Editing Thomas Spence

{{Short description|English Radical (1750–1814)}}
{{other people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2018}}
[[File:ThomasSpence.png|thumb|200px|Thomas Spence]]
[[File:Base of the Reformers Memorial, Kensal Green Cemetery, showing Lloyd Jones.JPG|thumb|Base of the Reformers Memorial, Kensal Green Cemetery, showing Spence's name]]
'''Thomas Spence''' ({{OldStyleDateNY|2 July|21 June}} 1750{{snd}}8 September 1814) was an English [[Radicalism (historical)|Radical]]<ref name=spart>[https://spartacus-educational.com/PRspence.htm Thomas Spence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805180933/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRspence.htm |date=2011-08-05 }}, Spartacus-Educational.com, accessed 27 February 2019</ref> and advocate of the [[common ownership]] of land and a democratic equality of the sexes. Spence was one of the leading revolutionaries of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He was born in poverty and died the same way, after long periods of imprisonment, in 1814.

==Life==
Born in 1750 to a Presbyterian family,<ref name="Beal 2002 p. 1">{{cite book | last=Beal | first=J.C. | title=English Pronunciation in the Eighteenth Century: Thomas Spence's Grand Repository of the English Language | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford linguistics | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-19-925667-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfYBKFjf-2cC&pg=PA1 | access-date=2022-11-08 | page=1}}</ref> Spence later left Newcastle for London in 1787.<ref name=spart/> He kept a book-stall in [[High Holborn]]. In 1794, with other members of the [[London Corresponding Society]], he spent seven months in [[Newgate Prison|Newgate Gaol]] on a charge of high treason,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=Miriam|date=2007|title=Constructing Treason, Narrating Truth: The 1794 Treason Trial of Thomas Holcroft and the Fate of English Jacobinism|url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/ron/2007-n45-ron1728/015823ar/|journal=Romanticism on the Net|language=en|issue=45|doi=10.7202/015823ar|s2cid=153759473 |issn=1467-1255|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and in 1801 he was sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment for seditious [[libel]]. He died in London on 8 September 1814.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Land reform and Spence's Plan==
[[File:Thomas Spence coin.jpg|thumb|Defaced 1813 three [[Shilling (British coin)|shillings]] coin promoting Spence's Plan. Added text reads: "NO LANDLORDS / YOU FOOLS / SPENCE'S PLAN / FOREVER".]]
The threatened [[enclosure]] of the [[common land]] known as [[Town Moor, Newcastle upon Tyne|Town Moor in Newcastle]] in 1771 appears to have been key to Spence's interest in [[Land reforms by country#United Kingdom|the land question]] and journey towards ultra-radicalism.  His scheme was not for land [[nationalization]] but for the establishment of self-contained parochial communities, in which rent paid to the [[parish]] (wherein the absolute ownership of the land was vested) should be the only tax of any kind.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}  His ideas and thinking on the subject were shaped by a variety of economic thinkers, including his friend [[Charles Hall (Economist)|Charles Hall]].

At the centre of Spence's work was his plan, which argued for:
#The end of aristocracy and landlords; 
#All land should be [[Social ownership#Public ownership|publicly owned]] by 'democratic parishes', which should be largely self-governing; 
#Rents of land in parishes to be shared equally amongst parishioners, as a form of [[social dividend]]; 
#[[Universal suffrage]] (including [[female suffrage]]) at both parish level and through a system of deputies elected by parishes to a national senate; 
#A 'social guarantee' extended to provide income for those unable to work; 
#The 'rights of infants' [children] to be free from abuse and poverty.

Spence's Plan was first published in his penny [[pamphlet]] [https://www.marxists.org/history/england/britdem/people/spence/property/property.htm Property in Land Every One's Right] in 1775. It was re-issued as  ''The Real Rights of Man'' in later editions. It was also reissued by, amongst others, [[Henry Hyndman]] under the title of [https://www.marxists.org/archive/hyndman/1882/03/spence.htm The Nationalization of the Land in 1795 and 1882].

Spence explored his political and social concepts in a series of books about the fictional [[utopia]]n state of [[Spensonia]].

