Editing Thomas Cook

{{Short description|English businessman (1808–1892)}}
{{about|the travel entrepreneur|the current travel company|Thomas Cook Holidays|the defunct airline|Thomas Cook Airlines|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image              = Thomas.Cook.jpg
| name               = Thomas Cook
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1808|11|22|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Melbourne, Derbyshire|Melbourne]], [[Derbyshire]], England
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1892|7|18|1808|11|22|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Leicester]], England
| occupation         = Founder of [[Thomas Cook & Son]]
| organization       = [[Thomas Cook & Son]]
| footnotes          =
| signature          =
}}

'''Thomas Cook''' (22 November 1808&nbsp;– 18 July 1892) was the founder of the [[travel agency]] [[Thomas Cook & Son]]. He was born into a poor family in [[Derbyshire]] and left school at the age of ten to start work as a gardener's boy. He served an apprenticeship as a cabinet maker before becoming an itinerant [[Baptists|Baptist]] preacher. He was a supporter of the [[Temperance movement in the United Kingdom|temperance movement]] and his first foray into tourism was a railway excursion to [[Loughborough]] for members of the Leicester Temperance Society in 1841. Following the success of this excursion, Cook, by now settled with his family in [[Leicester]], began to organise tours further afield in the British Isles and, eventually, to the United States, Egypt and the [[Holy Land]]. In 1872, he went into business with his son as ''[[Thomas Cook & Son]]'', with a head office in London. Following his retirement in 1878, he returned to Leicester and took an interest in the Baptist church and charitable work until his death. Cook is credited with having, through his all-inclusive tours, made travel and tourism accessible to a wider public.

== Early life ==
Thomas Cook was born on 22 November 1808 to Elizabeth and John Cook, who lived in a small cottage in Quick Close in the village of [[Melbourne, Derbyshire]]. His father was a labourer who died when Cook was four years old; his mother was the daughter of a [[New Connexion of General Baptists|New Connexion Baptist]] preacher. At the age of 10, Cook left  school and started working as a gardener's boy on [[Peniston Lamb, 1st Viscount Melbourne|Lord Melbourne]]'s estate, while continuing his education at Sunday School and later becoming a Sunday School teacher. In 1828, he left an apprenticeship as a cabinet-maker to become an itinerant Baptist preacher, distributing tracts and setting up Sunday Schools in villages in the [[South Midlands ]]for an annual salary of £36. In 1829, he met Marianne Mason, a farmer's daughter and Sunday School teacher from [[Barrowden]] in [[Rutland]]. The couple married on 3 March 1833 at [[ St Peter's Church, Barrowden]] and set up home in [[Market Harborough]] in Leicestershire, with Cook working as a wood-tujarner. They had one surviving son, John Mason Cook, and daughter, Annie Elizabeth.<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/6152|title=Cook, Thomas (1808–1892)|year=2004}}</ref><ref name=simmons>{{cite web|url=http://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/CookSmPagesfromvolumeXLIX-3.pdf|title=Thomas Cook of Leicester|last=Simmons|first=Jack|date=1973|work=Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society 49|access-date=3 July 2020|archive-date=26 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826004959/http://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/CookSmPagesfromvolumeXLIX-3.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

== First excursions ==
[[File:Thomas Cook Building, Leicester, panels.jpg|thumb|Panels from the Thomas Cook Building, Gallowtree Gate, Leicester, displaying excursions offered by Thomas Cook]]
While he was living at Market Harborough, Cook became a supporter of the temperance movement. In 1836, both he and Marianne signed the pledge and Cook became active in campaigning for abstention from alcohol.<ref name=odnb/> Cook described how he got the idea for his first railway excursion when he was walking the 15 miles from his home to Leicester in June 1841 to attend a temperance meeting:<ref name=story>{{cite web|url=https://www.storyofleicester.info/city-stories/thomas-cooks-leicester/|title=Leicester – the birthplace of popular tourism|work=Story of Leicester|access-date=8 January 2025|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825225551/https://www.storyofleicester.info/city-stories/thomas-cooks-leicester/|url-status=live}}</ref> "A thought flashed through my brain – what a glorious thing it would be if the newly developed powers of railways and locomotion could be made subservient to the promotion of temperance". Cook's plan came to fruition on 5 July 1841, when he took a party of 485 members of the Leicester Temperance Society on a rail excursion from [[Leicester railway station|Leicester Campbell Street Railway Station]] to Loughborough to attend a temperance meeting.   He charged passengers one [[shilling]] each to cover the cost of hiring a train from the [[Midland Counties Railway]].<ref name=story/> On the 150th anniversary of the excursion, a statue of Cook by [[James Butler (artist)|James Butler]] was unveiled outside Leicester Railway Station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crosbyheritage.co.uk/location/leicester/thomas-cook-statue/|title=Thomas Cook statue|publisher=Crosby Heritage|access-date=8 January 2025|archive-date=7 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107005037/http://crosbyheritage.co.uk/location/leicester/thomas-cook-statue/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Thomas Cook Statue Leicester 2013.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.6|Statue near Leicester railway station]]

Later in the year 1841, Cook moved to Leicester and set up as a bookseller and printer. He also ran two temperance hotels with his wife and his mother. In 1845, he organised his first profit-making excursion, taking a party to [[Liverpool]], [[Caernarfon]] and [[Mount Snowdon]]. The following year he branched out with tours to Scotland and in 1851 he arranged for 165,000 people to travel to the [[Great Exhibition]] in London.<ref name=odnb/> That same year he began publishing ''Cook's Excursionist'', a monthly magazine which, as well as advice to travellers and advertisements for travel goods, contained testimonials from people who had been on Cook's tours. One traveller wrote: "Everything is organised, everything is catered for, one does not have to bother oneself with anything at all, neither timings, nor luggage nor hotels".<ref name=lethbridge>{{cite book |first=Lucy| last=Lethbridge |title=Tourist: how the British went abroad to find themselves|date=2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|25}}

