Editing Three-wheeler

{{short description|Vehicle with three wheels}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2012}}

{{Multiple image
|direction = vertical
|width = 250
|image1 = Campagna T-Rex.jpg
|caption1 = [[Campagna T-Rex]]
|image2 = Morgan 3-Wheeler 193X.jpg
|caption2 = 1932 [[Morgan Aero]] 2-Seater Sports
|image3 = Fuldamobil NWF 200, Rare German Threewheeler.jpg
|caption3 = [[Fuldamobil]] three-wheeler (Postwar-era [[Germany]])
|image4 = Trajka.jpg
|caption4 = Tricycle truck in [[Poland]] ([[Gorzów Wielkopolski|Gorzów Wlkp]])
|image5 = Trihawk.jpg
|caption5 = Trihawk, a tadpole-type trike manufactured in [[California]], [[United States]] during the 1980s
}}
A '''three-wheeler''' is a [[vehicle]] with three [[wheel]]s. Some are [[motorized tricycle]]s, which may be legally classed as [[motorcycle]]s, while others are [[tricycle]]s without a [[motor]], some of which are [[human-powered vehicle]]s and [[animal-powered vehicle]]s.

== Overview ==
Many three-wheelers which exist in the form of motorcycle-based machines are often called trikes and often have the front single wheel and mechanics similar to that of a motorcycle and the rear axle similar to that of a car. Often such vehicles are owner-constructed using a portion of a rear-engine, rear-drive [[Volkswagen Beetle]] in combination with a motorcycle front end. Other trikes include {{pslink|All-terrain vehicles}} that are specially constructed for off-road use.

Three-wheelers can have either one wheel at the back and two at the front (2F1R), (for example: [[Morgan Motor Company]]) or one wheel at the front and two at the back (1F2R) (such as the [[Reliant Robin]]). Due to better safety when braking, an increasingly popular form is the front-steering "tadpole" or "reverse trike" sometimes with [[front drive]] but usually with rear drive. A variant on the 'one at the front' layout was the [[Scott Sociable]], which resembled a four-wheeler with a front wheel missing.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.motorbase.com/manufacturer/by-id/1723096431 |title=Scott Sociable |access-date=2015-10-05}}</ref>

Three-wheelers, including some [[cyclecar]]s, [[bubble car]]s and [[microcar]]s, are built for economic and legal reasons: in the UK for tax advantages, or in the US to take advantage of lower safety regulations, being classed as motorcycles. As a result of their light construction and potential better streamlining, three-wheeled cars are usually less expensive to operate.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}}

Some inexpensive three-wheelers have been designed specifically to improve mobility for disabled people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stańko-Pająk |first1=K |last2=Bursa |first2=B |last3=Seńko |first3=J |last4=Detka |first4=T |last5=Korczak |first5=S |last6=Nowak |first6=R |last7=Popiołek |first7=K |last8=Lisiecki |first8=J |last9=Paczkowski |first9=A |date=2022-07-01 |title=A three-wheeled vehicle for the disabled people |journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering |volume=1247 |issue=1 |pages=012039 |doi=10.1088/1757-899X/1247/1/012039 |bibcode=2022MS&E.1247a2039S |s2cid=250504234 |issn=1757-8981|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Three-wheeler transport vehicles known as [[auto rickshaw]]s are a common means of public transportation in many countries in the world, and are an essential form of urban transport in many developing countries such as India and the [[Auto rickshaw (Philippines)|Philippines]].

== History ==
Early automotive pioneer [[Karl Benz]] developed a number of three-wheeled models.<ref name=Elvis>{{cite web | url = http://www.3wheelers.com/history.html | title = The History of the 3-Wheeled Vehicle | author = Elvis Payne | year = 2012 | publisher = 3-wheelers.com | access-date = 2012-01-03}}</ref> One of these, the [[Benz Patent Motorwagen]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://star-motoring.com/news/story.asp?file=/2006/7/2/ms_features/14249260&sec=ms_features | title = History in its magnificence | author = Chris Chong | publisher = star-motoring.com | date = July 2, 2006 | access-date = 2008-01-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071024013740/http://star-motoring.com/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F7%2F2%2Fms_features%2F14249260&sec=ms_features | archive-date = 2007-10-24 | url-status = dead }}</ref> is regarded as the first purpose-built automobile. It was made in 1885.

In 1896, [[John Henry Knight (inventor)|John Henry Knight]] showed a tri-car at [[The Great Exhibition]].<ref name=Elvis/>

In 1897, [[Edward Butler (inventor)|Edward Butler]] made the Butler Petrol Cycle, another three-wheeled car.

