Editing Thomas Say

{{short description|American naturalist (1787–1834)}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name                    = Thomas Say
|image                   = File:Thomas Say by Joseph Wood, c. 1812, oil on wood, from the National Portrait Gallery - NPG-NPG 72 112Say-000001.jpg
|image_size              = 
|caption                 = Thomas Say by [[Joseph Wood (painter)|Joseph Wood]], c. 1812
|birth_date              = {{Birth date|1787|6|27|mf=y}}
|birth_place             = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]
|death_date              = {{death date and age|1834|10|10|1787|6|27|mf=y}}
|death_place             = [[New Harmony, Indiana|New Harmony]], [[Indiana]]
|residence               = 
|citizenship             = 
|nationality             = [[United States|American]]
|ethnicity               =
|field                   = [[Natural history]], [[Entomology]]
|work_institution        = [[Academy of Natural Sciences]]
|alma_mater              = 
|doctoral_advisor        = 
|doctoral_students       = 
|known_for               = "father of descriptive entomology in the United States"
|author_abbreviation_bot = 
|author_abbreviation_zoo = 
|prizes                  = 
|religion                = 
|footnotes               = 
}}
'''Thomas Say''' (June 27, 1787 – October 10, 1834) was an American [[entomologist]], [[conchologist]], and [[Herpetology|herpetologist]]. His studies of insects and shells, numerous contributions to scientific journals, and scientific expeditions to Florida, Georgia, the Rocky Mountains, Mexico, and elsewhere made him an internationally known [[naturalist]]. Say has been called the father of American descriptive entomology and American conchology. He served as librarian for the [[Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia]], curator at the [[American Philosophical Society]] (elected in 1817),<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1817&year-max=1817&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-04-02|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> and professor of natural history at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>Mallis, 1971</ref><ref>Pitzer, 1989</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Philadelphia]] into a prominent [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]] family, Thomas Say was the great-grandson of [[John Bartram]], and the great-nephew of [[William Bartram]]. His father, Dr. [[Benjamin Say]], was brother-in-law to another Bartram son, Moses Bartram. The Say family had a house, "The Cliffs" at [[Gray's Ferry Bridge|Gray's Ferry]], adjoining the Bartram family farms in Kingessing township, Philadelphia County. As a boy, Say often visited the family garden, [[Bartram's Garden]], where he frequently took butterfly and beetle specimens to his great-uncle William.

==Career==
[[File:Thomas Say's Phoebe.jpg|thumb|left|[[Say's phoebe]] (''Sayornis saya'')]]

Say trained to be an apothecary. A self-taught naturalist, Say helped found the [[Academy of Natural Sciences]] of Philadelphia (ANSP) in 1812.  In 1816, he met [[Charles Alexandre Lesueur]], a French naturalist, malacologist, and ichthyologist who soon became a member of the Academy and served as its curator until 1824.

At the Academy, Say began his work on what he would publish as ''American Entomology''.  To collect insects, he made numerous expeditions to frontier areas, risking [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indian]] attacks and hazards of traveling in wild countryside.  In 1818, Say accompanied his friend [[William Maclure]], then the ANSP president and father of American [[geology]]; Gerhard Troost, a geologist; and other members of the Academy on a geological expedition to the off-shore islands of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[Florida]], then a Spanish colony.

In 1819–20, Major [[Stephen Harriman Long]] led an exploration to the [[Rocky Mountains]] and the tributaries of the [[Missouri River]], with Say as zoologist. Their official account of this expedition included the first descriptions of the [[coyote]], [[swift fox]], [[western kingbird]], [[band-tailed pigeon]], [[rock wren]], [[Say's phoebe]],  [[lesser goldfinch]], [[lark sparrow]], [[lazuli bunting]], [[orange-crowned warbler]], [[Common Checkered Whiptail|checkered whiptail lizard]], [[Common collared lizard|collared lizard]], [[Scincella lateralis|ground skink]], [[Pantherophis obsoletus|western rat snake]], and [[Thamnophis proximus|western ribbon snake]].<ref>Say T (1823). '''''In'':''' [[Edwin James (scientist)|James E]] (1823). ''Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, Performed in the Years 1819 and '20, by Order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, Sec'y of War: Under the Command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the Notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other Gentlemen of the Exploring Party, Vol. I.'' Philadelphia: H.C. Carey and I. Lea. 503 pp.</ref>

[[Image:Papilio glacusSayP040CAA1.jpg|thumb|''Papilio turnus'' (= ''[[Papilio glaucus]]''), from ''American Entomology'']]
In 1823, Say served as chief zoologist in Long's expedition to the headwaters of the [[Mississippi River]].  He traveled on the "Boatload of Knowledge" to the [[New Harmony, Indiana|New Harmony]] Settlement in [[Indiana]] (1826–34), a [[utopia]]n society experiment founded by [[Robert Owen]].  Say was accompanied by Maclure, Lesueur, Troost, and [[Francis Neef]], an innovative pedagogue. There he later met [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz]], another naturalist.