== Foreign tours ==
Having organised tours in England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and the Isle of Man over the previous decade, Cook planned his first excursion abroad in 1855, "a grand circular tour of the Continent", visiting major cities in Belgium, Germany and France and enabling tourists to visit the [[Exposition Universelle (1855)|Paris Exhibition]].<ref name=guardian>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2018/nov/22/thomas-cook-the-father-of-modern-tourism-archive-1958|title=Thomas Cook: the father of modern tourism – archive, 1958|date=22 November 2018|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Thomas Cook’s first tours to the continent|first=Jill|last=Hamilton|url=https://thehistorypress.co.uk/article/thomas-cooks-first-tours-to-the-continent/|publisher=The History Press|date=2017-07-04|accessdate=2025-05-10}}</ref> In 1862, Scottish railway companies stopped issuing cheap group tickets for tour groups and Cook turned his attention further afield, to Switzerland and Italy, the United States, Egypt and the Holy Land.<ref name=odnb/>

In 1865, Cook acquired business premises on [[Fleet Street]] in London. The office also contained a shop which sold essential travel accessories, including [[Cook's Travellers Handbooks|guide books]], luggage, and footwear. In 1872, he formed a partnership with his son, John Mason Andrew  Cook, and renamed the travel agency as ''Thomas Cook & Son''.<ref name=huff>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/thomas-cook-history-founder_uk_5d888a8ae4b0957256b9bb22|title=How one man built Thomas Cook’s travel empire from humble beginnings|date=23 September 2019|work=Huffington Post}}</ref> In 1868, the company introduced "hotel coupons" which were issued to travellers and could be exchanged for restaurant meals and hotel accommodation. "Circular notes", a form of [[traveller's cheque]], were introduced in 1874 and enabled tourists to obtain local currency.<ref name=story/> Cook made his first round-the-world tour in 1874, and the same year advertised an annual conducted trip for 200 [[Guinea (coin)|guineas]].<ref name=guardian/>

While Cook travelled the world, his son stayed at home to run the company, moving to a new London headquarters at [[Ludgate Circus]]. Cook and his son had different attitudes towards the business, with John Mason Cook being the more commercially-minded, and, after a number of quarrels, Cook retired from the partnership in 1878.<ref name=odnb/>

== Later life ==
Following his retirement, Cook moved back to Leicester to a house, Thorncroft, he had had built on London Road.<ref name=story/> His later years were marred by the death of his daughter in 1880 and of his wife in 1884 and by increasing loss of sight. He still managed to travel and went to the [[Holy Land]] in 1888. At home, he continued his work for the Baptist Church, the temperance movement, and other charities. He died following a stroke on 18 July 1892.<ref name=odnb/> He was buried in Welford cemetery in Leicester.<ref name=building>{{cite web|url=https://www.storyofleicester.info/leisure-entertainment/thomas-cook-building/|title=A travel pioneer|access-date=9 January 2025|work=Story of Leicester}}</ref> His wealth at death was £2731 7s. 2d His son died in 1899, leaving an estate of £622,534 3s. 4d. The business of Thomas Cook & Son was then run by Cook's three grandsons.<ref name=odnb/> 
[[File:Thomas Cook (geograph 2259744).jpg|right|thumb|Cook's grave in [[Welford Road Cemetery]], Leicester]]

== Legacy ==
Cook is commemorated in the village of his childhood, Melbourne, by [[Almshouse|almshouses]] and a chapel he had built in 1890. A plaque reads:"General Baptist Memorial Cottages and Mission Hall. Erected by Thomas Cook, a Native of Melbourne 1890".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/services-skills/education/educational-images/thomas-cook-almshouses-high-street-melbourne-6941|title=Thomas Cook Almshouses, High Street, Melbourne, Derbyshire|access-date=9 January 2025|work=Historic England}}</ref> In Leicester he is commemorated by his statue outside the railway station and a blue plaque on his home, Thorncroft.<ref name=building/>

Historian of tourism Alan McNee described Cook as "perhaps the nineteenth century's greatest force for popularizing and democratizing travel", writing:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/public-space/were-all-going-on-a-summer-holiday-the-rise-of-thomas-cook/|title=Summer holiday: the rise of Thomas Cook|first=Alan|last=McNee|date=27 September 2024|work=History Workshop|access-date=9 January 2025|archive-date=2 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202222906/https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/public-space/were-all-going-on-a-summer-holiday-the-rise-of-thomas-cook/|url-status=live}}</ref> 
<blockquote>Although the firm and its clients were often criticized by conservative commentators as a vulgarizing and destructive influence, Cook’s promotion of 'excursion' travel allowed a huge number of ordinary British men and women to experience travel in a way that would have been unimaginable for their parents and grandparents. In doing so, Cook transformed the fields of tourism and leisure.</blockquote>

==See also==
* [[Thomas Cook European Timetable]]
* [[Cook's Travellers Handbooks]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cook, Thomas}}
[[Category:1808 births]]
[[Category:1892 deaths]]
[[Category:British hospitality businesspeople]]
[[Category:Burials at Welford Road Cemetery]]
[[Category:British businesspeople in tourism]]
[[Category:English Baptists]]
[[Category:English carpenters]]
[[Category:English chief executives]]
[[Category:English company founders]]
[[Category:People from Melbourne, Derbyshire]]
[[Category:English Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:English evangelicals]]
[[Category:19th-century Baptists]]
[[Category:19th-century English businesspeople]]