A Conti 6&nbsp;[[horsepower|hp]] Tri-car competed in (but did not complete) a 1907 [[Peking to Paris]] race sponsored by a French newspaper, {{lang|fr|[[Le Matin (France)|Le Matin]]}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pekingparisraid.co.uk/History/index.asp |title=History |publisher=pekingparisraid.co.uk |access-date=2008-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826192938/http://www.pekingparisraid.co.uk/History/index.asp |archive-date=2007-08-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
 1885Benz.jpg|1885 [[Benz Patent Motorwagen]]
 Lorry, Threewheeler.jpg| [[Goliath (company)|Goliath]] pickup truck at a meeting for vintage cars in the 1990s
 Davis Divan, NATMUS, May 2011.jpg | [[Davis Motorcar Company|Davis]] [[Davis Divan|D-2 Divan]], at the National Automotive and Truck Museum, [[Auburn, Indiana]], United States
 Davis Model 494, NATMUS, May 2011.jpg | Davis 494, at the National Automotive and Truck Museum, Auburn, Indiana, USA
 Velorex.jpg|[[Velorex]] was a manufacturing cooperative in [[Solnice]], [[Czechoslovakia]], formed in 1936 to satisfy demand for small, inexpensive [[city car]]s.
 Mazda_t2000.jpg|[[Mazda]] T2000 [[truck]] 1957–1974,  length 6.08 m, width 1.84 m, max speed 100&nbsp;km/h
 1957 Daihatsu Midget 01.jpg | An early [[Daihatsu Midget]], which would serve as the basis for [[auto rickshaw]]s that proliferate across South and Southeast Asia
 File:Reliant Robin registered July 1975 748cc at Knebworth 2013.JPG|[[Reliant Robin]] 3-wheeler [[car]].
 Pembleton Supersports 2016.jpg|2016 [[Pembleton Supersports]]
</gallery>

== Configurations ==
[[File:ThreeWheeled.svg|thumb|Diagram comparing delta and tadpole layouts]]

=== Two front{{Anchor|Tadpole}} ===
A configuration of two wheels in the front and one wheel at the back presents two advantages: it has improved [[aerodynamics]], and that it readily enables the use of a small lightweight motorcycle powerplant and rear wheel. This approach was used by the [[Messerschmitt KR200]] and BMW [[Isetta]]. Alternatively, a more conventional front-engine, front wheel drive layout as is common in four-wheeled cars can be used, with subsequent advantages for transversal stability (the center of mass is further to the front) and traction (two driven wheels instead of one). Some vehicles have a front engine driving the single rear wheel, similar to the rear engine driving the rear wheel. The wheel must support acceleration loads as well as lateral forces when in a turn, and loss of traction can be a challenge.

A new tadpole configuration has been proposed with a rear engine driving the front wheels.  This concept (Dragonfly Three Wheeler<ref>{{Cite web|last=Design|title=Dragonfly three wheeler|url=http://www.dragonflythreewheeler.com/|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.dragonflythreewheeler.com|language=en-US}}</ref>) claims both stability and traction (two driven wheels), as well as a unique driving experience.

With two wheels in the front (the "tadpole" form or "reverse trike") the vehicle is far more stable in braking turns, but remains more prone to overturning in normal turns compared to an equivalent four-wheeled vehicle, unless the center of mass is lower and/or further forward. Motorcycle-derived designs suffer from most of the weight being toward the rear of the vehicle.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

For lower [[wind resistance]] (which increases [[fuel efficiency]]), a teardrop shape is often used.{{Citation needed|reason=not many lowest drag vehicles are teardrop shaped|date=January 2011}} A teardrop is wide and round at the front, tapering at the back. The three-wheel configuration allows the two front wheels to create the wide round surface of the vehicle. The single rear wheel allows the vehicle to taper at the back. Examples include the [[Aptera (solar electric vehicle)]] and [[Myers Motors NmG]].

=== Two rear{{Anchor|Delta}} ===
Having one wheel in front and two in the rear for power reduces the cost of the steering mechanism but greatly decreases lateral stability when cornering while braking.

When the single wheel is in the front (the "delta" form, as in a child's pedal [[tricycle]]), the vehicle is inherently unstable in a braking turn, as the combined tipping forces at the [[center of mass]] from turning and braking can rapidly extend beyond the triangle formed by the [[contact patch]]es of the wheels. This type, if not tipped, also has a greater tendency to spin out ("swap ends") when handled roughly.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

=== Lateral stability<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riley |first=Robert Q. |title=The Dynamic Stability of Three-Wheeled Vehicles in Automotive-Type Applications |url=https://rqriley.com/the-dynamic-stability-of-three-wheeled-vehicles-in-automotive-type-applications/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922022135/https://rqriley.com/the-dynamic-stability-of-three-wheeled-vehicles-in-automotive-type-applications/ |archive-date=2020-09-22 |website=Robert Q. Riley Enterprises}}</ref> ===
The disadvantage of a three-wheel configuration is that lateral stability is lower than with a four-wheeled vehicle.