=="Rights of man"==
Spence may have been the first Englishman to speak of 'the rights of man'. The following recollection, composed in the third person, was written by Spence while he was in prison in London in 1794 on a charge of high treason. Spence was, he wrote,

:the first, who as far as he knows, made use of the phrase "RIGHTS OF MAN", which was on the following remarkable occasion: A man who had been a farmer, and also a miner, and who had been ill-used by his landlords, dug a cave for himself by the seaside, at Marsdon Rocks, between Shields and Sunderland, about the year 1780, and the singularity of such a habitation, exciting the curiosity of many to pay him a visit; our author was one of that number. Exulting in the idea of a human being, who had bravely emancipated himself from the iron fangs of aristocracy, to live free from impost, he wrote extempore with chaulk above the fire place of this free man, the following lines:
 
:Ye landlords vile, whose man's peace mar, 
:Come levy rents here if you can; 
:Your stewards and lawyers I defy, 
:And live with all the RIGHTS OF MAN

This is in reference to the story of "Jack the Blaster" at [[Marsden Grotto]].

He used the term "rights of man" in 1776 and then in a lecture given in 1793. <ref>"The main body of this pamphlet is a reworking of Thomas Spence's lecture Property in Land Everyone's Right first published in Newcastle in 1775, eighteen years earlier." "The Rights of Man, as exhibited in a Lecture read at the Philosophical Society in Newcastle" (1793) https://www.marxists.org/history/england/britdem/people/spence/rights_of_man/rights.htm#lecture. accessed April 24, 2025</ref>

== Spelling reform ==
{{See also|English-language spelling reform}}

Spence was a self-taught radical with a deep regard for education as a means to liberation. He pioneered a phonetic script and pronunciation system designed to allow people to learn reading and pronunciation at the same time. He believed that if the correct pronunciation was visible in the spelling, everyone would pronounce English correctly, and the class distinctions carried by language would cease. This, he imagined, would bring a time of equality, peace and plenty: the millennium. He published [[Dictionary#English Dictionaries in Britain|the first English dictionary]] with pronunciations (1775) and made phonetic versions of many of his pamphlets.

Examples of Spence's spelling system can be seen on the [http://www.thomas-spence-society.co.uk/english-tokens/ pages on English from the Spence Society].

== Rights of children ==
{{See also|Children's rights}}

Spence published [https://www.marxists.org/history/england/britdem/people/spence/infants/infants.htm The Rights of Infants] in 1797 as a response to [[Thomas Paine]]'s ''Agrarian Justice''. In this essay Spence proposes the introduction of an [[unconditional basic income]] to all members of the community. Such allowance would be financed through the [[Social ownership|socialization]] of land and the benefits of the rents received by each municipality. A part of everyone’s earnings would be seized by the State, and given to others.

Spence's essay also expresses a clear commitment to the rights of women, although he appears unaware of [[Mary Wollstonecraft]]'s 1792 ''[[Vindication of the Rights of Woman]]''.

== Memorial and legacy ==
Spence is listed on the Reformers Memorial in [[Kensal Green Cemetery]] in [[London]].

His admirers formed a "Society of Spencean Philanthropists," of which some account is given in [[Harriet Martineau]]'s ''England During the Thirty Years' Peace''.<ref>See also A. Davenport, ''Life, Writings and Principles of Thomas Spence'' (Wakelin, London 1836) [https://books.google.com/books?id=s7lcAAAAcAAJ (Google)].</ref> The [[wikt:Afro-Caribbean|African Caribbean]] activists [[William Davidson (conspirator)|William Davidson]] and [[Robert Wedderburn (radical)|Robert Wedderburn]] were drawn to this political group.

Members of the Society of Spencean Philanthropists (including [[Arthur Thistlewood]]) maintained contacts with United Irish exiles in Paris,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Wright|first=Jonathan|date=July 2014|title=An Anglo-Irish Radical in the Late Georgian Metropolis: Peter Finnerty and the Politics of Contempt|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24701793|journal=Journal of British Studies|volume=53|issue=3 |pages=663–672|doi=10.1017/jbr.2014.55 |jstor=24701793 }}</ref> notably with the veteran conspirator [[William Putnam McCabe]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCalum |first=Ian |title=Radical Underworld: Prophets, Revolutionaries, and Pornographers in London, 1795–1840 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=9780198122869 |location=Oxford |pages=23–24, 110}}</ref> and were implicated in the [[Spa Fields riots|Spa Field riots]]<ref name="Bloy">{{cite web|last=Bloy|first=Marjie. (2003).|title=The Spa Fields Riots, 2 December 1816|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/riots/spafield.html|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> of 1816 and the [[Cato Street Conspiracy]] of 1820.<ref>Alan Smith, "Arthur Thistlewood: A 'Regency Republican'." ''History Today'' 3 (1953): 846–852.</ref>

