckfAwAAQBAJ| isbn = 978-1472808349}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

After World War I, Hart commanded {{USS|Mississippi|BB-41|6}}. From 1931–34, Hart was Superintendent of the [[United States Naval Academy]].

An unsuccessful recommendation of Hart's while on the [[General Board of the United States Navy|General Board]], beginning in 1936, was the building of small submarines. Hart's plan was to replace the aging [[United States S-class submarine|S-boats]], [[United States R-class submarine|R-boats]], and [[United States O-class submarine|O-boats]] to provide area defense of submarine bases. This plan resulted in only two experimental submarines, {{USS|Mackerel|SS-204|2}} and {{USS|Marlin|SS-205|2}}.<ref>Friedman submarines, pp. 221–224</ref> During this period, Hart successfully advocated the building of large [[destroyer leader]]s, later classified as [[anti-aircraft cruisers|anti-aircraft light cruisers]] (CLAAs), which became the [[Atlanta-class cruiser|''Atlanta'' class]] and others.<ref>Friedman cruisers, pp. 228–236</ref>

==World War II==
[[File:Admiral Thomas C. Hart (1942).jpg|thumbnail|Hart in 1942]]
Hart was appointed commander in chief, U.S. [[Asiatic Fleet]] on July 25, 1939, and was promoted to [[Admiral (United States)|admiral]] the same day.  He held that position at the commencement of hostilities in World War II between [[Imperial Japan|Japan]] and the United States in December 1941.<ref>Morison, S.E., ''History of United States Naval Operations in World War II'', Little, Brown & Company, 1948, vol 3, pp. 151, 158.</ref> The majority of forces under Hart's command were located in the [[Philippines]], with a small force of destroyers and a light cruiser based in [[Borneo]].<ref>Morison, pp. 158–160.</ref><ref>[http://www.navsource.org/Naval/usfb.htm Asiatic Fleet deployment 7 December 1941]</ref> His command included the majority of the combat-ready US submarines in the [[Pacific War|Pacific]].<ref>[http://www.navsource.org/Naval/usf06.htm US submarine deployment 7 December 1941]</ref> Hart initially commanded U.S. naval forces from [[Manila]], but was forced to relocate to [[Java]] on January 15, 1942, in light of rapid Japanese advances through the Philippine archipelago.<ref>Morison, p. 278</ref>  On his relocation to Java, Hart was named Commander, Naval Forces, [[ABDACOM|ABDA Command]], a joint British, Dutch, American and Australian military command, formed for purposes of holding the southern portions of the [[Dutch East Indies]] against further Japanese advances.<ref>Morison, pp. 277–279</ref> While in command of ABDA naval forces, ships under his command fought the [[Naval Battle of Balikpapan|Battle of Balikpapan]], a tactical victory, but strategic defeat for the allied forces.<ref>Morison, p. 291</ref>  Hart held the command of the [[United States Asiatic Fleet|U.S. Navy Asiatic Fleet]] until February 5, 1942, at which point the command ceased to exist as part of a broader U.S. military command restructuring in the [[Southwest Pacific Area|Southwest Pacific]].<ref>Morison, p. 279</ref>  Hart continued to hold the position of commander for ABDA naval forces until relieved of operational responsibilities on February 12, 1942.<ref name="Morison, p. 312">Morison, p. 312</ref> Hart formally was relieved of this title on February 16, 1942, when he left Java, ostensibly for health reasons, (and for political reasons as he was undermined by his British and Dutch subordinate Commanders). Returning to the US via Batavia to Ceylon on a British passenger vessel and then onto the United States.<ref name="Morison, p. 312"/>

Hart returned to the United States on March 8, 1942.<ref>''Passenger List of Pan American Airways System – Atlantic Division, Yankee Clipper'' (NC 18603). From the ''Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 1897–1957'' (National Archives Microfilm Publication Year: 1942; Microfilm serial: T715; Microfilm roll: T715_6613; Line: 1).</ref> President Roosevelt presented Hart with a Gold Star in lieu of a second [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal|Distinguished Service Medal]] in July 1942 (his first Distinguished Service Medal having been awarded for his service in World War I) for "[h]is conduct of the operations of the Allied naval forces in the Southwest Pacific area during January and February 1942, was characterized by unfailing judgment and sound decision, coupled with marked moral courage, in the face of discouraging surroundings and complex associations."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101014165437/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790520,00.html Time June 1, 1942]</ref>  Hart was retired with the rank of [[admiral]] in July 1942, but recalled to duty in August 1942 as a member of the U.S. Navy's [[General Board of the United States Navy|General Board]].  Hart retired from active duty a second time in February 1945, on his appointment to the U.S. Senate to fill the seat of Francis T. Maloney, on Maloney's death.