With any vehicle, an imaginary line can be projected from the vehicles centre of mass to the ground, representing the force exerted on the vehicle by its mass. With the vehicle stationary, the line will be vertical. As the vehicle accelerates, that imaginary line tilts backward, remaining anchored to the centre of mass the point at which the line intersects the ground moves backward. As you brake it moves forward, with cornering it moves sideward. 
Should the point at which this line intersects the ground move outside of the boundary formed by connecting the tyre contact patches together (a rectangle for a four-wheeled car, or a triangle for a trike) then the vehicle will tip and eventually fall over. This is true for any vehicle.

With all vehicles it is critical that the vehicle should be engineered to slide before this point of instability is reached.

This can be achieved in several ways:
* by placing the [[center of mass]] closer to the ground
* by placing the center of mass closer to the axle with two wheels (for three wheelers)
* by increasing the [[axle track|track]] width
* by limiting the grip provided by the tyres, such that the vehicle loses adhesion before it starts to tip.
* By tilting some or all of the vehicle as it corners.

In the case of a three-wheeled ATV, tipping may be avoided by the rider leaning into turns.

== Tilting option ==
{{main|Tilting three-wheeler}}
[[File:TripendoTilted.jpg|thumb|Tripendo recumbent tricycle, a tilting three-wheeler]]
[[File:Carver one 06011701.jpg|thumb|[[Carver (automobile)|Vandenbrink Carver]]]]
To improve stability some three-wheelers are designed to tilt while cornering like a motorcyclist would do. The tilt may be controlled manually, mechanically or by computer.

A tilting three-wheeler's body or wheels, or both, tilt in the direction of the turn. Such vehicles can corner safely even with a narrow track.

Some tilting three-wheelers could be considered to be forms of [[feet forward motorcycle]]s or [[cabin motorcycle]]s or both.

== Electric three wheelers ==
{{Hatnote|Main article: [[Electric vehicle]]. See also: [[Electric motorcycles and scooters|Electric tricycle (disambiguation)]]}}

=== Battery-powered three wheelers ===
[[File:I-road - Grenoble.JPG|thumb|[[Toyota i-Road]], a three-wheeled battery powered personal mobility vehicle]]
{{Main|Battery electric vehicle|Electric rickshaw}}
Three-wheeled battery powered designs include:
* [[Aptera (solar electric vehicle)]]
* [[Arcimoto]]
* [[CityEl]]
* [[Commuter Cars Tango]]
* [[Cree SAM]]
* [[ElectraMeccanica]] SOLO
* [[Myers Motors NmG]] (formerly Corbin Sparrow)
* [[Nobe GT100]]
* [[Toyota i-Road]]
* [[Triac (car)|Triac]]
* [[Vanderhall Motor Works#Edison 2|Vanderhall Edison 2]]
* [[ZAP Xebra]]
*[https://sites.google.com/view/ewheels-ew36-mobility-scooter/ EWheels EW 36]([[mobility scooter]])

=== Solar-powered three wheelers ===
{{Main|Solar vehicle}}

Here are three notable examples of solar-powered three wheelers; two race cars, the Infinium and the Sky Ace TIGA, and a vehicle planned for production, the Aptera.

[[File:InfiniumAtAirStrip.jpg|thumb |left |upright=1.0|Infinium, winner of 2010 [[American Solar Challenge]] ]]
The Infinium, built by the [[University of Michigan Solar Car Team]], came in 3rd place in the 2009 [[World Solar Challenge]] held in Australia, and won the 2010 [[American Solar Challenge]].