On January 4, 1827, Say secretly married [[Lucy Say|Lucy Way Sistare]], whom he had met as one of the passengers to New Harmony, near the settlement. She was an artist and illustrator of specimens, as in the book ''American Conchology'', and was elected as the first woman member of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

At New Harmony, Thomas Say carried on his monumental work describing insects and mollusks, leading to two classic works:
*''American Entomology, or Descriptions of the Insects of North America'', 3 volumes, Philadelphia, 1824–1828.
*''American Conchology, or Descriptions of the Shells of North America Illustrated From Coloured Figures From Original Drawings Executed from Nature'', Parts 1–6, New Harmony, 1830–1834; Part 7, Philadelphia, 1836.

Many of the scientific names assigned by Say are no longer accepted. Lists of the former names matched with current scientific and common names are available.<ref>Clark Kimberling, [https://www.cornelius-tiebout-engravings.org/part_11.html Cornelius Tiebout Engravings: Part 11. ''American Entomology'']</ref><ref>Clark Kimberling, [https://www.cornelius-tiebout-engravings.org/part_12.html Cornelius Tiebout Engravings: Part 12. ''American Conchology'']</ref>

During their years in New Harmony, Say and Lesueur experienced considerable difficulties. Say was a modest and unassuming man, who lived frugally like a [[hermit]]. He abandoned commercial activities and devoted himself to his studies, making difficulties for his family.

Say died, apparently from [[typhoid fever]], in New Harmony on 10 October 1834, when he was 47 years old.

==Legacy and honors==
{{see also|:Category:Taxa named by Thomas Say}}

Say described more than 1,000 new species of [[beetle]]s, more than 400 species of [[insect]]s of other orders, and seven well-known species of snakes.<ref>[[Karl Patterson Schmidt|Schmidt, Karl P.]]; Davis, D. Dwight (1941). ''Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada''. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. ("History of the Study of Snakes in the United States", Thomas Say, p. 12).</ref>

Other zoologists honored him by naming several [[Taxon|taxa]] after him:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmbl.gu.se/libdb/taxon/personetymol/petymol.l.html |title=Charles-Alexandre Lesueur |work=Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names |author=Hans G. Hansson |publisher=[[University of Gothenburg]] |access-date=November 27, 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Dyspanopeus sayi]]'' <small>([[Sidney Irving Smith|S. I. Smith]], 1869)</small> – Say's mud crab
*''[[Portunus sayi]]'' <small>(Gibbes, 1850)</small> – a swimming crab of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Portunidae]]
*''[[Porcellana sayana]]'' <small>(Leach, 1820)</small> – an Atlantic porcelain crab
*''[[Lanceola sayana]]'' <small>([[Carl Bovallius|Bovallius]], 1885)</small> – an [[amphipod]] from the family [[Lanceolidae]]
*''[[Calliostoma sayanum]]'' <small>Dall, 1889</small> – a [[sea snail]] in the family [[Calliostomatidae]]
*''[[Diodora sayi]]'' <small>(Dall, 1899)</small> – a sea snail in the family [[Fissurellidae]]
*''[[Oliva sayana]]'' <small>Ravenel, 1834</small> – a sea snail in the family [[Olividae]]
*''[[Sayella]]'' <small>Dall, 1885</small> – a [[genus]] of sea snails in the family [[Pyramidellidae]]
*''[[Propeamussium|Propeamussium sayanum]]'' <small>(Dall, 1886)</small> – a saltwater clam in the family [[Propeamussiidae]]
*''[[Appalachina sayana]]'' <small>([[Henry Augustus Pilsbry|Pilsbry]] ''in'' Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906)</small> – a [[land snail]] in the family [[Polygyridae]]
*''Pituophis catenifer sayi'' <small>([[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1837)</small> – the [[bullsnake]]<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Say", p. 234).</ref>
*''[[Sayornis]]'' <small>([[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1854)</small> – a genus in the [[tyrant flycatcher]] family
*''[[Fox squirrel|Sciurus niger rufiventer]]'' - Say's squirrel
*''[[Chlorochroa sayi]]'' <small>([[Carl Stål|Stål]], 1872)</small> - Say's stink bug, a species of [[Pentatomidae|stink bug]]