==Family and legacy==
Hart's daughter Harriet Taft Hart married [[Francis B. Sayre, Jr.]], who was the son of President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s daughter [[Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre]].<ref name=mvg>Julia Wells. [http://www.mvgazette.com/article.php?18785 Born in the White House, Pastor to All, Very Rev. Francis B. Sayre Jr. Dies at 93]</ref>

{{USS|Thomas C. Hart|FF-1092}}, commissioned in 1973, was named for Hart and was sponsored by Hart's granddaughter, Penny Hart Bragonier.

Upon his death on July 4, 1971, Hart was buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref>[https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgRoYXJ0EgZ0aG9tYXMaAWM-/ Burial Detail: Hart, Thomas C] – ANC Explorer</ref>

==Decorations==
Here is the ribbon bar of Admiral Hart:

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Submarine_Officer_badge.jpg|width=256|alt=}}
|-
|colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=award-star|ribbon=Navy Distinguished Service ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sampson Medal ribbon.JPG|width=106|alt=}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Spanish Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Mexican Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=China Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg|width=106|alt=}}
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan="19"|[[Submarine Warfare insignia|Officer Submarine Badge]]
|-
!1st Row
|colspan="6"|[[Distinguished Service Medal (US Navy)|Navy Distinguished Service Medal]] with Gold Star
|colspan="7"|[[Sampson Medal]]
|-
!2nd Row
|colspan="3"|[[Spanish Campaign Medal]]
|colspan="3"|[[Mexican Service Medal]]
|colspan="2"|[[World War I Victory Medal (United States)|World War I Victory Medal]] with Submarine Clasp
|-
!3rd Row
|colspan="3"|[[China Service Medal]]
|colspan="3"|[[American Defense Service Medal]] with Fleet Clasp
|colspan="3"|[[American Campaign Medal]]
|-
!4th Row
|colspan="3"|[[Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]] with one service star
|colspan="3"|[[World War II Victory Medal (United States)|World War II Victory Medal]]
|colspan="3"|[[Order of Orange-Nassau|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau with Swords]]

|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy|List of superintendents of the United States Naval Academy]]
* [[List of United States senators from Connecticut]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
* Friedman, Norman ''US Submarines through 1945: An Illustrated Design History'', Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995, {{ISBN|1-55750-263-3}}.
* Friedman, Norman ''US Cruisers: An Illustrated Design History'', Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-87021-718-6}}.
* Alden, John D., Commander, USN (retired). ''The Fleet Submarine in the U.S. Navy'', Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1979, {{ISBN|0-87021-187-0}}.
* {{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/t4/thomas_c_hart.htm}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Hart, Thomas|title=War in the Pacific: The Classified Report of Admiral Thomas C. Hart|publisher=Clarion Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-0988714571}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Thomas C. Hart}}
* [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000293 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress: Thomas Charles Hart]
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/hart/hart-00.html ibiblio.org – Proceedings of the Hart Inquiry, on the Pearl Harbor Attack]
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/invest.html Proceedings of Pearl Harbor investigations including the Hart Inquiry]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/007188}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | before=[[Samuel Robison|Samuel S. Robison]] | title=[[List of Superintendents of the United States Naval Academy|Superintendent of United States Naval Academy]] | years=1931–1934 | after=[[David F. Sellers]]}}
{{succession box|title=Commander-in-Chief, [[United States Asiatic Fleet]]|before=[[Harry E. Yarnell]]|after=none|years=July 25, 1939 – February 14, 1942}}
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{U.S. Senator box
| state=Connecticut
| class=1
| alongside=[[Brien McMahon]]
| before=[[Francis T. Maloney|Francis Maloney]]
| after=[[Raymond E. Baldwin|Raymond Baldwin]]
| years=February 15, 1945 – November 5, 1946}}
{{s-end}}

{{USSenCT}}
{{United States Naval Academy superintendents}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hart, Thomas C.}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Davison, Michigan]]
[[Category:Politicians from Brookline, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:United States Navy World War II admirals]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Michigan]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Spanish–American War]]
[[Category:United States Naval Academy alumni]]
[[Category:United States Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Connecticut Republicans]]
[[Category:United States submarine commanders]]
[[Category:Naval War College alumni]]
[[Category:Superintendents of the United States Naval Academy]]
[[Category:Republican Party United States senators from Connecticut]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Connecticut]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:20th-century United States senators]]