[[Ashiya University]]'s Sky Ace TIGA achieved {{Convert|91.332|km/h}} at [[Shimojishima Airport]], in Miyakojima, Okinawa, Japan, to win the [[Guinness World Record]], on 20 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-solar-powered-vehicle|title=Fastest solar-powered vehicle|website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> It took the record from another three-wheeler, [[Sunswift|Sunswift IV]], designed and built at the [[University of New South Wales]] in Australia,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/aussie-car-breaks-a-world-speed-record-20110107-19i7j.html | publisher=AAP |title=Aussie car breaks a world speed record |access-date =2011-01-07 |date=7 January 2011}}</ref> by a margin of almost {{nowrap|3 km/h.}}

[[File:APTERA2019 ASPHALT-DOORS-CLOSED crop.jpg |thumb|left |upright=1.0 |Solar panels on the hood, roof, dashboard and hatch of the Aptera EV]]
The [[Aptera (solar electric vehicle)|Aptera solar electric vehicle]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Voelcker |first1=John |title=Exclusive: 3-Wheeled Aptera Reboots as World's Most Efficient Electric Car |date=2019-08-28 |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/exclusive-3wheeled-aptera-reboots-as-worlds-most-efficient-electric-car |website=IEEE Spectrum |publisher=IEEE |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>  uses a tadpole layout and is being designed to have a top speed of over 100&nbsp;mph. The Aptera uses 42 KW [[in-wheel electric motor]]s<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aptera solar EV Launch Edition: 400-mile range, no Supercharging yet |url=https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1138508_aptera-solar-ev-launch-edition-400-mile-range-no-supercharging-yet | date=2023-01-22 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Green Car Reports |language=en}}</ref> and can be ordered with two ([[front-wheel drive]]) or three ([[all-wheel drive]]) motors. The Aptera's roof and dashboard, and optionally its hood and hatch, are fitted with solar panels, with the full compliment being designed to add a range of up to 40 miles per day and 11,000 miles per year in the sunniest climates. First customer availability is planned for before the end of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chris |date=2023-01-27 |title=Aptera Announces Accelerator Program to Kick Off Production Plan |url=https://aptera.us/accelerate-blog/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Aptera |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Steam-powered three wheelers ==
[[File:Joseph Cugnot's 1770 Fardier à Vapeur, Musée des arts et métiers, Paris 2015.jpg|right|thumb|Cugnot's ''fardier à vapeur'', as preserved at the [[Musée des Arts et Métiers]], [[Paris]], [[France]]]]
{{Main|Steam tricycle|Steamroller}}
The world's first full-size self-propelled land vehicle was a three-wheeler. French Army Captain [[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]]'s 1770 ''fardier à vapeur'' (steam dray), a steam tricycle with a top speed of around 3&nbsp;km/h (2&nbsp;mph), was intended for hauling [[artillery]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tbauto.org/cars/cugnot.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716161426/http://www.tbauto.org/cars/cugnot.htm|url-status=dead|title=Fardier de Cugnot|archive-date=July 16, 2013}}</ref>

Another of the earliest preserved examples is the [[Long steam tricycle]], built by George A. Long around 1880 and patented in 1883,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.remarkablecars.com/for-sale/steam-powered-cars/p19778-1880-long-steam-tricycle.html |title=1880 Long Steam Tricycle - Pictures |publisher=Remarkablecars.com |date=2009-06-17 |access-date=2010-07-29 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=si>{{cite web|url=http://amhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_280.html |title=America on the Move &#124; Long steam tricycle |publisher=Americanhistory.si.edu |date=2008-10-24 |access-date=2014-06-17}}</ref> now on display at the [[Smithsonian Institution]].{{Clear}}

== Wind-powered three wheelers ==
The [[Whike]] is a recumbent tricycle with a sail, made in the Netherlands.

== All-terrain vehicles ==
{{Further|All-terrain vehicle#Three-wheeled ATVs}}
[[File:HONDA ATC70 and SUZUKI ALT50 TRAILBUDDY and YAMAHA TRI-ZINGER YT60.jpg|thumb|Honda, Suzuki and Yamaha all-terrain vehicles]]

Due to the incidence of injuries and deaths related to their use, a 10-year ban, entirely voluntary for manufacturers, was placed on the sale of new three-wheeled all-terrain vehicles in the United States in January 1988.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} More injuries were sustained by riders by not applying a proper riding technique, and lack of wearing proper safety gear such as helmets and riding boots. In a search conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, it was determined that "no inherent flaw was found in the three wheel design".{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}

== {{anchor|Autocycle}} Registration ==
[[File:BondBugSilverstone.jpg|thumb|[[Bond Bug]] at Silverstone]]
{{Globalize|section|date=October 2015}}
In the [[United States|U.S]], the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration defines and regulates three-wheeled vehicles as [[motorcycle]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/nhtsa/Cfc_title49/HighwaySafety.pdf |title=Highway Safety - Title 23, United States Code, Chapter 4 and Related Highway Safety Provisions |date=December 2008 |access-date=2015-10-05}}</ref>
However, in 2015 a bill was introduced in Congress that would prevent some three wheeled vehicles from being classified as motorcycles in the United States, instead creating a new classification for "autocycles".<ref name="MLG">{{cite web|title=Newly Introduced Federal Legislation Would Ensure That Three-Wheeled Automobiles Are Not Classified As Motorcycles|url=http://motorcyclelawgroup.com/newly-introduced-federal-legislation-would-ensure-that-three-wheeled-automobiles-are-not-classified-as-motorcycles/|website=Motorcycle Law Group|access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=S.685 - Autocycle Safety Act|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/685|website=Congress|date=10 March 2015|access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref>