== Published works ==

* Say, T. 1817. Description of seven species of American fresh water and land shells, not noticed in the systems. Part 1. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1(1), 13–16. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/23/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1817. Description of seven species of American fresh water and land shells, not noticed in the systems. Part 2. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1(2), 17–18. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/27/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1817. Descriptions of several new species of North American insects. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1(2), 19–23. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/29/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1817. Some account of the insect known by the name of Hessian Fly, and of a parasitic insect that feeds on it. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1(3), 43–48. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/63/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1817. On a new genus of the Crustacea, and the species on which it is established. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1(4), 49–52. (Read July 8, 1817) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1817. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 1. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1(4), 57–64. (Read August 5, 1817) ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/75/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1817. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 2. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1(5), 65–83. (Read August 5, 1817) ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/75/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1817. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 3. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1(6), 97–101. (Read August 5, 1817) ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/133/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1817. Description of new species of land and fresh water shells of the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1(6), 123–126. (Read October 28, 1817) ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/166/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1817. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 4. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1(6), 155–169. (Read November 4, 1817) ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/198/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1818. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 5. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1, 235–253. (Read November 11, 1817) ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/297/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1818. Account of two new genera, and several new species, of fresh water and land snails. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1(7), 276–284. (Read May 25, 1818) ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/340/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1818. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 6. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1, 313–319. (Read June 10, 1818) ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/379/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1818. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 7. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1, 374–401. (Read June 10, 1818) ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/444/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1818. Notes on Professor Green's paper on the Amphibia, published in the September number of this journal. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1(7), 405–407. (Read October 6, 1818) ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/477/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1818. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 8. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1, 423–441. (Read June 10, 1818) ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/496/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1818. Observations on some of the animals described in the account of the Crustacea of the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1, 442–444. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/515/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1818. Appendix to the account of the Crustacea of the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1, 445–458. (Read December 1, 1818) ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/519/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1818. Description of a new genus of fresh water bivalve shells. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1, 459–460. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/532/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1818. Description of three new species of the genus ''Naesa''. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 1, 482–485. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79416#page/558/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1821. Descriptions of the Thysanourae of the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 2, 11–13. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84893#page/21/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1821. Descriptions of the Arachnides of the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 2, 59–81. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84893#page/69/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1821. Descriptions of the Myriapodae of the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 2, 102–113. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84893#page/112/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1821. Descriptions of Univalve shells of the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 2, 149–178. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84893#page/159/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1823. Descriptions of Dipterous insects of the United States. Part 1. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 3(1), 9–53. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79390#page/19/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1823. Descriptions of Dipterous insects of the United States. Part 2. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 3(1), 73–104. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79390#page/83/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1823. Descriptions of Coleopterous insects. Part 1. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 3(1), 139–215. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79390#page/149/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1824. Descriptions of Coleopterous insects. Part 2. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 3(2), 238–281. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79390#page/256/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1824. Descriptions of Coleopterous insects. Part 3. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 3(2), 298–330. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79390#page/320/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1824. Descriptions of Coleopterous insects. Part 4. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 3(2), 403–462. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79390#page/429/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1824. Descriptions of Coleopterous insects, collected in the late expedition to the Rocky Mountains. Part 1. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 4(1), 83–99. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79352#page/93/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1824. An account of some of the fossil shells of Maryland. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 4(1), 124–154. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79352#page/134/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1825. On the fresh water and land Tortoises of the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 4(2), 203–219. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79352#page/217/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1825. Description of three new species of Coluber, inhabiting the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 4(2), 237–241. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79352#page/251/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1825. On two genera and several species of Crinoidea. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 4(2), 289–295. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79352#page/303/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1825. Descriptions of new Hemipterous insects, collected in the expedition to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under command of Major Long. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 4(2), 307–344. (BHL [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79352#page/321/mode/1up link])
* Say, T., and [[George Ord|G. Ord]]. 1825. Description of a new species of Mammalia, whereon a genus is supposed to be founded. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 4(2), 352–355. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79352#page/366/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1825. Descriptions of new species of Hister and Hololepta, inhabiting the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 5(1), 32–47. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79357#page/42/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1825. Descriptions of some new species of fresh water and land shells, inhabiting the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 5(1), 119–131. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79357#page/129/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1825. On the species of the Linnaean genus Asterias, inhabiting the coast of the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 5(1), 141–153. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79357#page/151/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1825. Descriptions of new species of Coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. Part 1. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 5(1), 160–204. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79357#page/170/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1827. Descriptions of marine shells, recently discovered on the coast of the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 5(2), 207–220. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79357#page/229/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1827. On the species of the Linnaean genus Echinus, inhabiting the coast of the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 5(2), 225–228. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79357#page/247/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1827. Descriptions of new species of Coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. Part 2. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 5(2), 237–283. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79357#page/259/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1827. Descriptions of new species of Coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. Part 3. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 5(2), 293–316. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79357#page/315/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1829. Description of new Dipterous insects of the United States. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 6(1), 149–178. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79409#page/157/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1830. Description of North American Dipterous insects. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 6(2), 183–188. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79409#page/195/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1830. Description of new North American Hemipterous insects. Part 1. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 6(2), 235–244. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79409#page/247/mode/1up BHL link])
* Say, T. 1830. Description of new North American Hemipterous insects. Part 2. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 6(2), 299–314. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79409#page/311/mode/1up BHL link])