==Selected publications==
* ''A Supplement to the History of Robinson Crusoe'' (1782) (utopian novel)<ref>Lyman Tower Sargent, Themes in Utopian Fiction in English Before Wells. https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/10/sargent10art.htm accessed April 24, 2025</ref>
* ''The Real Rights of Man'' (1793)
* ''End of Oppression'' (1795)
* ''Rights of Infants'' (1796)
* ''Constitution of Spensonia'' (1801) (utopian fiction)
* ''The Important Trial of Thomas Spence'' (1807)
* ''Giant Killer or Anti-Landlord'' (1814)

==See also==
* [[Georgism]], an economic philosophy holding that economic value derived from land should belong equally to all members of society.
* [[List of 18th-century British working-class writers]]
* [[Rights of Man]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* A. Bonnett, 'The Other Rights of Man: The Revolutionary Plan of Thomas Spence', ''History Today'' '''57(9)''' (2007), pp.&nbsp;42–48.
* A. Bonnett and [[Keith Armstrong (author)|K. Armstrong]] (eds.), ''Thomas Spence: The Poor Man's Revolutionary'' [http://www.breviarystuff.org.uk/thomas-spence-the-poor-mans-revolutionary/ (Breviary Stuff Publications, 2014)]. {{ISBN|978-0-9570005-9-9}}.
* M. Chase, ''The People's Farm: English Radical Agrarianism 1775–1840'' [http://www.breviarystuff.org.uk/malcolm-chase-the-peoples-farm/ (Breviary Stuff Publications, 2010)]. {{ISBN|978-0-9564827-5-4}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Spence, Thomas|volume=25|page=634}}
* T. Evans, ''A Brief Sketch of the Life of Mr. Thomas Spence, Author of the Spencean System of Agrarian Fellowship or Partnership in Land'' (Author, Manchester 1821).
* E. Mackenzie, 'Memoir of Thomas Spence', in ''A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Town and County of Newcastle Upon Tyne, including the Borough of Gateshead'' (Mackenzie and Dent, Newcastle Upon Tyne 1827), I, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CPsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA399 pp. 399-402] (Google). 
* T.M. Parssinen, "Thomas Spence and the Spenceans: A Study of Revolutionary Utopianism in the England of George III" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Brandeis University, 1968).
* T.M. Parssinen, 'The Revolutionary Party in London, 1816–20', ''Historical Research'' '''45''' (2007), pp.&nbsp;266–282 {{doi|10.1111/j.1468-2281.1972.tb01466.x}}
* F. Podmore, ''Robert Owen: A Biography'' (1907 / Haskell, New York 1971), I, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nTgVzYRH7NcC&pg=PA230 pp. 230 ff] (Google).
* O.D. Rudkin, ''Thomas Spence and His Connections'' (International Publishers, New York 1927) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028186206&view=1up&seq=9 (Hathi Trust)].
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://thomas-spence-society.co.uk The Thomas Spence Society]
* Thomas Spence, [http://www.ditext.com/spence/rights.html ''The Real Rights of Man'', 1775.]
* [https://www.marxists.org/history/england/britdem/people/spence/index.htm Complete Works of Thomas Spence] at [[marxists.org]]
* [[Max Beer|M. Beer]], ed., [http://www.ditext.com/beer/land.html ''The Pioneers of Land Reform: Thomas Spence, William Ogilvie, Thomas Paine'', 1920.]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Spence, Thomas}}
[[Category:English pamphleteers]]
[[Category:English political writers]]
[[Category:People from Newcastle upon Tyne]]
[[Category:1750 births]]
[[Category:1814 deaths]]
[[Category:Universal basic income writers]]
[[Category:English suffragists]]
[[Category:English-language spelling reform advocates]]