[[Driver's license]] and registration requirements vary on a state-by-state basis.  Some states require drivers of three wheeled vehicles to have a motorcycle license and register the vehicle as a motorcycle. Some states, including Virginia, Kansas, and Indiana, classify some three wheeled vehicles as autocycles.  Virginia defines an autocycle as "a three-wheeled motor vehicle that has a steering wheel and seating that does not require the operator to straddle or sit astride and is manufactured to comply with federal safety requirements for motorcycles."<ref name="Virginia Definition">Va. Code Ann. § 46.2-100 (West)</ref> Indiana defines it as "a three (3) wheeled motor vehicle in which the operator and passenger ride in a completely or partially enclosed seating area that is equipped with:(1) a rollcage or roll hoops; (2) safety belts for each occupant; and (3) antilock brakes;and is designed to be controlled with a steering wheel and pedals."<ref name="Indiana Definintion">Ind. Code Ann. § 9-13-2-6.1 (West)</ref> In other jurisdictions, such as [[British Columbia]], Canada, and Connecticut, a three-wheeled vehicle with an enclosed passenger compartment or partially enclosed seat is considered an automobile.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}}{{Clear}}

== Examples ==

=== Two front wheels ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Country
! Years manufactured
! Comments
|-
| [[Léon Bollée]] Voiturette
| France
| 1895–?
|
|-
| TriPodCars<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tripodcars.com | title = Tri Pod Cars }}</ref> Tripod 1
| Australia
| 2012–?
| 400&nbsp;kg Reverse Trike, Bandit 1250, ZX14R (200+ hp) and EV
|-
| [[Berkeley Cars]] Berkeley T60
| England
| 1959
|
|-
| [[Egg (car)|Egg]]
| Switzerland
| 1896–99
|
|-
| [[Advance (automobile)|Advance]] 6&nbsp;hp air-cooled Tri Car and 9&nbsp;hp water-cooled Tri Car<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.oakingtonplane.co.uk/advance/advance_tri-cars.php | title = Advance Fore-Cars and Tri-Cars | publisher = oakingtonplane.co.uk | access-date = 2008-01-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080112070506/http://www.oakingtonplane.co.uk/advance/advance_tri-cars.php | archive-date = 2008-01-12}}</ref>
| England
| 1902–12
|
|-
| Humber Tricar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishmm.co.uk/history.asp?id=465 |title=British Motor Manufacturers (1894-1960) Humber |publisher=britishmm.co.uk |access-date=2008-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221043751/http://www.britishmm.co.uk/history.asp?id=465 |archive-date=February 21, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/histomob/internet/289/histo02.htm |title=Humber History |publisher=histomobile.com |access-date=2008-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608072246/http://www.histomobile.com/histomob/internet/289/histo02.htm |archive-date=June 8, 2007 }}</ref>
| England
| 1904
|
|-
| [[Riley (car)|Riley]] Olympia Tricar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.ukonline.co.uk/rileyrob/history/1896-14.htm |title=Rileys 1896 - 1939 The Pre-Nuffield Years. |publisher=Rob's Riley Pages (ukonline.co.uk/rileyrob) |access-date=2008-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321070053/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/rileyrob/history/1896-14.htm |archive-date=March 21, 2005 }}</ref>
| England
| 1904
|<ref>[http://web.ukonline.co.uk/rileyrob/ illustration] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229225758/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/rileyrob/ |date=December 29, 2010 }}</ref>
|- 
| Mars Carette<ref>{{cite web |url=https://steemit.com/cars/@cheeto.blue/1904-mars-carette-franschhoek-motor-museum |title=1904 Mars Carette - Franschhoek Motor Museum  |date=20 October 2017 |access-date=2020-11-24 }}</ref>
| England
| 1904–05
| Mars Motors Co existed in Finchley, London, White and Poppe water-cooled engine, Single-cylinder, 3.3&nbsp;kW
|-
| [[Lagonda]] Tricar<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.autoclassic.com/features/classic_car_history/lagonda_tricar.html | title = The History of Classic Cars: 1905 Lagonda Tricar | publisher = autoclassic.com | access-date = 2008-01-20}}</ref>
| England
| 1904–07
| total production: 69 cars
|-
| [[Anglian automobile|Anglian]]
| England
| 1905–07
|
|-
| [[Armadale (automobile)|Armadale]]
| England
| 1906–07
|
|-
| [[Ranger Cub]]
| England
| 1970–1980
| Reverse Trike/Tadpole, A-Series engine 848-1275cc