==See also==
[[Frederick Valentine Melsheimer]], also considered the "Father of Entomology"

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Mallis|first1=Arnold|title=American Entomologists|date=1971|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=0-8135-0686-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/americanentomolo0000mall/page/16 16–25]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/americanentomolo0000mall/page/16}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Pitzer|first1=Donald E.|title=The Original Boatload of Knowledge Down the Ohio River: William Maclure's and Robert Owen's Transfer of Science and Education to the Midwest, 1825-1826|journal=Ohio Journal of Science|date=1989|volume=89|issue=5|pages=128–142}}

==Further reading==
*Calhoun, John V. (2017). Thomas Say's ''Hipparchia andromacha'': a duplicate illustration of a southeastern butterfly. Southern Lepidopterists' News. 39(4): 163–171.   
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Le Conte|editor1-first=John|title=Complete Writings of Thomas Say on the Entomology of North America|url=https://archive.org/details/completewritings01sayt|date=1859|publisher=Bailliere Brothers|location=New York|format=two volumes}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Mawdsley|first1=Jonathan R.|title=The Entomological Collection of Thomas Say|journal=Psyche: A Journal of Entomology|date=1993|volume=100|issue=3–4|pages=163–171|doi=10.1155/1993/59616|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite book|last1=Stroud|first1=Patricia Tyson|title=Thomas Say: New World Naturalist|url=https://archive.org/details/thomassaynewworl00stro|url-access=registration|date=1992|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=9780812231038 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Weiss|first1=Harry B.|last2=Ziebler|first2=Grace M.|title=Thomas Say: Early American Naturalist|date=1931|publisher=Charles C. Thomas}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Thomas Say}}
*{{Gutenberg author|id=39552}}
*[http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/say.html Thomas Say (1787–1834), father of American entomology], University of Evansville
*[http://www.jaxshells.org/hald.htm ''Pomacea paludosa'' (Say, 1829)]
* Paintings of The Cliffs, the Say family home on the Schuylkill River at Gray's Ferry, by David Kennedy
** "[http://digitallibrary.hsp.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/3638 The Cliffs, the Country Residence of the Say Family for Nearly 40 Years Sketched After Brenton by Kennedy in 1836]" 
**"[http://digitallibrary.hsp.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/2916 The Cliffs" Country Residence of Benjamin Say at Gray's Ferry]"
*[http://digitallibrary.hsp.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/4007 Tomb of Thomas Say, The Naturalist Historical Society of Pennsylvania]
*[http://digitallibrary.hsp.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/2244 Plan of Say Burial Ground], at 3rd and Arch Streets in Philadelphia

{{Zoology}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Say, Thomas}}
[[Category:American naturalists]]
[[Category:American entomologists]]
[[Category:American malacologists]]
[[Category:1787 births]]
[[Category:1834 deaths]]
[[Category:American taxonomists]]
[[Category:American Quakers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:19th-century American zoologists]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]