|-
| [[Morgan Motor Company|Morgan]] V-Twin and F-Series
| England
| 1911–39, 1932–52
| [[:File:Morgan Super Sports 1937.jpg|Morgan Super Sports 2-Seater 1937]]
|-
| [[American Tri-Car]]
| United States
| 1912
|- 
| [[BSA cars|Birmingham Small Arms Company]] Three Wheeler
| England
| 1929–36
| 1100cc engine<ref>{{cite web |author=Peter Bowler, president The BSAFWD Club |url=http://www.bsafwdc.co.uk/page11.php |title=image and description |publisher=Bsafwdc.co.uk |access-date=2012-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205043648/http://www.bsafwdc.co.uk/page11.php |archive-date=2012-02-05 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Engelbert Zaschka|Zaschka]]
| Germany
| 1929
| Folding three-wheeler: Zaschka Three-wheeler 1929
|-
| [[Dymaxion car]]
| United States
| 1933
| Concept car designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]
|-
| [[Mathis (cars)|Mathis]] VEL 333
| France
| 1946
| 3 seats, flat-twin front engine, aluminium body, production less than 10 units
|-
| [[Fend Flitzer]] 
| Germany
| 1948 - 1951
| 1 seat, Messerschmitt kabinenroller precursor, production about 250 units
|-
| 1951 [[Hoffmann (1951 German Automobile)|Hoffmann]]
| Germany
| 1951
| 2 seats, aluminium body, engine mounted on the rear wheel steering pivot
|-
| [[Velorex]] Oskar and other models
| [[Czechoslovakia]]
| 1951–71
| Originally with leather bodies
|-
| [[Isetta#BMW Isetta (United Kingdom)|Isetta]]
| UK
| 1957–62
| Three-wheeled version of the Isetta built in the UK to take advantage of tax and licensing regulations
|-
| [[Scootacar]]
| UK
| 1957–64
|
|-
| [[Messerschmitt KR175]]
| Germany
| 1953–55
|
|-
| [[Messerschmitt KR200]]
| Germany
| 1955–64
|
|-
| [[Peel P50]]
| [[Isle of Man]]
| 1963–64
| Smallest production car ever built
|-
| [[HM Vehicles Free-way]]
| United States
| 1979–82
|
|-
| [[Campagna Corporation|Campagna]] [[T-Rex (automobile)|T-Rex]]
| Canada
| 1996–present
| 
|-
| [[Malone Car Company]] F1000|Skunk SS|TAZR
| United Kingdom
| 1999–present
| High-power internal combustion and pure electric versions released November 2010
|-
| [[Cree SAM]]
| Switzerland
| 2001
| [[Battery electric vehicle|Electric]], only 80 produced
|-
| [[Myers Motors NmG]] ("No more Gas")
| United States
| 2006–present
| Single-occupant all-electric plug-in
|-
| [[BRP Can-Am Spyder Roadster]][http://www.brp.com/en-ca/vehicles/can-am-roadsters Can-Am Spyder Roadster]
| Canada 
| 2007–present
| The Can-Am Spyder is a three-wheeled motorcycle manufactured by [[Bombardier Recreational Products]].
|-
| [[Leanster|Brudeli 645L]]
| Norway
| 2008–
|
|-
| Moonbeam
| United States
| 2008–present
| 100 mpg [[DIY]], fabric-covered car based on parts from two Honda 150cc motorscooters<ref>{{cite web|first=Mark |last=Wilson |url= https://gizmodo.com/202834/moonbeam-100mpg-homemade-car |title=Moonbeam: 100mpg Homemade Car |publisher=Gizmodo.com |date=2006-09-24 |access-date=2015-10-05}}</ref>
|-
| [[Triac (car)|Triac]]
| United States
| 2009–2011
| [[Battery electric vehicle|Electric]], never entered production
|-
| [[XR-3 Hybrid]]
| United States
| Plans–2008, Kit–2009
| Front 3-cylinder diesel (125 mpg), rear electric 40 mile range (220 mpg when used as a hybrid)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rqriley.com/xr3.htm |title=XR3 Hybrid Personal Transit Vehicle: A 125 mpg Plug-In Hybrid Three Wheeler You Build From Plans |publisher=Rqriley.com |access-date=2012-04-09}}</ref>
|-
| [[Aptera (solar electric vehicle)]]
| United States
| 2022 planned
| Solar-powered [[Battery electric vehicle|Electric]] 
|-
| [https://www.tritontrikes.com/specifications Triton Trike]
| United States
| 2000–present
| Gas-powered, 42+ mpg, [[front-wheel drive]], custom builds and kits available
|-
| [[Nobe GT100]]
| Estonia & United States
| 2021 planned
| [[Battery electric vehicle|Electric]], powered at all 3 wheels
|-
| [[Polaris Slingshot]]
| United States
| 2015–present
|
|-
|[https://vanderhallusa.com/ Vanderhall Laguna Roadster]
|United States
|2016–2018
|Exotic Auto-cycle, mono-aluminum chassis, carbon fiber body, 200 HP, 1550 pounds dry weight, side-by-side seating, fwd. 1.4 liter turbo GM power plant. 6 speed Automatic with paddle shift option. Manufactured by Vanderhall Motor Works in Provo, Utah U.S.A
|-
|[https://vanderhallusa.com/models-venice-comparo/ Vanderhall Venice]
|United States
|2017–present
|The mainstay of the Vanderhall line up, the Venice brings the soul of roadster motoring while extending effortless performance in kind.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Venice|url=https://vanderhallusa.com/venice/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Vanderhall Motor Works|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[https://vanderhallusa.com/carmel/ Vanderhall Carmel]
|United States
|2020–present
|The Vanderhall Carmel brings more luxury and convenience to the Carmel lineup. With provisions to accommodate a removable capshade, the Carmel promises additional class and comfort for your journey.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carmel|url=https://vanderhallusa.com/carmel/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Vanderhall Motor Works|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[https://vanderhallusa.com/edison-2-2020/ Vanderhall Edison]
|United States
|2020–present
|The Edison2: A fully electric roadster that combines refined and eye-catching design while maintaining classic, elegant lines. Unplug and play has been redefined <ref>{{Cite web|title=Edison 2|url=https://vanderhallusa.com/edison-2-2020/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Vanderhall Motor Works|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Elio Motors]]
| Shreveport, LA, United States
| Awaiting funding
|Two passenger fully enclosed cockpit with car controls
|-
|[[Girfalco Azkarra]]
| Canada
| 2017
| All-electric two-passenger three-wheeled vehicle, possibly the quickest three-wheeler
|-
| Go3Wheeler
| United States 
| 2014
| single person three wheeler
|-
| [[Corbin Sparrow]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Piaggio MP3]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Tri-Magnum]]
| United States
|
| Tilting 3-wheeler capable of seating two people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rqriley.com/slalom.htm |title=Project 32: A High-Performance Tilting Three-Wheel Vehicle |website=www.rqriley.com |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115210913/http://www.rqriley.com/slalom.htm |archive-date=15 January 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Volkswagen GX3]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Morgan 3-Wheeler]]
|England
|2012–present
|The power train is a 1983cc ‘V-twin’ fuel injected engine mated to a Mazda 5 speed (and reverse) gearbox
|-
|Fuel Vapours Alé
|Canada
|2005–present
|Prototype. Gets 92 mpg.
|-
|[[Arcimoto]] FUV
|United States
|2019–present
|Two passenger all-electric, 102 mile range City
|-
|[[Fiberfab Scarab STM]]
|United States
|1976
|[[Kit car]] with [[Vehicle canopy|canopy door]] manufactured by [[Fiberfab]]
|-
|[[Visionary Vehicles|Bricklin 3EV]]
|United States
|Planned
|Two passenger electric vehicle from [[Malcolm Bricklin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vvcars.com/|title=Meet The Bricklin 3EV.|website=www.vvcars.com}}</ref>
|}

=== Two rear wheels ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Country
! Years manufactured
! Comments
|-
| [[Apino]]
| Brazil
| unknown
| [[Mini Truck]]
|-
| [[Benz Patent Motorwagen]]
| Germany
| 1886–93
|
|-
| [[Eco-Fueler]]
| USA
| 2009–2011
| 2 seater built in Oregon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eco-fueler.com/ |title=Eco-Fueler |website=www.eco-fueler.com |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207202930/http://www.eco-fueler.com/ |archive-date=7 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[La Va Bon Train]]
| France
| 1904–10
| 50–100 believed built
|-
| [[Davis Divan|Davis D-2 Divan]]
| United States
| 1947–48
| about 13–17 built, including the 494, a Jeep-like military vehicle<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/27/automobiles/collectibles/27davis-divan.html|title=A Dreamer's Machine, More Promise Than Reality|first=Phil|last=Patton|work=The New York Times |date=September 24, 2009|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Scammell Scarab]]
| England
| 1948–67
|
|-
| [[Autoette]]
| United States
| 1948–70
|
|-
| [[Daihatsu Bee]]
| Japan
| 1951–1952
|
|-
| [[Daihatsu Midget]]
| Japan
| 1957–72
|
|-
| [[Mazda T-2000]]
| Japan
| 1957–74
|
|-
| [[Mazda K360]]
| Japan
| 1959–69
|
|-
| [[Mazda T600]]
| Japan
| 1959–71
|
|-
|[[Kia K-360]]
| South Korea
| 1962–1973
| Kia's first truck ([[OEM]] Mazda K-360)
|-
| [[Kia T-1500]]
| South Korea
| 1963–?
| 1484 cc, 60&nbsp;hp, four cylinder and a maximum load of 1.5 tons. (OEM Mazda T-1500)
|-
| [[Kia T-600]]
| South Korea
| 1969–1974
| 577cc, 20 HP and 500&nbsp;kg load. Top speed of 75&nbsp;km/h. 7726 produced (OEM Mazda T-600)
|-
| [[Kia T-2000]]
| South Korea
| 1967–1981
| 1985 cc, 81&nbsp;hp, four cylinder and a maximum load of 2 tons. 15952 produced (OEM Mazda T-2000)
|-
| [[Piaggio Ape]]
| Italy
| 1948–present
|-
| [[Electra-King]]
| United States
| 1964?–1980s?
| Two-seater electric car<ref>{{cite web|author=Rob & Sharon McLellan |url=http://www.mclellansautomotive.com/literature/items/electra-king/b16883-electra-king-1964-1965-brochure.php |title=advertising brochure |publisher=Mclellansautomotive.com |access-date=2012-04-09}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bond 875]]
| England
| 1965–70
|
|-
| [[Bond Bug]]
| England
| 1970–74
|
|-
| [[Reliant Robin]]
| England
| 1973–81, 1989–2002
|
|-
| [[Reliant Regal]]
| England
| 1953–1973
|An example of this vehicle is the iconic van belonging to [[Del Boy]] and [[Rodney Trotter]] in the long-running BBC sitcom [[Only Fools and Horses]], though it is often incorrectly referred to as a Reliant Robin.
|-
| GM Lean Machine<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.3wheelers.com/gmlean.html | title = General Motors Three Wheeled Cars. | publisher = GM's Lean Machine (3-wheelers.com/gmlean) | access-date = 2008-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.commutercars.com/downloads/ucbleanmachinestudy.pdf | title = Lean Machines: Preliminary Investigation | publisher = Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Berkeley (commutercars.com/downloads/studies/) | access-date = 2008-04-08}}</ref>
| United States
| 1980s
| Tilt, concept car<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schultzengineering.us/ptv-rnd/gmlean.jpg |title=illustration |access-date=2012-04-09}}</ref>
|-
| [[TriVette]]
| United States
| 1974–1976
|-
| [[Twike]]
| Germany
| 1995–present
| Electric-human-power hybrid, developed in Switzerland
|-
| [[ZAP Xebra]]
| United States
| 2006–2009
| electric power
|-
| eTuk
| United States
| 2014–
| re-designed tuk tuk for the US Market, including an all-electric motor<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.etukusa.com | title = eTuk USA | access-date = 2014-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| [[Snyder ST600-C|Snyder ST600-c]]
| United States
| 2011–2012
|Imported by Snyder Technologies / Wildfire Motors, this is a rebrand of the Fulu Motors 富路金骏马, Fulu Jinjunma in English. Referred to as the 09 golden horse internally.
|-
| [[Carver (automobile)|Carver]]
| Netherlands
| 2007–2009
| Tilt
|-
| [[CityEl]]
| Denmark
|
| Mini-El, City-El
|-
| [[CLEVER]]
|
|
|
|-
| Harley-Davidson<br> [[Harley-Davidson Servi-Car|Servi-Car]]
| United States
| 1932-1973<ref>{{cite web | url=https://moneyinc.com/1937-harley-davidson-servi-car-ge | title=Remembering the 1937 Harley-Davidson Servi-Car GE | date=March 2022 }}</ref>
| 
|-
| Harley-Davidson<br> [[Harley-Davidson Tri Glide Ultra Classic|Tri Glide]]
| United States
| since 2009
| 
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[Four-wheeler]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://quillerprint.co.uk/a-z-list-of-three-wheelers.html Complete A-Z list of three-wheelers since 1940]

[[Category:Wheeled vehicles]]

[[de:Dreirad#Threewheeler und Kabinenroller]]